1,142
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Assent and Dissent: Ethical Considerations in Research With Toddlers

, , , &

REFERENCES

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (2015). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. New York, NY: Psychology Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=G6OYAgAAQBAJ. (Original work published 1978)
  • American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Bioethics. (1995). Informed consent, parental permission, and assent in pediatric practice. Pediatrics, 95, 314–317. Retrieved from http://www.cirp.org/library/ethics/AAP/
  • American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Pediatric Research, Informed Consent, and Medical Ethics. (1976). Consent. Pediatrics, 57, 414–416. Retrieved from http://www.cirp.org/library/ethics/AAP/1976.html
  • American Psychological Association. (2010). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/
  • Atance, C., & O’Neill, D. K. (2001). Episodic future thinking. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5, 533–539. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01804-0
  • Bartholome, W. (1995). Hearing children’s voices. Bioethics Forum, 11(4), 3–6. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11654289
  • Benson, J. B. (1994). The origins of future orientation in the everyday lives of 9- to 36-month-old infants. In M. M. Haith, J. B. Benson, R. J. Roberts Jr., & B. F. Pennington (Eds.), The development of future-oriented processes (pp. 375–407). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Best, J. R., Miller, P. H., & Jones, L. L. (2009). Executive functions after age 5: Changes and correlates. Developmental Review, 29, 180–200. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2009.05.002
  • Botkin, J. R. (2003). Preventing exploitation in pediatric research. The American Journal of Bioethics, 3(4), 31–32. doi:10.1162/152651603322614517
  • Bowerman, M. (1979). The acquisition of complex sentences. In M. Garman & P. Fletcher (Eds.), Studies in language acquisition (pp. 285–305). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Campbell, S. B. (1990). Behavior problems in preschool children. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Chwang, E. (2015). Against harmful research on non-agreeing children. Bioethics, 29(6), 431–439. doi:10.1111/bioe.12117
  • Crockenberg, S., & Litman, C. (1990). Autonomy as competence in 2-year-olds: Maternal correlates of child defiance, compliance, and self-assertion. Developmental Psychology, 26, 961–971. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.26.6.961
  • Dix, T., Stewart, A. D., Gershoff, E. T., & Day, W. H. (2007). Autonomy and children’s reactions to being controlled: Evidence that both compliance and defiance may be positive markers in early development. Child Development, 78, 1204–1221. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01061.x
  • Dockett, S., Einarsdóttier, J., & Perry, B. (2012). Young children’s decisions about research participation: Opting out. International Journal of Early Years Education, 20, 244–256. doi:10.1080/09669760.2012.715405
  • Dockett, S., & Perry, B. (2011). Researching with young children: Seeking assent. Child Indicators Research, 4, 231–247. doi:10.1007/s12187-010-9084-0
  • Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. New York, NY: Norton.
  • Forman, D. R. (2007). Autonomy, compliance, and internalization. In C. A. Brownell & C. B. Kopp (Eds.), Socioemotional development in the toddler years: Transitions and transformations (pp. 285–319). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Garon, N., Bryson, S. E., & Smith, I. M. (2008). Executive function in preschoolers: A review using an integrative framework. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 31–60. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.1.31
  • Hughes, C., & Ensor, R. (2007). Executive function and theory of mind: Predictive relations from ages 2 to 4. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1447–1459. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1447
  • Hurley, J. C., & Underwood, M. K. (2002). Children’s understanding of their research rights before and after debriefing: Informed assent, confidentiality, and stopping participation. Child Development, 73, 132–143. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00396
  • John, T., Hope, T., Savulescu, J., Stein, A., & Pollard, A. J. (2008). Children’s consent and paediatric research: Is it appropriate for healthy children to be the decision-makers in clinical research? Archives of Disease in Childhood, 93, 379–383. doi:10.1136/adc.2007.118299
  • Kimberly, M. B., Hoehn, K., Feudtner, C., Nelson, R., & Schreiner, M. (2006). Variation in standards of research compensation and child assent practices: A comparison of 69 institutional review board-approved informed permission and assent forms for 3 multicenter pediatric clinical trials. Pediatrics, 117, 1706–1711. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1233
  • Kochanska, G., Coy, K. C., & Murray, K. T. (2001). The development of self-regulation in the first four years of life. Child Development, 72, 1091–1111. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00336
  • Kochanska, G., Murray, K. T., & Harlan, E. T. (2000). Effortful control in early childhood: Continuity and change, antecedents, and implications for social development. Developmental Psychology, 35, 220–232. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.220
  • Kon, A. A. (2006). Assent in pediatric research. Pediatrics, 117, 1806–1810. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2926
  • Kopp, C. B. (1982). Antecedents of self-regulation: A developmental perspective. Developmental Psychology, 18, 199–214. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.18.2.199
  • Laible, D., Panfile, T., & Makariev, D. (2008). The quality and frequency of mother-toddler conflict: Links with attachment and temperament. Child Development, 79, 426–443. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01134.x
  • Lambert, V., & Glacken, M. (2011). Engaging with children in research: Theoretical and practical implications of negotiating informed consent/assent. Nursing Ethics, 18, 781–801. doi:10.1177/0969733011401122
  • McCabe, M. A. (1996). Involving children and adolescents in medical decision making: Developmental and clinical considerations. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 21, 505–516. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/21.4.505
  • McCarthy, A. M., Richman, L. C., Hoffman, R. P., & Rubenstein, L. (2001). Psychological screening of children for participation in nontherapeutic invasive research. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 155, 1197–1203. doi:10.1001/archpedi.155.11.1197
  • Miller, V., & Nelson, R. (2006). A developmental approach to child assent for nontherapeutic research. Pediatrics, 149(1, Suppl.), 25–30. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.04.047
  • National Institutes of Health. (1979). The Belmont Report: Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
  • Ondrusek, N., Abramovitch, R., Pencharz, P., & Koren, G. (1998). Empirical examination of the ability of children to consent to clinical research. Journal of Medical Ethics, 24, 158–165. doi:10.1136/jme.24.3.158
  • Piaget, J. (1951). Egocentric thought and sociocentric thought. In L. S. Smith (Ed.), Sociological studies (pp. 276—286). London, UK: Routledge.
  • Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York, NY: International University Press.
  • Rice, M. L., & Hoffman, L. (2015). Predicting vocabulary growth in children with and without specific language impairment: A longitudinal study from 2;6 to 21 years of age. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 58, 345–359. doi:10.1044/2015
  • Rossi, W. C., Reynolds, W., & Nelson, R. M. (2003). Child assent and parental permission in pediatric research. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 24, 131–148. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12943268
  • Rothbart, M. K., Sheese, B. E., Rueda, M. R., & Posner, M. I. (2011). Developing mechanisms of self-regulation in early life. Emotion Review, 3, 207–213. doi:10.1177/1754073910387943
  • Roth-Cline, M., & Nelson, R. M. (2013). Parental permission and child assent in research on children. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 86, 291–301. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24058304
  • Sibley, A., Pollard, A. J., Fitzpatrick, R., & Sheehan, M. (2016). Developing a new justification for assent. BMC Medical Ethics, 17, 1–9. doi:10.1186/s12910-015-0085-x
  • SRCD Governing Counsel. (2007). Ethical standards in research. Retrieved from http://www.srcd.org/about-us/ethical-standards-research
  • Twycross, A., Gibson, F., & Coad, J. (2008). Guidance on seeking agreement to participate in research from young children. Pediatric Nursing, 20(6), 14–19. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18686408
  • Wakschlag, L. S., Choi, S. W., Carter, A. S., Hullsiek, H., Burns, J., McCarthy, K., … Briggs-Gowan, M. J. (2012). Defining the developmental parameters of temper loss in early childhood: Implications for developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 53, 1099–1108. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02595.x
  • Wendler, D. S. (2006). Assent in paediatric research: Theoretical and practical considerations. Journal of Medical Ethics, 32, 229–234. doi:10.1136/jme.2004.011114
  • Wendler, D., & Shah, S. (2003). Should children decide whether they are enrolled in nonbeneficial research? The American Journal of Bioethics, 3(4), 1–7. doi:10.1162/152651603322614805
  • Whittle, A., Shah, S., Wilfond, B., Gensler, G., & Wendler, D. (2004). Institutional review board practices regarding assent in pediatric research. Pediatrics, 113, 1747–1752. doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.1747

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.