References
- Aguinis, H., Gottfredson, R., & Joo, H. (2013). Best-practice recommendations for defining, identifying, and handling outliers. Organizational Research Methods, 16(2), 270–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112470848
- Ainsworth, M. S. (1979). Infant–mother attachment. American Psychologist, 34(10), 932–937. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.932
- Ainsworth, M. S., & Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46(4), 333–341. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.46.4.333
- Ano, G. G., & Vasconcelles, E. B. (2005). Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(4), 461–480. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20049
- Barnes, P. M., Adams, P. F., & Powell-Griner, E. (2008). Health characteristics of the Asian adult population: United States, 2004–2006. Advanced Data from Vital and Health Statistics, 394, 1–23.
- Beck, R., & McDonald, A. (2004). Attachment to god: The attachment to god inventory, tests of working model correspondence, and an exploration of faith group differences. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 32(2), 92–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164710403200202
- Belavich, T., & Pargament, K. I. (2002). The role of attachment in predicting spiritual coping with a loved one in surgery. Journal of Adult Development, 9(1), 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013873100466
- Bjorck, J. P., Cuthbertson, W., Thurman, J. W., & Lee, Y. S. (2001). Ethnicity, coping, and distress among Korean Americans, Filipino Americans, and Caucasian Americans. Journal of Social Psychology, 141(4), 421–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540109600563
- Bosson, J. V., Kelley, M. L., & Jones, G. N. (2012). Deliberate cognitive processing mediates the relation between positive religious coping and posttraumatic growth. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 17(5), 439–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2011.650131
- Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. Vol. 1: Attachment. Basic Books.
- Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. Basic Books.
- Carone, D. A., Jr., & Barone, D. F. (2001). A social cognitive perspective on religious beliefs: Their functions and impact on coping and psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(7), 989–1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(00)00078-7
- Cassidy, J. (2008). The nature of the child’s ties. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd ed., pp. 3–23). Guilford Press.
- Cheung, M., Leung, P., & Cheung, A. (2011). Depressive symptoms and help-seeking behaviors among Korean Americans. International Journal of Social Welfare, 20(4), 421–429. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2397.2010.00764.x
- Collins, N. L., Guichard, A. C., Ford, M. B., & Feeney, B. C. (2004). Working models of attachment: New developments and emerging themes. In W. S. Rholes & J. R. Simpsons (Eds.), Adult attachment: Theory, research, and clinical implications (pp. 196–239). Guilford Press.
- Crowell, J. A., Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (2008). Measurement of individual differences in adolescent and adult attachment. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd ed., pp. 599–635). Guilford Press.
- Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., & Worthington, E. J. (2008). Relational spirituality and forgiveness: The roles of attachment to God, religious coping, and viewing the transgression as a desecration. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 27, 293–301.
- Davis, E. B., Granqvist, P., & Sharp, C. (2018). Theistic relational spirituality: Development, dynamics, health, and transformation. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.10.1037/rel0000219
- Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
- Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
- Ding, D., Hofstetter, C. R., Norman, G. J., Irvin, V. L., Chhay, D., & Hovell, M. F. (2011). Measuring immigration stress of first-generation female Korean immigrants in California: Psychometric evaluation of demand of immigration scale. Ethnicity & Health, 16(1), 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2010.523107
- Fabricatore, A. N., Randal, P. J., Rubio, D. M., & Gilner, F. H. (2004). Stress, religion, and mental health: Religious coping in mediating and moderating roles. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 14(2), 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr1402_2
- Fan, X. (2003). Using commonly available software for bootstrapping in both substantive and measurement analyses. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(1), 24–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164402239315
- Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). GPower 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
- Fetzer Institute & National Institute on Aging Working Group. (2003). Multidimensional Measurement of Religiousness/Spirituality for use in health research: A report of a National Working Group. Fetzer Institute.
- Granqvist, P., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2016). Attachment and religious representations and behavior. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 917–940). Guilford Press.
- Granqvist, P., & Main, M. (2017). The religious attachment interview scoring and classification system [Unpublished manuscript]. Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, and University of California, Berkeley.
- Granqvist, P., Mikulincer, M., Gewirtz, V., & Shaver, P. (2012). Experimental findings on God as an attachment figure: Normative processes and moderating effects of internal working models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(5), 804–818. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029344
- Granqvist, P., Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. (2010). Religion as attachment: Normative processes and individual differences. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(1), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309348618
- Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
- Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
- Hebert, R., Zdaniuk, B., Schulz, R., & Scheier, M. (2009). Positive and negative religious coping and well-being in women with breast cancer. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 12(6), 537–545. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2008.0250
- Helminiak, D., Hoffman, L., & Dodson, E. (2012). A critique of the “theistic psychology” movement as exemplified in Bartz’s (2009) “Theistic Existential Psychology”. The Humanistic Psychologist, 40(2), 179–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/08873267.2012.672351
- Heo, G. J., & Koeske, G. F. (2010). Religious involvement and depression among Korean young adults in the United States. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 29(2), 91–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/15426431003708170
- Heppner, P. P., Heppner, M. J., Lee, D.-G., Wang, Y.-W., Park, H.-J., & Wang, L.-F. (2006). Development and validation of a collectivist coping styles inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 107–125. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.107
- Heppner, P. P., Wampold, B. E., & Kivlighan, D. M. (2008). Research design in counseling: Researh, statistics, program evaluation (3rd ed.). Thompson Brooks/Cole.
- Hernandez, G., Salerno, J. M., & Bottoms, B. L. (2010). Attachment to God, spiritual coping, and alcohol use. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 20(2), 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508611003607983
- Hill, P. C., & Pargament, K. I. (2003). Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality: Implications for physical and mental health research. American Psychologist, 58(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.64
- Hurh, W., & Kim, K. (1990). Religious participation of Korean immigrants in the United States. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 29(1), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387028
- Jo, H., & Son, E. J. (2008). Religious orientation and anxiety: The mediating roles of religious coping and optimism. The Korean Journal of Counsleing and Psychotherapy, 20(3), 773–793.
- Kang, P., & Romo, L. F. (2011). The role of religious involvement on depression, risky behavior, and academic performance among Korean American adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 34(4), 767–778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.08.003
- Kelley, M. M., & Chan, K. T. (2012). Assessing the role of attachment to God, meaning, and religious coping as mediators in the grief experience. Death Studies, 36(3), 199–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2011.553317
- Kim, C. Y., Kim, S., Blumberg, F., & Cho, J. (2017). Validation of the Korean attachment to god inventory. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9(Suppl. 1), S79–S89. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.10.1037/rel0000115
- Kim, D. Y. (2006). Stepping-stone to intergenerational mobility? The springboard, safety net, or mobility trap functions of Korean immigrant entrepreneurship for the second generation. The International Migration Review, 40(4), 927–962. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2006.00049.x
- Kim, K. C., & Kim, S. (2001). The ethnic role of Korean immigrant churches in the United States. In H. Y. Kwon, K. C. Kim, & S. R. Warner (Eds.), Korean Americans and their religions: Pilgrims and missionaries (pp. 71–94). Pennsylvania State University Press.
- Kim, S., Miles-Mason, E., Kim, C. Y., & Esquivel, G. (2013). Religiosity/spirituality and life satisfaction in Korean American adolescents. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 5(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030628
- Kim, W. (2012). How gender and religion influence alcohol use in elderly Korean immigrants. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 31(2), 173–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464810384115
- Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1992). An attachment-theory approach psychology of religion. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(1), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0201_2
- Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2005). Attachment, evolution, and the psychology of religion. Guilford Press.
- Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1990). Attachment theory and religion: Childhood attachments, religious beliefs, and conversion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 29(3), 315–334. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386461
- Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1992). An attachment-theoretical approach to romantic love and religious belief. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(3), 266–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167292183002
- Knight, G. P, Virdin, L. M, Ocampo, K. A, & Roosa, M. (1994). An examination of the cross-ethnic equivalence of measures of negative life events and mental health among Hispanic and Anglo-American children. American Journal of Community Psychology, 22(), 767–783. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02521558
- Koenig, H. G., King, D. E., & Carson, V. B. (2012). Handbook of religion and health (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Lee, E. (2007). Religion and spirituality as predictors of well-being among Chinese American and Korean American older adults. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 19(3), 77–100. https://doi.org/10.1300/J496v19n03_06
- Lee, K. H., & Yoon, D. P. (2011). Factors influencing the general well-being of low-income Korean immigrant elders. Social Work, 56(3), 269–279. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/56.3.269
- Lim, J., & Yi, J. (2009). The effects of religiosity, spirituality, and social support on quality of life: A comparison between Korean American and Korean breast and gynecologic cancer survivors. Oncology Nursing Forum, 36(6), 699–708. https://doi.org/10.1188/09.ONF.699-708
- Lim, N., Lee, H., & Suh, E. (2010). Review of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) findings in Korea. Korean Journal of Psychology: General, 29(1), 21–47.
- Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2006). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Sage.
- Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
- Min, P. G. (1992). The structure and social functions of Korean immigrant churches in the United States. The International Migration Review, 26(4), 1370–1394. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600413
- Min, P. G. (2001). Changes in Korean immigrants’ gender role and social status, and their marital conflicts. Sociological Forum, 16(2), 301–320. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011056802719
- Noh, S., Avison, W. R., & Kaspar, V. (1992). Depressive symptoms among Korean immigrants: Assessment of a translation of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. Psychological Assessment, 4(1), 84–91. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.84
- Pargament, K., Feuille, M., & Burdzy, D. (2011). The Brief RCOPE: Current psychometric status of a short measure of religious coping. Religions, 2(1), 51–76. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel2010051
- Pargament, K., Koenig, H., & Perez, L. (2000). The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(4), 519–543. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200004)56:4<519::AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-1
- Pargament, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice. Guilford Press.
- Pargament, K. I., Smith, B. W., Koenig, H. G., & Perez, L. (1998). Patterns of positive and negative religious coping with major life stressors. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37(4), 710–724. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388152
- Pargament, K. I., Tarakeshwar, N., Ellison, C. G., & Wulff, K. M. (2001). Religious coping among the religious: The relationships between religious coping and well-being in a national sample of Presbyterian clergy, elders, and members. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40(3), 497–513. https://doi.org/10.1111/0021-8294.00073
- Park, C. L. (2011). Implicit religion and the meaning making model. Implicit Religion, 14(4), 405–419. https://doi.org/10.1558/imre.v14i4.405
- Park, C. L., & Folkman, S. (1997). Meaning in the context of stress and coping. Review of General Psychology, 1(2), 115–144. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.1.2.115
- Park, J., Roh, S., & Yeo, Y. (2012). Religiosity, social support, and life satisfaction among elderly Korean immigrants. The Gerontologist, 52(5), 641–649. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnr103
- Park, S., Lee, S., & Hyun, M. (2012). The relationship between intrinsic religious orientation, religious coping, and gratitude. The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 17(2), 449–460. https://doi.org/10.17315/kjhp.2012.17.2.011
- Pollard, S., Riggs, S., & Hook, J. (2014). Mutual influences in adult romantic attachment, religious coping, and marital adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(5), 615–624. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036682
- Roisman, G. I. (2009). Adult attachment: Toward a rapprochement of methodological cultures. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(2), 122–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01621.x
- Rozin, P., & Royzman, E. B. (2001). Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and contagion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(4), 296–320. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0504_2
- Russell, C. J., & Dean, M. A. (2000). To log or not to log: Bootstrap as an alternative to the parametric estimation of moderation effects in the presence of skewed dependent variables. Organizational Research Methods, 3(2), 166–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810032002
- Sharp, C. A., Davis, E. B., George, K., Cuthbert, A. D., Zahl, B. P., Davis, D. E., … Aten, J. D. (2019). Measures of god representations: Theoretical framework and critical review. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000257
- Shin, J., & Hyun, M. (2010). The relationship between religious orientation, religious coping, and situational forgiveness. The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 15(4), 699–710. https://doi.org/10.17315/kjhp.2010.15.4.008
- Slife, B. D., Stevenson, T. D., & Wendt, D. C. (2010). Including God in psychotherapy: Strong vs. weak theism. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 38(3), 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164711003800301
- Smith, T. B., McCullough, M. E., & Poll, J. (2003). Religiousness and depression: Evidence for a main effect and the moderating influence of stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 129(4), 614–636. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.614
- Sroufe, L., & Waters, E. (1977). Attachment as an organizational construct. Child Development, 48(4), 1184–1199. https://doi.org/10.2307/1128475
- Tarakeshwar, N., & Pargament, K. I. (2001). Religious coping in families of children with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 16(4), 247–260. https://doi.org/10.1177/108835760101600408
- The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. (2012, July 19). Asian Americans: A mosaic of faith. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewforum.org/2012/07/19/asian-americans-amosaic-of-faiths-overview/
- Warren, P., Van Eck, K., Townley, G., & Kloos, B. (2015). Relationships among religious coping, optimism, and outcomes for persons with psychiatric disabilities. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7(2), 91–99. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038346
- Wu, A. D., & Zumbo, B. D. (2008). Understanding and using mediators and moderators. Social Indicators Research, 87(3), 367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9143-1