311
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Empirical Papers

Flexibility between immersion and distancing: A dynamic pattern with effect on depressive symptoms

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 493-506 | Received 24 Jan 2019, Accepted 03 Aug 2020, Published online: 24 Aug 2020

References

  • Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96(2), 358–372. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.96.2.358
  • Ayduk, Ö, & Kross, E. (2010a). Analyzing negative experiences without ruminating: The role of self-distancing in enabling adaptive self-reflection. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(10), 841–854. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00301.x
  • Ayduk, Ö, & Kross, E. (2010b). From a distance: Implications of spontaneous self-distancing for adaptive self-reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(5), 809–829. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019205
  • Barbosa, E., Amendoeira, M., Ferreira, T., Teixeira, A. S., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Salgado, J. (2017). Immersion and distancing across the therapeutic process: Relationship to symptoms and emotional arousal. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 20(2), 110–121. https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2017.258
  • Barbosa, E., Couto, A. B., Basto, I., Stiles, W. B., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Salgado, J. (2018). Immersion and distancing during assimilation of problematic experiences in a good-outcome case of emotion-focused therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 28(2), 313–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2016.1211347
  • Barbosa, E., Silva, S., Castro, D., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Salgado, J. (2017). Development and validation of the measure of immersed and distanced speech. Manuscript in preparation.
  • Barbosa, E., Silva, S., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Salgado, J. (2019). How and when immersion and distancing are useful in emotion focused therapy for depression. Psychotherapy Research, 29, 737–751. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2017.1411626.
  • Basto, I., Stiles, B., Bento, T., Pinheiro, P., Mendes, I., Rijo, D., & Salgado, J. (2018). Fluctuation in the assimilation of problematic experiences: A case study of dynamic systems analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01119
  • Beck, J. S. (2011). Cognitive behavior therapy: Basic and beyond (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
  • Beck, A. T., Rush, J. A., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. Guilford.
  • Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II). Psychological Corporation.
  • Bernstein, A., Hadash, Y., Lichtash, Y., Tanay, G., Shepherd, K., & Fresco, D. (2015). Decentering and related constructs: A critical review and meta-cognitive processes model. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(5), 599–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615594577
  • Brinegar, M. G., Salvi, L. M., Stiles, W. B., & Greenberg, L. S. (2006). Building a meaning bridge: Therapeutic progress from problem formulation to understanding. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(2), 165–180. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.2.165
  • Coelho, R., Martins, A., & Barros, H. (2002). Clinical profiles relating gender and depressive symptoms among adolescents ascertained by the beck depression inventory-II. European Psychiatry, 17(4), 222–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-9338(02)00663-6
  • Couto, A. B., Barbosa, E., Silva, S., Bento, T., Teixeira, A. S., Salgado, J., & Cunha, C. (2016). Client’s immersed and distanced speech and therapist’s interventions in emotion-focused therapy for depression: An intensive analysis of a case study. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 19(2), 136–149. https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2016.205
  • Cronk, B. C. (2006). How to use SPSS: A step-by-step guide to analysis and interpretation (4th ed.). Pyrczak Publishing.
  • Diggle, P. J., Heagerty, P., Liang, K.-Y., & Zeger, S. L. (2002). Analysis of longitudinal data (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Ebner-Priemer, U. W., Eid, M., Kleindienst, N., Trull, T. J., & Stabenow, S. (2009). Analytic strategies for understanding affective (in)stability and other dynamic processes in psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(1), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014868
  • Elliott, R., Watson, J., Goldman, R., & Greenberg, L. S. (2004). Learning emotion focused therapy: The process-experiential approach to change. America Psychology Association.
  • Field, A. P. (2018). Discovering statistics using SPSS (5th ed.). Sage Publication Ltd.
  • First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Benjamin, L. S. (1997). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis II personality disorders (SCID-II). American Psychiatric Press. [Portuguese version by Pinto Gouveia, J., Matos, A.P., Rijo, D., Castilho, P., & Salvador, M. C., 1999].
  • First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L, Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). Structured clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorders, research version (SCID-I-RV). Biometrics Research. [Portuguese version by Maia, A., 2006].
  • Fisher, A. J., Newman, M. G., & Molenaar, P. C. M. (2011). A quantitative method for the analysis of nomothetic relationships between idiographic structures: Dynamic patterns create attractor states for sustained posttreatment change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(4), 552–563. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024069
  • Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99(1), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20
  • Fresco, D. A., Williams, N. L., & Nugent, N. (2006). Flexibility and negative affect: Examining the associations of explanatory flexibility and coping flexibility to each other and to depression and anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30(2), 201–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9019-8
  • Goldman, R. N., Greenberg, L. S., & Pos, A. E. (2005). Depth of emotional experience and outcome. Psychotherapy Research, 15(3), 248–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300512331385188
  • Greenberg, L. S. (2002). Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through their feelings. America Psychology Association.
  • Greenberg, L. S., & Watson, J. (2006). Emotion-focused therapy for depression. American Psychological Association.
  • Gross, J. J. (2007). Handbook of emotion regulation. Guilford Press.
  • Gumz, A., Kastner, D., Geyer, M., Wutzler, U., Villmann, T., & Brahler, E. (2010). Instability and discontinuous change in the experience of therapeutic interaction: An extended single-case study of psychodynamic therapy processes. Psychotherapy Research, 20(4), 398–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300903551021
  • Hayes, A. M., Laurenceau, J., Feldman, G., Strauss, J., & Cardaciotto, L. (2007). Change is not always linear: The study of nonlinear and discontinuous patterns of change in psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(6), 715–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.01.008
  • Hill, C. E. (2009). Helping skills: Facilitating exploration, insight, and action (3rd ed.). American Psychological Association.
  • Hill, C. E., Knox, S., Thompson, B. J., Williams, E. N., Hess, S. A., & Ladany, N. (2005). Consensual qualitative research: An update. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), 196–205. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.196
  • Hill, C. E., & Lambert, M. J. (2004). Methodological issues in studying psychotherapy processes and outcomes. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (5th ed., pp. 84–136). Wiley.
  • Honos-Webb, L., Stiles, W. B., & Greenberg, L. S. (2003). A method of rating assimilation in psychotherapy based on markers of change. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(2), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.50.2.189
  • Kashdan, T. B., & Rottenberg, J. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 865–878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.001
  • Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2017). Self-distancing: Theory, research, and current directions. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 55, 81–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.10.002
  • Kross, E., & Ayduk, Ö. (2008). Facilitating adaptive emotional analysis: Distinguishing distanced-analysis of depressive experiences from immersed-analysis and distraction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(7), 924–938. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208315938
  • Kross, E., & Ayduk, Ö. (2009). Boundary conditions and buffering effects: Does depressive symptomology moderate the effectiveness of self-distancing for facilitating adaptive emotional analysis? Journal of Research in Personality, 43(5), 923–927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.04.004
  • Kross, E., Ayduk, Ö, & Mischel, W. (2005). When asking ‘‘why’’ does not hurt: Distinguishing rumination from reflective processing of negative emotions. American Psychological Society, 16, 709–715. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411408883
  • Kross, E., Bruehlman-Senecal, E., Park, J., Burson, A., Dougherty, A., Shablack, H., … Ayduk, O. (2014). Self-talk as a regulatory mechanism: How you do it matters. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(2), 304–324. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035173
  • Kross, E., Davidson, M., Weber, J., & Ochsner, K. (2009). Coping with emotions past: The neural bases of regulating affect associated with negative autobiographical memories. Biological Psychiatry, 65(5), 361–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.019
  • Kross, E., Gard, D., Deldin, P., Clifton, J., & Ayduk, Ö. (2012). “Asking why” from a distance: Its cognitive and emotional consequences for people with major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(3), 559–569. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028808
  • McIsaac, H. K., & Eich, E. (2004). Vantage point in traumatic memory. Psychological Science, 15(4), 248–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00660.x
  • Mergenthaler, E., & Stinson, C. (1992). Psychotherapy transcription standards. Psychotherapy Research, 2(2), 125–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503309212331332904
  • Moore, M. T., & Fresco, D. M. (2007). Depressive realism: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 496–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.05.004
  • Nigro, G., & Neisser, U. (1983). Point of view in personal memories. Cognitive Psychology, 15(4), 467–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(83)90016-6
  • Robinson, J. A., & Swanson, K. K. (1993). Field and observer modes of remembering. Memory (Hove, England), 1(3), 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658219308258230
  • Salgado, J. (2014). ISMAI depression project: Results of a comparative clinical trial of EFT and CBT. Paper presented at 45th International Annual Meeting of Society for Psychotherapy Research, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Salgado, J., Meira, L., Santos, A., Cunha, C., Bento, T., Almeida, C., … Pinheiro, P. (2010). Protocolo clínico.
  • Schiepek, G. (2009). Complexity and nonlinear dynamics in psychotherapy. European Review, 17(2), 331–356. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798709000763
  • Schiepek, G., & Strunk, G. (2010). The identification of critical fluctuations and phase transitions in short term and coarse-grained time series – A method for the real-time monitoring of human change processes. Biological Cybernetics, 102(3), 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-009-0362-1
  • Schiepek, G., Tominschek, I., & Heinzel, S. (2014). Self-organization in psychotherapy: Testing the synergetic model of change. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01089
  • Stiles, W. B., Meshot, C. M., Anderson, T. M., & Sloan, W. W. (1992). Assimilation of problematic experiences: The case of John Jones. Psychotherapy Research, 2(2), 81–101. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.462 doi: 10.1080/10503309212331332874
  • Verduyn, P., Mechelen, I. V., Kross, E., Chezzi, C., & Bever, F. V. (2012). The relationship between self-distancing and the duration of negative and positive emotional experiences in daily life. Emotion, 12(6), 1248–1263. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028289
  • von Neumann, J., Kent, R. H., Bellinson, H. R., & Hart, B. I. (1941). The mean square successive difference. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 12(2), 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177731746
  • Wells, A. (2000). Emotional disorders and metacognition: Innovative cognitive therapy. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.