Sudden gains and large intersession improvements in internet-based psychodynamic treatment (IPDT) for depressed adolescents

References

• Abel, A., Hayes, A. M., Henley, W., & Kuyken, W. (2016). Sudden gains in cognitive-Behavior therapy for treatment-resistant depression: Processes of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(8), 726–737. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aderka, I. M., Nickerson, A., Bøe, H. J., & Hofmann, S. G. (2012). Sudden gains during psychological treatments of anxiety and depression: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(1), 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson, G. (2016). Internet-Delivered psychological treatments. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12(1), 157–179. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093006
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andrusyna, T. P., Luborsky, L., Pham, T., & Tang, T. Z. (2006). The mechanisms of sudden gains in supportive-expressive therapy for depression. Psychotherapy Research, 16(5), 526–536. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300600591379
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for Measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(6), 561. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berking, M., Eichler, E., Luhmann, M., Diedrich, A., Hiller, W., & Rief, W. (2019). Affect regulation training reduces symptom severity in depression – A randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 14(8), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220436
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, I., Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M., Hughes, C., Macleod, L., Witte, B., … Emslie, G. (2010). Psychometric Properties of the Quick inventory of depressive symptomatology in adolescents. NIH Public Access, 19(4), 185–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0143-z.Provider-patient
   Google Scholar
• Bjureberg, J., Enander, J., Andersson, E., Ivanov, V. Z., Rück, C., & Fernández de la Cruz, L. (2019). Sudden gains in internet-based cognitive Behavior therapy for body dysmorphic disorder. Behavior Therapy. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2019.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, L.-G., … Gratz, K. L. (2016). Development and validation of a brief version of the Difficulties in emotion regulation scale: The DERS-16. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(2), 284–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-015-9514-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjureberg, J., Sahlin, H., Hedman-Lagerlöf, E., Gratz, K. L., Tull, M. T., Jokinen, J., & Ljótsson, B. (2018). Extending research on emotion regulation individual therapy for adolescents (ERITA) with nonsuicidal self-injury disorder: Open pilot trial and mediation analysis of a novel online version. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1885-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brockmeyer, T., Michalek, S., Zipfel, S., Wild, B., Resmark, G., Teufel, M., & Friederich, H. C. (2019). Sudden gains in cognitive Behavioural therapy and Focal psychodynamic therapy for anorexia nervosa: Findings from the ANTOP study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 88, 241–243. https://doi.org/10.1159/000499118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feingold, A. (2009). Trials in the same Metric as for Classical analysis. Psychological Methods, 14(1), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014699.Effect
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederickson, J. J., Messina, I., & Grecucci, A. (2018). Dysregulated anxiety and dysregulating defenses: Toward an emotion regulation informed dynamic psychotherapy. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(NOV), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02054
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gaynor, S. T., Weersing, V. R., Kolko, D. J., Birmaher, B., Heo, J., & Brent, D. A. (2003). The prevalence and impact of large sudden improvements during adolescent therapy for depression: A comparison across cognitive-behavioral, family, and supportive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 386–393. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.2.386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonçalves, S. F., Chaplin, T. M., Turpyn, C. C., Niehaus, C. E., Curby, T. W., Sinha, R., & Ansell, E. B. (2019). Difficulties in emotion regulation predict depressive symptom trajectory from early to Middle adolescence. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 50(4), 618–630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-019-00867-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamdeh, A. A., Bjureberg, J., Lenhard, F., Hedman-Lagerlöf, E., Flygare, O., Lundström, L., … Andersson, E. (2019). Sudden gains in internet-based cognitive behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 21(December 2018), 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.12.005
   Google Scholar
• Hardy, G. E., Stiles, W. B., Cahill, J., Ispan, C., Macaskill, N., & Barkham, M. (2005). Sudden gains in cognitive therapy for depression: A replication and extension. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(1), 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.1.59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatfield, D., McCullough, L., Frantz, S. H. B., & Krieger, K. (2010). Do we know when our clients get worse? An investigation of therapists’ ability to detect negative client change. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 17(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedman, E., Lekander, M., Ljótsson, B., Lindefors, N., Rück, C., Hofmann, S. G., … Schulz, S. M. (2014). Sudden gains in internet-based cognitive Behaviour therapy for Severe health anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 54(1), 22–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2014.371
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holzhauer, C. G., Epstein, E. E., Hayaki, J., Marinchak, J. S., McCrady, B. S., & Cook, S. M. (2017). Moderators of sudden gains after sessions addressing emotion regulation among women in treatment for alcohol use. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 83, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2017.09.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunnicutt-Ferguson, K., Hoxha, D., & Gollan, J. (2012). Exploring sudden gains in behavioral activation therapy for major depressive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(3), 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2012.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991). Clinical significance : A statistical Approach to Denning meaningful change in psychotherapy research. J Consult Clin Psychol., 59(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.59.1.12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsen, J. C., Gluud, C., Wetterslev, J., & Winkel, P. (2017). When and how should multiple imputation be used for handling missing data in randomised clinical trials - A practical guide with flowcharts. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 17(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-017-0442-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson, R., Björklund, M., Hornborg, C., Karlsson, S., Hesser, H., Ljótsson, B., … Andersson, G. (2013). Affect-focused psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression and anxiety through the internet: A randomized controlled trial. PeerJ, 1, e102. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson, R., Ljótsson, B., Frederick, R. J., Hesslow, T., Jansson, A., Jonsson, L., … Andersson, G. (2017). Internet-based affect-focused psychodynamic therapy for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial with 2-year follow-up. Psychotherapy, 54(4), 351–360. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, M. A. R., Roberts, J. E., & Ciesla, J. A. (2005). Sudden gains in cognitive behavioral treatment for depression: When do they occur and do they matter? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(6), 703–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koffmann, A. (2019). Intersession improvement and outcome in psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 26(1), 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2010). The patient health Questionnaire Somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: A systematic review. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32(4), 345–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindqvist, K., Mechler, J., Carlbring, P., Lilliengren, P., Falkenstöm, F., Andersson, G., & Björn, P. (2020). Affect-focused psychodynamic internet-based therapy for adolescent depression: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.2196/18047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mechler, J., Lindqvist, K., Falkenström, F., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., & Philips, B. (2020). Emotion regulation as a time-Invariant and time-varying Covariate Predicts outcome in an internet-based psychodynamic treatment targeting adolescent depression. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntini, I., Vadlin, S., Olofsdotter, S., Ramklint, M., Nilsson, K. W., Engström, I., & Sonnby, K. (2020). The Montgomery and Åsberg depression Rating scale–self-assessment for use in adolescents: An evaluation of psychometric and diagnostic accuracy. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 74(6), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2020.1733077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Present, J., Crits-Christoph, P., Connolly Gibbons, M. B., Hearon, B., Ring-Kurtz, S., Worley, M., & Gallop, R. (2007). Sudden gains in the treatment of Generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(4), 430–441. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team. (2019). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. http://www.r-project.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Rush, a. J., Trivedi, M. H., Ibrahim, H. M., Carmody, T. J., Arnow, B., Klein, D. N., … Keller, M. B. (2003). The 16-item Quick inventory of depressive. Biological Psychiatry, 54(5), 573–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(03)01866-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schäfer, JÖ, Naumann, E., Holmes, E. A., Tuschen-Caffier, B., & Samson, A. C. (2017). Emotion regulation strategies in depressive and anxiety symptoms in youth: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(2), 261–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0585-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalom, J. G., & Aderka, I. M. (2020). A meta-analysis of sudden gains in psychotherapy: Outcome and moderators. Clinical Psychology Review, 76, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101827
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalom, J. G., Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Atzil-Slonim, D., Bar-Kalifa, E., Hasson-Ohayon, I., Oppen, P. V., … Aderka, I. M. (2018). Intraindividual variability in symptoms Consistently Predicts sudden gains: An Examination of three independent datasets. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(11), 892–902. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., … Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(Suppl 2), 22–33. quiz 34-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9881538.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stiles, W. B., Leach, C., Barkham, M., Lucock, M., Iveson, S., Shapiro, D. A., … Hardy, G. E. (2003). Early sudden gains in psychotherapy under routine clinic conditions: Practice-based evidence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(1), 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.1.14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storch, E. A., McGuire, J. F., Schneider, S. C., Small, B. J., Murphy, T. K., Wilhelm, S., & Geller, D. A. (2019). Sudden gains in cognitive behavioral therapy among children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 64(February 2018), 92–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.03.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Svanborg, P., & Åsberg, M. (1994). A new self-rating scale for depression and anxiety states based on the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89(1), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01480.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, T. Z., Beberman, R., DeRubeis, R. J., & Pham, T. (2005). Cognitive changes, critical sessions, and sudden gains in cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(1), 168–172. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.1.168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, T. Z., & DeRubeis, R. J. (1999). Sudden gains and critical sessions in cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(6), 894–904. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.1.168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, T. Z., Luborsky, L., & Andrusyna, T. (2002). Sudden gains in recovering from depression: Are they also found in psychotherapies other than cognitive-behavioral therapy? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(2), 444–447. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.70.2.444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent, L., & Norton, P. J. (2019). Predictors and consequences of sudden gains in transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 48(4), 265–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2018.1513557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vittengl, J. R., Clark, L. A., & Jarrett, R. B. (2005). Validity of sudden gains in acute phase treatment of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(1), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.1.173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vittengl, J. R., Clark, L. A., Thase, M. E., & Jarrett, R. B. (2015). Detecting sudden gains during treatment of major depressive disorder: Cautions from a Monte Carlo analysis. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 11(1), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573400510666140929195441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlaescu, G., Alasjö, A., Miloff, A., Carlbring, P., & Andersson, G. (2016). Features and functionality of the Iterapi platform for internet-based psychological treatment. Internet Interventions, 6(December), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2016.09.006
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walfish, S., McAlister, B., O’donnell, P., & Lambert, M. J. (2012). An investigation of self-assessment bias in mental health providers. Psychological Reports, 110(2), 639–644. https://doi.org/10.2466/02.07.17.PR0.110.2.639-644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiedemann, M., Thew, G. R., Stott, R., & Ehlers, A. (2020). Suddengains: An R package to identify sudden gains in longitudinal data. PLoS ONE, 15(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirtz, C. M., Radkovsky, A., Ebert, D. D., & Berking, M. (2014). Successful application of adaptive emotion regulation skills predicts the subsequent reduction of depressive symptom severity but neither the reduction of anxiety nor the reduction of general distress during the treatment of major depressive disorder. PLoS ONE, 9(10), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108288
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilcha-Mano, S., Errázuriz, P., Yaffe-Herbst, L., German, R. E., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2019). Are there any robust predictors of “sudden gainers,” and how is sustained improvement in treatment outcome achieved following a gain? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(6), 491–500. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilcha-Mano, S., Roose, S. P., Brown, P. J., & Rutherford, B. R. (2018). Abrupt symptom improvements in Antidepressant clinical trials. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 80(1), https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.18m12353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwerenz, R., Becker, J., Johansson, R., Frederick, R. J., Andersson, G., & Beutel, M. E. (2017). Transdiagnostic, psychodynamic Web-based self-help intervention following Inpatient psychotherapy: Results of a Feasibility study and randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mental Health, 4(4), e41. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.7889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar