The role of the working alliance in psychological treatment of substance use disorder outpatients

References

• Abbass, A. A., Kisely, S. R., Town, J. M., Leichsenring, F., Driessen, E., De Maat, S., Gerber, A., Dekker, J., Rabung, S., Rusalovska, S., & Crowe, E. (2014). Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapies for common mental disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004687.pub4.
   Google Scholar
• Asparouhov, T., Hamaker, E. L., & Muthén, B. (2018). Dynamic structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 25(3), 359–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2017.1406803
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor, T., Higgins-Biddle, J. C., Saunders, J. B., & Monteiro, M. G. (2001). AUDIT. The alcohol use disorders identification test. Guidelines for use in primary care (2nd ed.). WHO.
   Google Scholar
• Barber, J. P., Luborsky, L., Gallop, R., Crits-Christoph, P., Frank, A., Weiss, R. D., Thase, M. E., Connolly, M. B., Gladis, M., Foltz, C., & Siqueland, L. (2001). Therapeutic alliance as a predictor of outcome and retention in the national institute on drug abuse collaborative cocaine treatment study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.69.1.119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, M. E., Bowden, S. C., & Barry, D. (2002). Neurocognitive impairment associated with alcohol use disorders: Implications for treatment. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 10(3), 193–212. https://doi.org/10.1037/1064-1297.10.3.193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman, H., & Källmén, H. (2002). Alcohol use among Swedes and a psychometric evaluation of the alcohol use disorders identification test. Alcohol & Alcoholism, 37(3), 245–251. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/37.3.245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman, A. H., Bergman, H., Palmstierna, T., & Schlyter, F. (2005). Evaluation of the drug use disorders identification test (DUDIT) in criminal justice and detoxification settings and in a Swedish population sample. European Addiction Research, 11(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1159/000081413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman, A. H., Palmstierna, T., Källmén, H., & Berman, H. (2007). The self-report drug use disorders identification test – extended (DUDIT-E): reliability, validity, and motivational index. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 32(4), 357–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2006.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman, A. H., Wennberg, P., & Källmén, H. (2017). ). AUDIT & DUDIT – Identifiera problem med alkohol och droger [AUDIT & DUDIT – Identifying problems with alcohol and drugs]. Gothia Fortbildning AB.
   Google Scholar
• Bertrand, K., Brunelle, N., Richer, I., Beaudoin, I., Lemieux, A., & Ménard, J. M. (2013). Assessing covariates of drug use trajectories among adolescents admitted to a drug addiction center: Mental health problems, therapeutic alliance, and treatment persistence. Substance Use & Misuse, 48(1–2), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2012.733903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjornestad, J., McKay, J. R., Berg, H., Moltu, C., & Nesvåg, S. (2020). How often are outcomes other than change in substance use measured? A systematic review of outcome measures in contemporary randomised controlled trials. Drug and Alcohol Review, 39(4), 394–414. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan, A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult romantic attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46–76). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Broberg, A., & Zahr, M. (2003). Erfarenheter av nära relationer. Translation to Swedish of Experiences in Close Relationships (Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998).
   Google Scholar
• Bush, K., Kivlahan, D. R., McDonell, M. B., Fihn, S. D., & Bradley, K. A. (1998). The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): An effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory care quality improvement project (ACQUIP). Archives of Internal Medicine, 158(16), 1789–1795. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.158.16.1789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castonguay, L. G., & Hill, C. E. (2012). Transformation in psychotherapy: Corrective experiences across cognitive behavioral, humanistic, and psychodynamic approaches. American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Cheong, J., Mackinnon, D. P., & Khoo, S. T. (2003). Investigation of mediational processes using parallel process latent growth curve modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 10(2), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM1002_5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantino, M. J., Castonguay, L. G., & Schut, A. J. (2002). The working alliance – a flagship for the “scientist-practitioner” model in psychotherapy. In G. S. Tryon (Ed.), Counseling based on process research: Applying what we know (pp. 81–131). Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, S., Heather, N., & McCambridge, J. (2015). The role of the working alliance in treatment for alcohol problems. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29(2), 371–381. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyne, A. E., Constantino, M. J., & Muir, H. J. (2019a). Therapist responsivity to patients’ early treatment beliefs and psychotherapy process. Psychotherapy, 56(1), 11–15. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyne, A. E., Constantino, M. J., Westra, H. A., & Antony, M. M. (2019b). Interpersonal change as a mediator of the within- and between-patient alliance-outcome association in two treatments for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(5), 472–483. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crits-Christoph, P., Gibbons, M. B., Hamilton, J., Ring-Kurtz, S., & Gallop, R. (2011). The dependability of alliance assessments: The alliance–outcome correlation is larger than you might think. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(3), 267–278. https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0023668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeRubeis, R. J., & Feeley, M. (1990). Determinants of change in cognitive therapy for depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 469–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01172968
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, M. J., & Monroe, J. M. (2011). The relationship between adult attachment style and therapy alliance in individual therapy: A meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy, 48(3), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dozier, M. (1990). Treatment use for adults with serious psychopathological disorders. Development and Psychopathology, 2(1), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400000584
   Google Scholar
• Eames, V., & Roth, A. (2000). Patient attachment orientation and the early working alliance – a study of patient and therapist reports of alliance quality and ruptures. Psychotherapy Research, 10(4), 421–434. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptr/10.4.421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elfström, M. L., Evans, C., Lundgren, J., Johansson, B., Hakeberg, M., & Carlsson, S. G. (2012). Validation of the Swedish version of the clinical outcomes in routine evaluation outcome measure (CORE-OM). Clinical Psychological & Psychotherapy, 20(5), 447–455. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, C., Connell, J., Barkham, M., Margison, F., Mellor-Clark, J., McGrath, G., & Audin, K. (2002). Towards a standardized brief outcome measure: Psychometric properties and utility of the CORE-OM. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180(1).1.51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkenström, F., Ekeblad, A., & Holmqvist, R. (2016). Improvement of the working alliance in one treatment session predicts improvement of depressive symptoms by the next session. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(8), 738–751. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkenström, F., Finkel, S., Sandell, R., Rubel, J. A., & Holmqvist, R. (2017). Dynamic models of individual change in psychotherapy process research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(6), 537–549. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkenström, F., Granström, F., & Holmqvist, R. (2013). Therapeutic alliance predicts symptomatic improvement session by session. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(3), 317–328. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkenström, F., Hatcher, R. L., & Holmqvist, R. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis of the patient version of the working alliance inventory – short form revised. Assessment, 22(5), 581–593. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191114552472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkenström, F., Solomonov, N., & Rubel, J. (2020). Using time-lagged panel data analysis to study mechanisms of change in psychotherapy research: Methodological recommendations. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 20(3), 435–441. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flückiger, C., Del Re, A. C., Horvath, A. O., Symonds, D., Ackert, M., & Wampold, B. E. (2013). Substance use disorders and racial/ethnic minorities matter: A meta-analytic examination of the relation between alliance and outcome. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(4), 610–616. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flückiger, C., Del Re, A. C., Wampold, B. E., & Horvath, A. O. (2018). The alliance in adult psychotherapy: A meta-analytic synthesis. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 316–340. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flückiger, C., Del Re, A. C., Wampold, B. E., Symonds, D., & Horvath, A. O. (2012). How central is the alliance in psychotherapy? A multilevel longitudinal meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(1), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederickson, J. (1999). Psychodynamic psychotherapy: Learning to listen from multiple perspectives. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gidhagen, Y., Holmqvist, R., & Philips, B. (2018). Attachment style among outpatients with substance use disorders in psychological treatment. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 91(4), 490–508. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidhagen, Y., Philips, B., & Holmqvist, R. (2017). Outcome of psychological treatment of patients with substance use disorders in routine care. Journal of Substance Use, 22(3), 343–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2016.1200149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Dufour, M. C., Compton, W., Pickering, R. P., & Kaplan, K. (2004a). Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(8), 807–816. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.61.8.807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Ruan, W. J., & Pickering, R. P. (2004b). Co-occurrence of 12-month alcohol and drug use disorders and personality disorders in United States: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(4), 361–368. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.61.4.361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatcher, R. L., & Gillaspy, J. A. (2006). Development and validation of a revised short version of the working alliance inventory. Psychotherapy Research, 16(1), 12–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300500352500
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatcher, R. L., Lindqvist, K., & Falkenström, F. (2019). Psychometric evaluation of the working alliance inventory – therapist version: Current and new short forms. Psychotherapy Research, 30(6), 706–717. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2019.1677964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, A. O. (2018). Research on the alliance: Knowledge in search of a theory. Psychotherapy Research, 28(4), 499–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2017.1373204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C., & Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. S. (1989). Development and validation of the working alliance inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(2), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.36.2.223
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, G. M., & Azrin, N. H. (1973). A community-reinforcement approach to alcoholism. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 11(1), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(73)90072-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C. (2004). Impact of substance abuse on the diagnosis, course, and treatment of mood disorders: The epidemiology of dual diagnosis. Biological Psychiatry, 56(10), 730–737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.06.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knuuttila, V., Kuusisto, K., Saarnio, P., & Nummi, T. (2012). Effect of early working alliance on retention in outpatient substance abuse treatment. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 25(4), 361–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2012.707116
   Google Scholar
• Levy, K. N., & Johnson, B. N. (2019). Attachment and psychotherapy: Implications from empirical research. Canadian Psychology / Psychologie Canadienne, 60(3), 178–193. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000162
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, K. N., Kivity, Y., Johnson, B. N., & Gooch, C. V. (2018). Adult attachment as a predictor and moderator of psychotherapy outcome: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(11), 1996–2013. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzo-Luaces, L., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2018). Miles to go before we sleep: Advancing the understanding of psychotherapy by modeling complex processes. Cognitive Therapy Research, 42(2), 212–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9893-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzo-Luaces, L., DeRubeis, R. J., & Webb, C. A. (2014). Client characteristics as moderators of the relation between the therapeutic alliance and outcome in cognitive therapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(2), 368–373. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlatt, G. A., & Donovan, D. M. (2005). Relapse prevention. Maintenance strategies in the treatment of addictive behaviors. The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Meier, P. S., Donmall, M. C., McElduff, P., Barrowclough, C., & Heller, R. F. (2006). The role of the early therapeutic alliance in predicting drug treatment dropout. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 83(1), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers, R. J., & Miller, W. R. (Eds.). (2001). A community reinforcement approach to addiction treatment. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (1991). Motivational interviewing: Preparing people to change addictive behavior. Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Monti, P. M., Abrams, D. B., Kadden, R. M., & Cooney, N. L. (1989). Treating alcohol dependence: A coping skills training guide in the treatment of alcoholism. Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2017). Mplus user’s guide. Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• National Board of Health and Welfare. (2019). Nationella riktlinjer för vård och stöd vid missbruk och beroende [Swedish National Guidelines for Treatment of Substance Abuse and Dependence], Socialstyrelsen, Stockholm. Retrieved July 2, 2020, from https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/globalassets/sharepoint-dokument/artikelkatalog/nationella-riktlinjer/2019-1-16.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nickell, S. (1981). Biases in dynamic models with fixed effects. Econometrica, 49(6), 1417–1426. https://doi.org/10.2307/1911408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramseyer, F., Kupper, Z., Caspar, F., Znoj, H., & Tschacher, W. (2014). Time-series panel analysis (TSPA): Multivariate modeling of temporal associations in psychotherapy process. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(5), 828–838. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, N., Lubman, D. I., & Allen, N. B. (2008). Therapeutic alliance and change in psychiatric symptoms in adolescents and young adults receiving drug treatment. Journal of Substance Use, 13(5), 325–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659890802092063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruglass, L. M., Miele, G. M., Hien, D. A., Campbell, A. N., Hu, M. C., Caldeira, N., Jiang, H., Litt, L., Killeen, T., Hatch-Maillette, M., Najavits, L., Brown, C., Robinson, J. A., Brigham, G. S., & Nunes, E. V. (2012). Helping alliance, retention, and treatment outcomes: A secondary analysis from the NIDA clinical trials network women and trauma study. Substance Use & Misuse, 47(6), 695–707. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2012.659789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safran, J. D., & Muran, J. C. (2000). Negotiating the therapeutic alliance: A relational treatment guide. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schindler, A. (2019). Attachment and substance use disorders – Theoretical models, empirical evidence, and implications for treatment. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 727. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schindler, A., & Bröning, S. (2015). A review on attachment and adolescent substance abuse: Empirical evidence and implications for prevention and treatment. Substance Abuse, 36(3), 304–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2014.983586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinadinovic, K., Wennberg, P., & Berman, A. H. (2014a). Short-term changes in substance use among problematic alcohol and drug users from a general population sample. International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 3(4), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v3i4.186
   Google Scholar
• Sinadinovic, K., Wennberg, P., & Berman, A. H. (2014b). Internet-based screening and brief intervention for illicit drug users: A randomized controlled trial with 12-month follow-up. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 75(2), 313–318. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2014.75.313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Slade, A. (2016). Attachment and adult psychotherapy: Theory, research and practice. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 759–779). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• StataCorp. (2017). Stata statistical software: Release 15. StataCorp LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Tracey, T. J., & Kokotovic, A. M. (1989). Factor structure of the working alliance inventory. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1(3), 207–210. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.1.3.207
   Google Scholar
• Tschacher, W., & Ramseyer, F. (2009). Modeling psychotherapy process by time-series panel analysis (TSPA). Psychotherapy Research, 19(4–5), 469–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300802654496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow, N. D., Koob, G. F., & McLellan, A. T. (2016). Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(4), 363–371. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1511480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, C. A., Beard, C., Auerbach, R. P., Menninger, E., & Björgvinsson, T. (2014). The therapeutic alliance in a naturalistic psychiatric setting: Temporal relations with depressive symptom change. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 61, 70–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.07.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, M., Russell, D. W., Mallinckrodt, B., & Vogel, D. L. (2007). The experiences in close relationship scale (ECR) – short form: Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88(2), 187–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890701268041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zack, S. E., Castonguay, L. G., Boswell, J. F., McAleavey, A. A., Adelman, R., Kraus, D. R., & Pate, G. A. (2015). Attachment history as a moderator of the alliance outcome relationship in adolescents. Psychotherapy, 52(2), 258–267. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilcha-Mano, S. (2017). Is the alliance really therapeutic? Revisiting this question in light of recent methodological advances. American Psychologist, 72(4), 311–325. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilcha-Mano, S., Dinger, U., McCarthy, K. S., & Barber, J. P. (2014). Does alliance predict symptoms throughout treatment, or is it the other way around. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(6), 931–935. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilcha-Mano, S., & Errázuriz, P. (2015). One size does not fit all: Examining heterogeneity and identifying moderators of the alliance–outcome association. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(4), 579–591. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilcha-Mano, S., Muran, J. C., Hungr, C., Eubanks, C. F., Safran, J. D., & Winston, A. (2016). The relationship between alliance and outcome: Analysis of a two-person perspective on alliance and session outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(6), 484–496. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar