Therapeutic alliance, empathy, and genuineness in individual adult psychotherapy: A meta-analytic review

References

• Ackerman, S. J., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2003). A review of therapist characteristics and techniques positively impacting the therapeutic alliance. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(1), 1–33. doi: 10.1016/S0272-7358(02)00146-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, S. A., & Imel, Z. E. (2013). Therapist variables in psychotherapy research. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (6th ed., pp. 258–297). New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin, S. A., Wampold, B. E., & Imel, Z. E. (2007). Untangling the alliance-outcome correlation: Exploring the relative importance of therapist and patient variability in the alliance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(6), 842–852. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.6.842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett-Lennard, G. T. (1962). Dimensions of therapist response as a causal factor in therapeutic change. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 76, 1–36. doi: 10.1037/h0093918
   Google Scholar
• Barrett-Lennard, G. T. (1978). The relationship inventory: Later development and adaptations. American Psychological Association. Journal Supplement Abstract Service. 8(68).
   Google Scholar
• Barrett-Lennard, G. T. (1986). The relationship inventory now: Issues and advances in theory, method, and use. In L. S. Greenberg & W. M. Pinsof (Eds.), The psychotherapeutic process (pp. 439–477). New York: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D. (2009). These things called empathy: Eight related but distinct phenomena. In J. Decety & W. Ickes (Eds.), The social neuroscience of empathy (pp. 3–15). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., & Freeman, A. (1990). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. New York: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Beutler, L. E., Malik, M., Alimohamed, S., Harwood, T. M., Talebi, H., Noble, S., & Wong, E. (2004). Therapist variables. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and change (5th ed., pp. 227–306). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Bohart, A. C., Elliott, R., Greenberg, L. S., & Watson, J. C. (2002). Empathy. In J. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work (pp. 89–108). New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 16, 252–260. doi:10.1037/h0085885
   Google Scholar
• Borenstein, M. (2009). Effect sizes for continuous data. In H. Cooper, L. V. Hedges, & J. C. Valentine (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis (2nd ed., pp. 221–236). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. Chichester: Wiley. doi:10.1002/9780470743386
   Google Scholar
• Carkhuff, R. P. (1969). Helping and human relations (Vols. 1 and 2). New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
   Google Scholar
• Comas-Díaz, L. (2006). Cultural variation in the therapeutic relationship. In C. D. Goodheart, A. E. Kazdin, & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), Evidence-based psychotherapy (pp. 81–105). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Crits-Christoph, P., Gibbons, M. C., Hamilton, J., Ring-Kurtz, S., & Gallup, R. (2011). The dependability of alliance assessments: The alliance–outcome correlation is larger than you might think. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(3), 267–278. doi:10.1037/a0023668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeks, J. J., Higgins, J. P. T., & Altman, D. G. (2011). Chapter 9: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In J. P. T. Higgins & S. Green (Eds.), Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1.0. The Cochrane Collaboration. Retrieved from www.cochrane-handbook.org
   Google Scholar
• Del Re, A. C. (2010). RcmdrPlugin.MAc: Meta-analysis with correlations (MAc) Rcmdr plug-in. R package version 1.1. Retrieved from http://CRAN.Rproject.org/package = RcmdrPlugin.MAc
   Google Scholar
• Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C., Horvath, A. O., Symonds, D., & Wampold, B. E. (2012). Therapist effects in the alliance-outcome relationship: A restricted maximum likelihood meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(7), 642–649. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Re, A. C., & Hoyt, W. T. (2010). MAc: Meta-analysis with correlations. R package version 1.1. Retrieved from http://CRAN.R-project.org/package = MAc
   Google Scholar
• Dickersin, K. (1990). The existence of publication bias and risk factors for its occurrence. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 263(10), 1385–1389. doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03440100097014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinger, U., Strack, M., Leichsenring, F., Wilmers, F., & Schauenburg, H. (2008). Therapist effects on outcome and alliance in inpatient psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(3), 344–354. doi:10.1002/jclp.20443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egan, G. (2010). The skilled helper: A problem management and opportunity development approach to helping (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, R., Bohart, A. C., Watson, J. C., & Greenberg, L. S. (2011). Empathy. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Evidence-based responsiveness (2nd ed., pp. 132–152). New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gelso, C. J., & Carter, J. A. (1994). Components of the psychotherapy relationship: Their interaction and unfolding during treatment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(3), 296–306. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.41.3.296
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurman, A. S. (1977). The patient’s perception of the therapeutic relationship. In A. S. Gurman & A. M. Razin (Eds.), Effective psychotherapy: A handbook of research (pp. 503–543). New York: Pergamon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hannan, C., Lambert, M. J., Harmon, C., Nielsen, S. L., Smart, D. W., Shimokawa, K., & Sutton, S. W. (2005). A lab test and algorithms for identifying clients at risk for treatment failure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 155–163. doi:10.1002/jclp.20108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilsenroth, M. J., Cromer, T., & Ackerman, S. (2012). How to make practical use of therapeutic alliance research in your clinical work. In R. A. Levy, J. S. Ablon, & H. Kaechele (Eds.). Psychodynamic psychotherapy research: Evidence-based Practice and practice-based evidence (pp. 361–380). New York, NY: Springer Press.
   Google Scholar
• Horvath, A. O. (1981). An exploratory study of the working alliance: Its measurement and relationship to therapy outcome. Retrieved from Proquest Digital Dissertations (AAT NK55037).
   Google Scholar
• Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C., & Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in individual psychotherapy. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Evidence-based responsiveness (2nd ed., pp. 25–69). New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737208.003.0002
   Google Scholar
• Kelley, F. A. (2002). Development and psychometric investigation of the Real Relationship Inventory. Retrieved from Proquest Digital Dissertations (AAT 3070533).
   Google Scholar
• Kelley, F. A., Gelso, C. J., Fuertes, J. N., Marmarosh, C., & Lanier, S. (2010). The Real Relationship Inventory: Development and psychometric investigation of the client form. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 47(4), 540–553. doi:10.1037/a0022082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolden, G. G., Klein, M. H., Wang, C.-C., & Austin, S. B. (2011). Congruence/genuineness. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Evidence-based responsiveness (2nd ed., pp. 187–202). New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. J., & Shimokawa, K. (2011). Collecting client feedback. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 72–79. doi:10.1037/a0022238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leichsenring, F., Hiller, W., Weissberg, M., & Leibing, E. (2006). Cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychodynamic psychotherapy: Techniques, efficacy, and indications. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 60(3), 233–259.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin, T. (1973). Revision and validation of the Truax-Carkhuff relationship questionnaire. Measurement & Evaluation in Guidance, 6(2), 82–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Piper, W. E., Joyce, A. S., & McCallum, M. (2000). Different perspectives of the therapeutic alliance and therapist technique in 2 forms of dynamically oriented psychotherapy. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 45, 452–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orlinsky, D. E., & Howard, K. I. (1978). The relation of process to outcome in psychotherapy. In S. L. Garfield & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (2nd ed., pp. 283–330). New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Owen, J. (2013). Early career perspectives on psychotherapy research and practice: Psychotherapist effects, multicultural orientation, and couple interventions. Psychotherapy, 50, 496–502. doi: 10.1037/a0034617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team (2009). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna: Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0. Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21(2), 95–103. doi:10.1037/h0045357
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rothstein, H. R., & Hopewell, S. (2009). Grey literature. In H. Cooper, L. V. Hedges, & J. C. Valentine (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis (2nd ed., pp. 103–125). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Sackett, D. L. (1979). Bias in analytic research. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 32(1–2), 51–63. doi: 10.1016/0021-9681(79)90012-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanders Thompson, V. L., Akbar, M. D., & Bazile, A. (2004). African Americans’ perceptions of psychotherapy and psychotherapists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35(1), 19–26. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.35.1.19
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truax, C. B., & Carkhuff, R. R. (1967). Toward effective counseling and psychotherapy: Training and practice. Chicago, IL: Aldine.
   Google Scholar
• Valentine, J. C., Pigott, T. D., & Rothstein, H. R. (2010). How many studies do you need?: A primer on statistical power for meta-analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 35, 215–247. doi: 10.3102/1076998609346961
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasquez, M. J. T. (2007). Cultural difference and the therapeutic alliance: An evidence-based analysis. American Psychologist, 62(8), 878–885. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.62.8.878
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wampold, B. E, & Imel, Z. E. (2015). The great psychotherapy debate: Evidence for what makes psychotherapy work (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Webb, C. A., DeRubeis, R. J., & Barber, J. P. (2010). Therapist adherence/competence and treatment outcome: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 200–211. doi: 10.1037/a0018912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar