A Meta-Analysis of Ethics Instruction Effectiveness in the Sciences

REFERENCES

• Abbott , A. 1999, March . Science comes to terms with the lessons of fraud. . Nature , 398 : 13 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alliger , G. M. , Tannenbaum , S. I. , Bennett , W. Jr. , Traver , H. and Shotland , A. 1997 . A meta-analysis of the relations among training criteria. . Personnel Psychology , 50 : 341 – 358 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antes , A. L. , Brown , R. P. , Murphy , S. T. , Waples , E. P. , Mumford , M. D. and Connelly , S. 2007 . Personality and ethical decision-making in research: The role of perceptions of self and others. . Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics , 2 : 15 – 34 . et al.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronson , E. and Patnoe , S. 1997 . The jigsaw classroom: Building cooperation in the classroom , 2nd ed. New York : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Arthur , W. Jr. , Bennett , W. Jr. and Huffcutt , A. I. 2001 . Conducting meta-analysis using SAS. , Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• *Baldick , T. L. 1980 . Ethical discrimination ability of intern psychologists: A function of training in ethics. . Professional Psychology , 11 : 276 – 282 .
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin , T. T. and Ford , J. K. 1988 . Transfer of training: A review and directions for future research. . Personnel Psychology , 41 : 63 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes , B. E. , Friedman , C. P. , Rosenberg , J. L. , Russell , J. , Beedle , A. and Levine , A. S. 2006 . Creating an infrastructure for training in the responsible conduct of research: The University of Pittsburgh's experience. . Academic Medicine , 81 : 119 – 127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Bebeau , M. J. and Thoma , S. J. 1994 . The impact of a dental ethics curriculum on moral reasoning. . Journal of Dental Education , 58 : 684 – 692 .
   Google Scholar
• Borkowski , S. C. and Ugras , Y. J. 1998 . Business students and ethics: A meta-analysis. . Journal of Business Ethics , 17 : 1117 – 1127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braunschweiger , P. and Goodman , K. W. 2007 . The CITI program: An international online resource for education in human subjects protection and the responsible conduct of research. . Academic Medicine , 82 : 861 – 864 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Chase , N. M. 1999 . A cognitive-development approach to professional ethics training for counselor education students. . Dissertation Abstracts International , 59 ( 08 ) : 2865 (UMI No. 9903261)
   Google Scholar
• Clapham , M. M. 1997 . Ideational skills training: A key element in creativity training programs. . Creativity Research Journal , 10 : 33 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkeburn , H. 2002 . A test for ethical sensitivity in science. . Journal of Moral Education , 31 : 439 – 453 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Clarkeburn , H. , Downie , J. R. and Matthew , B. 2002 . Impact of an ethics programme in a life sciences curriculum. . Teaching in Higher Education , 7 : 65 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1969 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1992 . A power primer. . Psychological Bulletin , 112 : 155 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colquitt , J. A. and Simmering , M. J. 1998 . Conscientiousness, goal orientation, and motivation to learn during the learning process: A longitudinal study. . Journal of Applied Psychology , 83 : 654 – 665 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conn , V. S. , Valentine , J. C. , Cooper , H. M. and Rantz , M. J. 2003 . Grey literature in meta-analyses. . Nursing Research , 52 : 256 – 261 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook , T. D. and Campbell , D. T. 1979 . Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis for field settings. , Chicago : Rand McNally .
   Google Scholar
• Dalton , R. 2000 . NIH cash tied to compulsory training in good behaviour. . Nature , 408 : 629
   Google Scholar
• *Drake , M. J. , Griffin , P. M. , Kirkman , R. and Swann , J. L. 2005 . Engineering ethical curricula: Assessment and comparison of two approaches. . Journal of Engineering Education , 94 : 223 – 232 .
   Google Scholar
• *Duckett , L. , Rowan , M. , Ryden , M. , Krichbaum , K. , Miller , M. and Wainwright , H. 1997 . Progress in the moral reasoning of baccalaureate nursing students between program entry and exit. . Nursing Research , 46 : 222 – 229 . et al.
   Google Scholar
• Ericsson , K. A. and Charness , N. 1994 . Expert performance: Its structure and acquisition. . American Psychologist , 49 : 725 – 747 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson , M. A. and Kruschke , J. K. 1998 . Rule and exemplars in category learning. . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 127 : 107 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink , L. D. 2003 . Creating significant learning experiences: An integrated approach to designing college courses. , San Francisco : Jossey-Bass. .
   Google Scholar
• Friedman , P. J. 2002 . The impact of conflict of interest on trust in science. . Science and Engineering Ethics , 8 : 413 – 420 .
   Google Scholar
• *Frisch , N. C. 1987 . Value analysis: A method for teaching nursing ethics and promoting the moral development of students. . Journal of Nursing Education , 26 : 328 – 332 .
   Google Scholar
• *Gaul , A. L. 1987 . The effect of a course in nursing ethics on the relationship between ethical choice and ethical action in baccalaureate nursing students. . Journal of Nursing Education , 26 : 113 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• *Gawthrop , J. C. and Uhlemann , M. R. 1992 . Effects of the problem-solving approach in ethics training. . Professional Psychology: Research & Practice , 23 : 38 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Gick , M. L. and Holyoak , K. J. 1983 . Schema induction and analogical transfer. . Cognitive Psychology , 15 : 1 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Goldman , S. A. and Arbuthnot , J. 1979 . Teaching medical ethics: The cognitive-developmental approach. . Journal of Medical Ethics , 5 : 170 – 181 .
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein , I. L. and Ford , J. K. 2002 . Training in organizations. , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Haidt , J. 2001 . The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. . Psychological Review , 108 : 814 – 834 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond , K. J. 1990 . Case-based planning: A framework for planning from experience. . Cognitive Science , 14 : 385 – 443 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helton-Fauth , W. B. , Gaddis , B. , Scott , G. , Mumford , M. D. , Devenport , L. D. and Connelly , S. 2003 . A new approach to assessing ethical conduct in scientific work. . Accountability in Research , 10 : 205 – 228 . et al.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hung , H. and Wong , Y. H. 2007 . The relationship between employer endorsement of continuing education and training and work and study performance: A Hong Kong case study. . International Journal of Training & Development , 11 : 295 – 313 .
   Google Scholar
• Hunter , J. E. and Schmidt , F. L. 1990 . Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Hunter , J. E. and Schmidt , F. L. 2004 . Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. , 2nd ed. Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Jonassen , D. H. and Hernandez-Serrano , J. 2002 . Case-based reasoning and instructional design: Using stories to support problem solving. . Educational Technology Research and Development , 50 : 65 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , T. M. 1991 . Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue-contingent model. . Academy of Management Review , 16 : 366 – 395 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalichman , M. W. 2007 . Responding to challenges in educating for the responsible conduct of research. . Academic Medicine , 82 : 870 – 875 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalichman , M. W. and Plemmons , D. K. 2007 . Reported goals for responsible conduct of research courses. . Academic Medicine , 82 : 846 – 852 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk , R. E. 1995 . Experimental design: Procedures for behavioral sciences , 3rd ed. Pacific Grove, CA : Brooks/Cole .
   Google Scholar
• Kiser , K. 1999 . 10 thinks we know so far about online training. . Training , 36 : 66 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Kligyte , V. , Marcy , R. T. , Waples , E. P. , Sevier , S. T. , Godfrey , E. S. and Mumford , M. D. 2008 . Application of a sensemaking approach to ethics training for physical sciences and engineering. . Science and Engineering Ethics , 14 ( 2 ) : 251 – 278 . et al.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohlberg , L. 1969 . “ Stage and sequence: The cognitive development approach to socialization. ” . In Handbook of socialization theory , Edited by: Goslin , D. A. 347 – 480 . Chicago : Rand McNally .
   Google Scholar
• Kohlberg , L. 1976 . “ Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach. ” . In Moral development and behavior: Theory, research, and social issues , Edited by: Lickona , T. 31 – 53 . New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston. .
   Google Scholar
• Kolodner , J. L. 1993 . Case based reasoning. , San Mateo, CA : Morgan Kaufmann .
   Google Scholar
• Kolodner , J. L. 1997 . Educational implications of analogy. . American Psychologist , 52 : 57 – 67 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraiger , K. and Jung , K. M. 1996 . “ Linking training objectives to evaluation criteria. ” . In Training for a rapidly changing workplace: Application of psychological research , Edited by: Quiñones , M. A. and Ehrenstein , A. 151 – 175 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• *Major-Kincade , T. L. , Tyson , J. E. and Kennedy , K. A. 2001 . Training pediatric house staff in evidence-based ethics: An exploratory controlled trial. . Journal of Perinatology , 21 : 161 – 166 .
   Google Scholar
• Martinson , B. C. , Anderson , M. S. and de Vries , R. 2005 . Scientists behaving badly. . Nature , 435 : 737 – 738 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *McKellar , K. A. 1999 . Ethical decision-making: Does practice make a difference? . Dissertation Abstracts International , 60 ( 02 ) : 574 (UMI No. 9920900)
   Google Scholar
• Mumford , M. D. , Connelly , S. , Brown , R. P. , Murphy , S. T. , Hill , J. H. and Antes , A. L. 2008 . A sensemaking approach to ethics training for scientists: Preliminary evidence of training effectiveness. . Ethics and Behavior , 18 : 315 – 339 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mumford , M. D. , Connelly , S. , Murphy , S. T. , Devenport , L. D. , Antes , A. L. and Brown , R. P. 2009 . Field and experience influences on ethical decision making in the sciences. . Ethics and Behavior , 19 : 263 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Myyry , L. and Helkama , K. 2002 . The role of value priorities and professional ethics training in moral sensitivity. . Journal of Moral Education , 31 : 35 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Fallon , M. J. and Butterfield , K. D. 2005 . A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 1996–2003. . Journal of Business Ethics , 59 : 375 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Önkal , D , Yates , J. F. , Simga-Mugan , C. and Öztin , S. 2003 . Professional vs. amateur judgment accuracy: The case of foreign exchange rates. . Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes , 91 : 169 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orwin , R. G. 1983 . A fail-safe N for effect size in meta-analysis . Journal of Educational Statistics , 8 : 157 – 159 .
   Google Scholar
• Patalano , A. L. and Siefert , C. M. 1997 . Opportunistic planning: being reminded of pending goals. . Cognitive Psychology , 34 : 1 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Patenaude , J. , Niyonsenga , T. and Fafard , D. 2003 . Changes in students' moral development during medical school: A cohort study. . Canadian Medical Association Journal , 168 : 840 – 844 .
   Google Scholar
• *Penn , W. Y. 1990 . Teaching ethics: A direct approach. . Journal of Moral Education , 19 : 124 – 139 .
   Google Scholar
• Perkins , D. N. and Salomon , G. 1989 . Are cognitive skills context-bound? . Educational Researcher , 18 : 16 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• *Powell , S. T. , Allison , M. A. and Kalichman , M. W. 2007 . Effectiveness of a responsible conduct of research course: A preliminary study. . Science and Engineering Ethics , 13 : 249 – 264 .
   Google Scholar
• Resnick , D. L. 2003 . From Baltimore to Bell Labs: Reflections on two decades of debate about scientific misconduct. . Accountability in Research , 10 : 123 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Rest , J. 1976 . “ New approaches in the assessment of moral judgment ” . In Moral development and behavior: Theory, research, and social issues , Edited by: Lickona , T. New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Rest , J. R. 1979 . Development in judging moral issues , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rest , J. R. 1986 . “ An overview of the psychology of morality ” . In Moral development and behavior: Theory, research, and social issues , Edited by: Rest , J. R. 133 – 175 . New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Rest , J. R. 1988 . DIT manual: Manual for the defining issues test , 3rd ed. St. Paul: University of Minnesota Center for the Study of Ethical Development .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , R. 1979 . The “file drawer problem” and tolerance for null result. . Psychological Bulletin , 85 : 638 – 641 .
   Google Scholar
• Ruegger , D. and King , E. W. 1992 . A study of the effect of age and gender upon student business ethics. . Journal of Business Ethics , 11 : 179 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Ryden , M. B. and Duckett , L. 1991 . “ Ethics education for baccalaureate nursing ” . In Technical report for the Improvement of Post Secondary Education grant , Washington, DC : U.S. Department of Education .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , G. M. , Leritz , L. E. and Mumford , M. D. 2004a . The effectiveness of creativity training: A meta-analysis. . Creativity Research Journal , 16 : 361 – 388 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , G. M. , Leritz , L. E. and Mumford , M. D. 2004b . Types of creativity: Approaches and their effectiveness. . The Journal of Creative Behavior , 38 : 149 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Self , D. J. , Schrader , D. E. , Baldwin , D. C. , Root , S. K. , Wolinsky , F. D. and Shadduck , J. A. 1991 . Study of the influence of veterinary medical education on the moral development of veterinary students. . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 198 : 782 – 787 .
   Google Scholar
• *Self , D. J. , Schrader , D. E. , Baldwin , D. C. and Wolinsky , F. D. 1993 . The moral development of medical students: A pilot study of the possible influence of medical education. . Medical Education , 27 : 26 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Slavin , R. E. 1991 . Synthesis of research on cooperative learning. . Educational Leadership , 48 : 71 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slavin , R. E. 1996 . Research on cooperative learning and achievement: What we know, what we need to know. . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 21 : 43 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , G. 2002 . Are there domain-specific thinking skills? . Journal of Philosophy of Education , 36 : 207 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonenshein , S. 2007 . The role of construction, intuition, and justification in responding to ethical issues at work: The sensemaking-intuition model. . The Academy of Management Review , 32 : 1022 – 1040 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steneck , N. H. and Bulger , R. E. 2007 . The history, purpose, and future of instruction in the responsible conduct of research. . Academic Medicine , 82 : 829 – 834 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tannenbaum , S. I. and Yukl , G. 1992 . Training and development in work organizations. . Annual Review of Psychology , 43 : 399 – 441 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treviño , L. K. 1986 . Ethical decision making in organizations: A person-situation interactionist model. . The Academy of Management Review , 11 : 601 – 617 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treviño , L. K. , Weaver , G. R. and Reynolds , S. J. 2006 . Behavioral ethics in organizations: A review. . Journal of Management , 32 : 951 – 990 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weeks , W. A. , Moore , C. W. , McKinney , J. A. and Longenecker , J. G. 1999 . The effects of gender and career stage on ethical judgment. . Journal of Business Ethics , 20 : 301 – 313 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wexley , K. N. and Latham , G. P. 2002 . Developing and training human resources in organizations , 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , L. and the Task Force on Statistical Inference . 1999 . Statistical methods in psychology journals: Guidelines and explanations. . American Psychologist , 54 : 594 – 604 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar