371
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Older people are perceived as more moral than younger people: data from seven culturally diverse countries

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all

REFERENCES

  • Allison, S. T., Mackie, D. M., & Messick, D. M. (1996). Outcome biases in social perception: Implications for dispositional inference, attitude change, stereotyping, and social behavior. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 28, pp. 53–93). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60236-1
  • Alves, H., Koch, A., & Unkelbach, C. (2016). My friends are all alike—the relation between liking and perceived similarity in person perception. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 62, 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2015.10.011
  • Armon, C., & Dawson, T. L. (1997). Developmental trajectories in moral reasoning across the life span. Journal of Moral Education, 26(4), 433–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305724970260404
  • Atari, M., Lai, M. H. C., & Dehghani, M. (2020). Sex differences in moral judgements across 67 countries. In Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 287, (pp 20201201). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1201
  • Awad, E., Dsouza, S., Shariff, A., Rahwan, I., & Bonnefon, J.-F. (2020). Universals and variations in moral decisions made in 42 countries by 70,000 participants. In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117, (pp 2332–2337). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911517117
  • Baez, S., Flichtentrei, D., Prats, M., Mastandueno, R., García, A. M., Cetkovich, M., Ibáñez, A., & Pavlova, M. A. (2017). Men, women who cares? A population-based study on sex differences and gender roles in empathy and moral cognition. PLOS ONE, 12(6), e0179336. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179336
  • Bago, B., Kovacs, M., Protzko, J., Nagy, T., Kekecs, Z., & Aczel, B. (2022). Situational factors shape moral judgments in the trolley dilemma in Eastern, Southern, and Western countries in a culturally diverse sample. Nature Human Behaviour. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-022-01319-5
  • Ballew, C. C., & Todorov, A. (2007). Predicting political elections from rapid and unreflective face judgements. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 104, (pp. 17498–17953). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0705435104
  • Baron, J., & Hershey, J. C. (1988). Outcome bias in decision evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(4), 569–579. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.4.569
  • Batson, C. D., Engel, C. L., & Fridell, S. R. (1999). Value judgments: Testing the somatic-marker hypothesis using false physiological feedback. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(8), 1021–1032. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672992511009
  • Bentham, J., Goldworth, A. (1983). The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham: Deontology together with a table of the Springs of Action and article on Utilitarianism. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198226093.book.1
  • Białek, M., Paruzel-Czachura, M., & Gawronski, B. (2019). Foreign language effects on moral dilemma judgments: An analysis using the CNI model. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Article 103855, 85, 103855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103855
  • Bielby, D. D., & Papalia, D. E. (1975). Moral development and perceptual role-taking egocentrism: Their development and Interrelationship across the life-span. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 6(4), 293–308. https://doi.org/10.2190/TNEX-PRK5-CTNT-G6H
  • Blanchard-Fields, F., Baldi, R., & Stein, R. (1999). Age relevance and context effects on attributions across the adult lifespan. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 23(3), 665–683. https://doi.org/10.1080/016502599383748
  • Brambilla, M., Rusconi, P., Sacchi, S., & Cherubini, P. (2011). Looking for honesty: The primary role of morality (vs. sociability and competence) in information gathering. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(2), 135–143. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.744
  • Brambilla, M., Sacchi, S., Rusconi, P., & Goodwin, G. (2021). The Primacy of morality in impression development: Theory, research, and Future Directions. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 64, 187–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2021.03.001
  • Chen, Y., & Blanchard-Fields, F. (2000). Unwanted thought: Age differences in the correction of social judgments. Psychology of Aging, 15(3), 475–482. https://doi.org/10.1037//0882-7974.15.3.475
  • Chu, Q., & Grühn, D. (2018). Moral judgments and social stereotypes: Do the age and gender of the perpetrator and the victim matter? Social Psychological and Personality Science, 9(4), 426–434. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617711226
  • CIA. (2022). The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries
  • Collins, J. J. (1997). The Sage in the Apocalyptic and Pseudepigraphic literature. In Seers, Sibyls and Sages in Hellenistic-Roman Judaism (pp. 339–350). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004495753_023
  • Cui, X., Cheng, Q., Lin, W., Lin, J., & Mo, L. (2019). Different influences of facial attractiveness on judgments of moral beauty and moral goodness. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 12152. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48649-5
  • Dahl, A. (2023). What we do when we define morality (and why we need to do it). Psychological Inquiry. Accepted. https://osf.io/y8mf7
  • Decety, J., & Cowell, J. M. (2014a). The complex relation between morality and empathy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(7), 337–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.04.008
  • Decety, J., & Cowell, J. M. (2014b). Friends or foes: Is empathy necessary for moral behavior? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9(5), 525–537. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614545130
  • Diamond, J. M. (2012). The world until yesterday: What can we learn from traditional societies?. Viking.
  • Dinar, H., & Chaudhry, W. (1996). Exploring Ruli: An indigenous notion of female authority among Burusho in central Hunza. The Explorer: Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 9–11.
  • Doris, J. (2010). The moral Psychology Handbook. Oxford University Press.
  • Durante, F., Tablante, C. B., & Fiske, S. T. (2017). Poor but Warm, Rich but cold (and Competent): Social Classes in the Stereotype content model. Journal of Social Issues, 73(1), 138–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12208
  • Erber, J. T., & Long, B. A. (2006). Perceptions of Forgetful and Slow Employees: Does age Matter? The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 61(6), P333–P339. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/61.6.P333
  • Erber, J. T., Szuchman, L. T., & Prager, I. G. (2001). Ain’t misbehavin’: The effects of age and intentionality on judgments about misconduct. Psychology and Aging, 16(1), 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.16.1.85
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G* power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
  • Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J., & Glick, P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(2), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.005
  • Gert, B., & Gert, J. (2020). The definition of morality. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/morality-definition/
  • Gino, F., Moore, D. A., & Bazerman, M. H. (2009). See No evil: When we Overlook other people’s Unethical behavior. In R. M. Kramer, A. E. Tenbrunsel, & M. H. Bazerman (Eds.), Social decision making: Social Dilemmas, Social Values, and Ethical Judgments (pp. 241–263). Routledge.
  • Gleichgerrcht, E., Young, L., & Gray, M. (2013). Low levels of Empathic Concern Predict utilitarian moral judgment. PLOS ONE, 8(4), e60418. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060418
  • Goodwin, G. P. (2015). Moral character in person perception. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24, 38–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414550709
  • Goodwin, G. P., Piazza, J., & Rozin, P. (2014). Moral character predominates in person perception and evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(1), 148–168. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034726
  • Graham, J., & Haidt, J. (2012). Sacred values and evil adversaries: A moral foundations approach. In The social psychology of morality: Exploring the causes of good and evil (pp. 11–31). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13091-001
  • Graham, J., Haidt, J., Motyl, M., Meindl, P., Iskiwitch, C., & Mooijman, M. (2018). Moral foundations theory: On the advantages of moral pluralism over moral monism. In K. Gray, & J. Graham(Eds.), Atlas of moral psychology (pp. 211–222). The Guilford Press.
  • Groyecka, A., Pisanski, K., Sorokowska, A., Havlíček, J., Karwowski, M., Puts, D., Roberts, S. C., & and Sorokowski, P. (2017). Attractiveness is multimodal: Beauty is also in the nose and ear of the beholder. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 778. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00778
  • Gruen, L. (2015). Entangled empathy: An alternative ethic for our relationships with animals. Lantern Books, a Division of Booklight Inc. Lantern Publishing & Media.
  • Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814–834. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.108.4.814
  • Hastie, R., & Dawes, R. M. (2001). Rational choice in an uncertain world: The psychology of judgment and decision making. Sage.
  • Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). Most people are not WEIRD. Nature, 466(7302), 29–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/466029a
  • Henry, J. D., Phillips, L. H., Ruffman, T., & Bailey, P. E. (2013). A meta-analytic review of age differences in theory of mind. Psychology and Aging, 28(3), 826–839. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030677
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. SAGE.
  • Hume, D. (1960/1977). An enquiry concerning the principles of morals. Open Court.
  • Jeste, D. V., & Vahia, I. V. (2008). Comparison of the Conceptualization of wisdom in Ancient Indian literature with modern Views: Focus on the Bhagavad Gita. Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes, 71(3), 197–209. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2008.71.3.197
  • Jiang, D., Li, T., & Hamamura, T. (2015). Societies’ tightness moderates age differences in perceived justifiability of morally debatable behaviors. European Journal of Ageing, 12(4), 333–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-015-0346-z
  • Kant, I. (1895/ 1949). Fundamental principles of the Metaphysics of ethics. Liberal Arts Press.
  • Kazak, A. E. (2018). Editorial: Journal article reporting standards. American Psychologist, 73(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000263
  • Kinnier, R. T., Kernes, J. L., & Dautheribes, T. M. (2000). A Short list of universal moral values. Counseling and Values, 45(1), 4–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2000.tb00178.x
  • Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 347–480). Rand McNally.
  • Koleva, S. P., Graham, J., Iyer, R., Ditto, P. H., & Haidt, J. (2012). Tracing the threads: How five moral concerns (especially Purity) help explain culture war attitudes. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(2), 184–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.01.006
  • Krettenauer, T., Murua, L. A., & Jia, F. (2016). Age-related differences in moral identity across adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 52(6), 972–984. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000127
  • Landy, J. F., Piazza, J., & Goodwin, G. P. (2018). Morality traits still dominate in forming impressions of others. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115, (pp. E5636). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807096115
  • Langlois, J. H., Kalakanis, L., Rubenstein, A. J., Larson, A., Hallam, M., & Smoot, M. (2000). Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 126(3), 390–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.390
  • Ligneau-Herve, C., & Mullet, E. (2005). Perspective-taking judgments among young adults, middle-aged, and elderly people. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 11(1), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.11.1.53
  • Lin, C., Adolphs, R., & Alvarez, R. M. (2018). Inferring whether officials are corruptible from looking at their faces. Psychological Science, 29(11), 1807–1823. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618788882
  • Magni-Berton, R., & Panel, S. (2021). Gerontocracy in a comparative perspective: Explaining why political leaders are (almost always) older than their constituents. Sociology Compass, 15(1), e12841. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12841
  • Mahajan, N., & Wynn, K. (2012). Origins of “us” versus “them”: Prelinguistic infants prefer similar others. Cognition, 124(2), 227–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2012.05.003
  • Malle, B. F. (2021). Moral judgments. Annual Review of Psychology, 72(1), 293–318. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-072220-104358
  • Margoni, F., Geipel, J., Hadjichristidis, C., & Surian, L. (2018). Moral judgment in old age: Evidence for an intent-to-outcome shift. Experimental Psychology, 65(2), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000395
  • Maxwell, S. E., Lau, M. Y., & Howard, G. S. (2015). Is psychology suffering from a replication crisis? What does “failure to replicate” really mean? The American Psychologist, 70(6), 487–498. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039400
  • McDonald, N. M., & Messinger, D. S. (2011). The Development of Empathy: How, When, and Why. In J. J. Sanguinieti, A. Acerbi, J. A. Lombo (Eds.), Free Will, Emotions, and Moral Actions: Philosophy and Neuroscience in Dialogue (pp. 333–359). IF Press.
  • McDonald, L., & Stuart-Hamilton, I. (1996). Older and more moral?—age-related changes in Performance on Piagetian moral Reasoning Tasks. Age and Ageing, 25(5), 402–404. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/25.5.402
  • McNair, S., Okan, Y., Hadjichristidis, C., & Bruine de Bruin, W. (2018). Age differences in moral judgement: Older adults are more deontological than younger adults. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 32(1), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.2086
  • Melnikoff, D. E., & Bailey, A. H. (2018). Preferences for moral vs. immoral traits in others are conditional. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115, (pp. E592–E600). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714945115
  • Mileva, V. R., Cowan, M. L., Cobey, K. D., Knowles, K. K., & Little, A. C. (2014). In the face of dominance: Self-perceived and other-perceived dominance are positively associated with facial-width-to-height ratio in men. Personality and Individual Differences, 69, 115–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.05.019
  • Mill, J. S. (1863). Utilitarianism. Parker, Son and Bourn.
  • Miller, L. M., Charles, S. T., & Fingerman, K. L. (2009). Perceptions of social transgressions in adulthood. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 64(5), 551–559. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbp062
  • Moran, J. M., Jolly, E., & Mitchell, J. P. (2012). Social-cognitive deficits in normal aging. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(16), 5553–5561. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5511-11.2012
  • Nelson, T. D. (Ed.). (2002). Ageism. MIT Press.
  • North, M. S., & Fiske, S. T. (2012). An inconvenienced youth? Ageism and its potential intergenerational roots. Psychological Bulletin, 138(5), 982–997. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027843
  • North, M. S., & Fiske, S. T. (2015). Modern attitudes toward older adults in the aging world: A cross-cultural meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 141(5), 993. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039469
  • Paruzel-Czachura, M. (2016). Moral judgments and moral integrity – three empirical studies. In Dual-process theories in moral psychology: Interdisciplinary approaches to theoretical, empirical and practical considerations (pp. 159–184). Springer VS. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-12053-5_8
  • Paruzel-Czachura, M. (2023). What is morality? Narrow and broad definition. Psychological Inquiry. Accepted. https://psyarxiv.com/k79bw
  • Paruzel-Czachura, M., & Białek, M. (2022). Penitence congruity effect: Even murderers are seen as less immoral when expressing guilt and deontological beliefs. Psychology Crime & Law. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2077944
  • Paruzel-Czachura, M., Blukacz, M. (2021). How relevant for you is to be a moral person? Polish validation of the Self-importance of moral identity scale. PloS One, 16(8), e0255386. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255386
  • Piaget, J. (1932/65). The moral judgment of the Child. Routledge.
  • Porter, S., England, L., Juodis, M., Ten Brinke, L., & Wilson, K. (2008). Is the face a window to the soul? Investigation of the accuracy of intuitive judgments of the trustworthiness of human faces. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 40(3), 171. https://doi.org/10.1037/0008-400X.40.3.171
  • Raftery, A. E. (1999). Bayes factors and BIC: Comment on “A critique of the Bayesian information criterion for model selection”. Sociological Methods & Research, 27(3), 411–427. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124199027003005
  • Rosch, E., & Lloyd, B. B. (Eds.). (1978). Cognition and categorization. Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Sabiniewicz, A., Karwowski, M., Löckenhoff, C. E., Borkowska, B., & Sorokowski, P. (2020). Short-and long-term memory and age in a traditional tribe (Dani of Papua) and a modern population (Poland). Acta Ethologica, 23(3), 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10211-020-00348-5
  • Schwartz, S. H. (2007). Universalism values and the Inclusiveness of our moral Universe. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38(6), 711–728. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022107308992
  • Selin, H., & Selin (Ed.). (2021). Aging across cultures: Growing old in the non-Western world. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76501-9
  • Shang, J., Reed, A., Sargeant, A., & Carpenter, K. (2020). Marketplace donations: The role of moral identity discrepancy and gender. Journal of Marketing Research, 57(2), 375–393. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022243719892592
  • Shweder, R. A., Much, N. C., Mahapatra, M., & Park, L. (1997). The “big three” of morality (autonomy, community, divinity) and the “big three” explanations of suffering. In A. M. Brandt & P. Rozin (Eds.), Morality and health (pp. 119–169). Taylor & Frances/Routledge.
  • Simonsohn, U. (2015). Small telescopes: Detectability and the evaluation of replication results. Psychological Science, 26(5), 559–569. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614567341
  • Smith, K. M., & Apicella, C. L. (2022). Hadza hunter-gatherers are not deontologists and do not prefer deontologists as social partners. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 101, 104314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104314
  • Sorokowski, P., Marczak, M., Misiak, M., & Białek, M. (2020). Trolley dilemma in Papua. Yali horticulturalists refuse to pull the lever. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 27(2), 398–403. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-019-01700-y
  • Sorokowski, P., Oleszkiewicz, A., Löckenhoff, C. E., Kowal, M., Frackowiak, T., & Malecki, W. P. (2022). Literacy and perceptions of aging: Evidence from the Dani in Papua. Language & Communication, 82, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2021.11.003
  • Sorokowski, P., Sorokowska, A., Frackowiak, T., & Löckenhoff, C. E. (2017). Aging perceptions in Tsimane’ Amazonian Forager-Farmers compared with two industrialized societies. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 72, 561–570. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbv080
  • Staudinger, U. M. (2008). A Psychology of wisdom: History and recent Developments. Research in Human Development, 5(2), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427600802034835
  • Sze, J., Gyurak, A., Goodkind, M. S., & Levenson, R. W. (2012). Greater emotional empathy and prosocial behavior in late life. Emotion, 12(5), 1129–1140. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025011
  • Toussaint, L., & Webb, J. R. (2005). Gender differences in the relationship between empathy and Forgiveness. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145(6), 673–685. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.145.6.673-686
  • Třebický, V., Havlíček, J., Roberts, S. C., Little, A. C., & Kleisner, K. (2013). Perceived aggressiveness predicts fighting performance in mixed-martial-arts fighters. Psychological Science, 24(9), 1664–1672. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613477117
  • Turpin, M. H., Walker, A. C., Fugelsang, J. A., Sorokowski, P., Igor, G., & Białek, M. (2021). The search for predictable moral partners: Predictability and moral (character) preferences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 97, 104196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104196
  • Uhlmann, E. L., Pizarro, D. A., & Diermeier, D. (2015). A person-centered approach to moral judgment. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(1), 72–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614556679
  • Uhlmann, E. L., Zhu, L., & Diermeier, D. (2014). When actions speaks volumes: The role of inferences about moral character in outrage over racial bigotry. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44(1), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1987
  • Uz, I. (2015). The index of cultural tightness and looseness among 68 countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(3), 319–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022114563611
  • Valdesolo, P., & DeSteno, D. (2007). Moral hypocrisy: Social groups and the flexibility of virtue. Psychological Science, 18(8), 689–690. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01961.x
  • Van Berkum, J. J. A., Holleman, B., Nieuwland, M., Otten, M., & Murre, J. (2009). Right or wrong? The brain’s fast response to morally objectionable statements. Psychological Science, 20, 1092–1099. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02411.x
  • Werner, D. (1981). Gerontocracy among the Mekranoti of central Brazil. Anthropological Quarterly, 54(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00891744
  • Winking, J., Koster, J., & Sorokowski, P. (2021). Small-scale utilitarianism: High acceptance of utilitarian solutions to Trolley Problems among a horticultural population in Nicaragua. PloS One, 16(4), e0249345. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249345
  • Winston, J., Strange, B., O’Doherty, J., & Dolan, R. (2002). Automatic and intentional brain responses during evaluation of trustworthiness of faces. Nature Neuroscience, 5(3), 277–283. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn816
  • Wojciszke, B. (2005). Morality and competence in person- and self-perception. European Review of Social Psychology, 16(1), 155–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280500229619
  • Wojciszke, B., Bazinska, R., & Jaworski, M. (1998). On the dominance of moral categories in impression formation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(12), 1251–1263. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672982412001
  • Workman, C. I., Humphries, S., Hartung, F., Aguirre, G. K., Kable, J. W., & Chatterjee, A. (2021). Morality is in the eye of the beholder: The neurocognitive basis of the “anomalous-is-bad” stereotype. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1494, 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14575
  • Zaki, J. (2018). Empathy is a moral force. In K. Gray (Ed.), Atlas of moral psychology (pp. 49–58). The Guilford Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.