3,069
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

Mind the gap: In-session silences are associated with client attachment insecurity, therapeutic alliance, and treatment outcome

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 203-216 | Received 20 Nov 2015, Accepted 30 Mar 2016, Published online: 05 May 2016

References

  • Agras, W. S., Walsh, T., Fairburn, C. G., Wilson, G. T., & Kraemer, H. C. (2000). A multicenter comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(5), 459–466. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.57.5.459
  • Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1993). A psychometric study of the Adult Attachment Interview: Reliability and discriminant validity. Developmental Psychology, 29(5), 870–879. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.29.5.870
  • Beebe, B., Jaffe, J., Markese, S., Buck, K., Chen, H., Cohen, P., … Feldstein, S. (2010). The origins of 12-month attachment: A microanalysis of 4-month mother-infant interaction. Attachment & Human Development, 12(1–2), 6–141.
  • Berant, E., & Obegi, J. H. (2009). Attachment-informed psychotherapy research with adults. In J. H. Obegi & E. Berant (Eds.), Attachment theory and research in clinical work with adults (pp. 461–489). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Bernecker, S. L., Levy, K. N., & Ellison, W. D. (2014). A meta-analysis of the relation between patient adult attachment style and the working alliance. Psychotherapy Research 24(1), 12–24. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2013.809561
  • Buchheim, A., & Mergenthaler, E. (2000). The relationship among attachment representation, emotion-abstraction patterns, and narrative style: A computer-based text analysis of the Adult Attachment Interview. Psychotherapy Research, 10(4), 390–407. doi: 10.1093/ptr/10.4.390
  • Crowell, J. A., Waters, E., Treboux, D., O'Connor, E., Colon-Downs, C., & Feider, O. (1996). Discriminant validity of the Adult Attachment Interview. Child Development, 67(5), 2584–2599. doi: 10.2307/1131642
  • Daniel, S. I. F. (2009). The developmental roots of narrative expression in therapy: Contributions from attachment theory and research. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 46(3), 301–316. doi: 10.1037/a0016082
  • Daniel, S. I. F. (2011). Adult attachment insecurity and narrative processes in psychotherapy: An exploratory study. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(6), 498–511. doi: 10.1002/cpp.704
  • Daniel, S. I. F. (2014). Adult attachment patterns in a treatment context: Relationship and narrative. London: Routledge.
  • Daniel, S. I. F., Poulsen, S., & Lunn, S. (in press). Client attachment in a randomized controlled trial of psychoanalytic and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa: Outcome moderation and change. Psychotherapy.
  • Diener, M. J., & Monroe, J. M. (2011). The relationship between adult attachment style and therapeutic alliance in individual psychotherapy: A meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy, 48(3), 237–248. doi: 10.1037/a0022425
  • Fairburn, C. G., & Cooper, Z. (1993). The eating disorder examination. In C. G. Fairburn & G. T. Wilson (Eds.), Binge eating: Nature, assessment, and treatment (12th ed., pp. 317–360). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., Shafran, R., & Wilson, G. T. (2008). Eating disorders: A transdiagnostic protocol. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual (4th ed., pp. 578–614). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Folke, S., Daniel, S. I. F., Poulsen, S., & Lunn, S. (in press). Client attachment security predicts alliance in a randomized controlled trial of two psychotherapies for bulimia nervosa. Psychotherapy Research.
  • Frankel, Z., Levitt, H. M., Murray, D. M., Greenberg, L. S., & Angus, L. (2006). Assessing silent processes in psychotherapy: An empirically derived categorization system and sampling strategy. Psychotherapy Research, 16(5), 627–638. doi: 10.1080/10503300600591635
  • George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1996). Adult Attachment Interview (3rd ed.) (Unpublished Manuscript). Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley.
  • Hartley, D. E., & Strupp, H. H. (1983). The therapeutic alliance: Its relationships to outcome in brief psychotherapy. In J. Masling (Ed.), Empirical studies of psychoanalytic theories (Vol. 1, pp. 1–38). Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
  • Heck, R. H., Thomas, S. L., & Tabata, L. N. (2010). Multilevel and longitudinal modeling with IBM SPSS. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Hesse, E. (2008). The Adult Attachment Interview: Protocol, method of analysis, and empirical studies. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment. Theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd ed., pp. 552–598). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Hesse, E., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1999). Propensities towards absorption are related to lapses in the monitoring of reasoning or discourse during the Adult Attachment Interview. Attachment & Human Development, 1(1), 67–91. doi: 10.1080/14616739900134031
  • Hill, C. E., Thompson, B. J., & Ladany, N. (2003). Therapist use of silence in therapy: A survey. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(4), 513–524. doi: 10.1002/jclp.10155
  • Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C., & Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 9–16. doi: 10.1037/a0022186
  • Krupnick, J. L., Sotsky, S. M., Simmens, S., Moyer, J., Elkin, I., Watkins, J., & Pilkonis, P. A. (1996). The role of thetherapeutic alliance in psychotherapy and pharmacotherapyoutcome: Findings in the national institute of mental healthtreatment of depression collaborative research program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 532–539. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.64.3.532
  • Ladany, N., Hill, C. E., Thompson, B. J., & O’Brien, K. M. (2004). Therapist perspectives on using silence in therapy: A qualitative study. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 4(1), 80–89. doi: 10.1080/14733140412331384088
  • Levitt, H. M. (1998). Silence in psychotherapy: The meaning and function of pauses (PhD). York University, Toronto, Ontario.
  • Levitt, H. M. (2001a). Clients’ experiences of obstructive silence: Integrating conscious reports and analytic theories. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 31(4), 221–244. doi: 10.1023/A:1015307311143
  • Levitt, H. M. (2001b). Sounds of silence in psychotherapy: The categorization of clients’ pauses. Psychotherapy Research, 11(3), 295–309. doi: 10.1080/713663985
  • Levitt, H. M., & Frankel, Z. (2004). Pausing inventory categorization system (PICS) manual (2nd revision) (Unpublished manuscript). University of Memphis.
  • Levy, K. N., Ellison, W. D., Scott, L. N., & Bernecker, S. L. (2011). Attachment style. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(2), 193–201. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20756
  • Lunn, S., & Poulsen, S. (2012). Psychoanalytic psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa: A manualized approach. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 26(1), 48–64. doi: 10.1080/02668734.2011.652977
  • Lunn, S., Poulsen, S., & Daniel, S. I. F. (2012). Subtypes in bulimia nervosa: The role of eating disorder symptomatology, negative affect, and interpersonal functioning. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53(8), 1078–1087. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.04.005
  • Main, M., Goldwyn, R., & Hesse, E. (2002). Adult attachment scoring and classification systems. Version 7.1 (Unpublished manuscript). Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley.
  • Main, M., Hesse, E., & Goldwyn, R. (2008). Studying differences in language usage in recounting attachment history: An introduction to the AAI. In H. Steele & M. Steele (Eds.), Clinical applications of the Adult Attachment Interview (pp. 31–68). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Mallinckrodt, B. (2010). The psychotherapy relationship as attachment: Evidence and implications. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(2), 262–270. doi: 10.1177/0265407509360905
  • McBride, C., Atkinson, L., Quilty, L. C., & Bagby, R. M. (2006). Attachment as moderator of treatment outcome in major depression: A randomized control trial of interpersonal psychotherapy versus cognitive behavior therapy. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 74(6), 1041–1054. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.6.1041
  • McWilliams, N. (2004). Psychoanalytic psychotherapy: A practitioner's guide. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Newman, M. G., Castonguay, L. G., Jacobson, N. C., & Moore, G. A. (2015). Adult attachment as a moderator of treatment outcome for generalized anxiety disorder: Comparison between cognitive-behavioral therapy (cbt) plus supportive listening and cbt plus interpersonal and emotional processing therapy. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 83(5), 915–925. doi: 10.1037/a0039359
  • Poulsen, S., Lunn, S., Daniel, S. I. F., Folke, S., Mathiesen, B. B., Katznelson, H., & Fairburn, C. G. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of psychoanalytic psychotherapy versus cognitive behavior therapy for bulimia nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(1), 109–116. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12121511
  • Safran, J. D., Muran, J. C., & Eubanks-Carter, C. (2011). Repairing alliance ruptures. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 48(1), 80–87. doi: 10.1037/a0022140
  • Shelef, K., & Diamond, G. M. (2008). Short form of the revised Vanderbilt therapeutic alliance scale: Development, reliability, and validity. Psychotherapy Research, 18, 433–443. doi: 10.1080/10503300701810801
  • Slade, A. (in press). Attachment and adult psychotherapy: theory, research, and practice. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment. Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Stringer, J. V., Levitt, H. M., Berman, J. S., & Mathews, S. S. (2010). A study of silent disengagement and distressing emotion in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 20(5), 495–510. doi: 10.1080/10503301003754515
  • Talia, A., Daniel, S. I. F., Miller-Bottome, M., Miccoli, D., Brambilla, D., Safran, J. D., & Lingiardi, V. (2014). Aai predicts patients’ in-session interpersonal behavior and discourse: A “move to the level of the relation” for attachment-informed psychotherapy research. Attachment & Human Development, 16(2), 192–209. doi: 10.1080/14616734.2013.859161
  • Taylor, P., Rietzschel, J., Danquah, A., & Berry, K. (2015). Changes in attachment representations during psychological therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 25(2), 222–238. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2014.886791

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.