Drug-Taking Behavior, Compulsory Treatment, and Desistance: Implications of Self-Organization and Natural Recovery for Policy and Practice

References

• Anderson , J. 2001 . What to Do About ‘Much Ado’ About Drug Courts? . International Journal of Drug Policy , 12 ( 5/6 ) : 469 – 475 .
   Google Scholar
• Arrigo , B. A. 1996 . The Contours of Psychiatric Justice: A Postmodern Critique of Mental Illness, Criminal Insanity, and the Law , New York : Garland .
   Google Scholar
• Arrigo , B. A. 1997 . Recommunalizing Drug Offenders: The ‘Drug Peace’ Agenda . Journal of Offender Rehabilitation , 24 ( 3/4 ) : 53 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Arrigo , B. A. 2004 . The Ethics of Therapeutic Jurisprudence: A Critical and Theoretical Inquiry of Law, Psychology, and Crime . Psychiatry, Psychology, and Law: An Interdisciplinary Journal , 11 ( 1 ) : 23 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Baum , D. 1997 . Smoke and Mirrors: The War on Drugs and the Politics of Failure , Boston : Little, Brown, & Company .
   Google Scholar
• Belenko , S. 2001 . Research on Drug Courts: A Critical Review, 2001 Update , New York : Columbia University, National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse .
   Google Scholar
• Brecht , M. , Anglin , D. and Wang , J. 1993 . Treatment Effectiveness for Legally Coerced Versus Voluntary Methadone Maintenance Clients . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 19 ( 1 ) : 89 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunton , R. 2001 . Knowledge, Embodiment, and Neo-Liberal Drug Policy . Contemporary Drug Problems , 28 ( 2 ) : 221 – 245 .
   Google Scholar
• Burman , S. 1997 . The Challenge of Sobriety: Natural Recovery Without Treatment and Self-Help Groups . Journal of Substance Abuse , 9 : 41 – 61 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Butz , M. 1994 . Psychopharmacology: Psychology's . Jurassic Park? Psychotherapy , 31 ( 4 ) : 692 – 698 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne , D. 1998 . Complexity Theory and the Social Sciences: An Introduction , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Casey , P. and Rottman , D. 2000 . Therapeutic Jurisprudence in the Courts . Behavioral Sciences and the Law , 18 : 445 – 457 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caulkins , J. P. 2005 . How Goes the War on Drugs: An Assessment of U.S. Drug Problems and Policy , Washington , DC : Rand Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Caulkins , J. P. and Reuter , P. 1997 . Setting Goals for Drug Policy: Harm or Use Reduction? . Addictions , 92 ( 9 ) : 1143 – 1150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copeland , J. 1998 . A Qualitative Study of Self-Managed Change in Substance Dependence Among Women . Contemporary Drug Problems , 25 ( 2 ) : 321 – 346 .
   Google Scholar
• Currie , E. 1993 . Reckoning: Drugs, the Cities, and the American Future , New York : Hill and Wang .
   Google Scholar
• Durrant , R. and Thakker , J. 2003 . Substance Use and Abuse: Cultural and Historical Perspectives , Thousand Oaks : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , G. 2000 . Editorial Note: Natural Recovery is the Only Recovery . Addiction , 95 ( 5 ) : 747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmelkemp , P. M. G. and Vedel , E. 2006 . Evidence-based Treatment for Alcohol and Drug Abuse: A Practitioners Guide to Theory, Methods, and Practice , New York : Brunner-Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Ezard , N. 2001 . Public Health, Human Rights and the Harm Reduction Paradigm: From Risk Reduction to Vulnerability Reduction . International Journal of Drug Policy , 12 ( 3 ) : 207 – 219 .
   Google Scholar
• Eve , R. , Horsfall , S. and Lee , M. , eds. 2005 . Chaos, Complexity, and Sociology: Myths, Models, and Theories , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Faupel , C. , Horowitz , A. and Weaver , G. 2004 . The Sociology of American Drug Use , New York : McGraw Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Fiorentine , R. and Hillhouse , M. 2001 . The Addicted-Self Model: An Explanation of ‘Natural’ Recovery? . Journal of Drug Issues , 31 ( 2 ) : 395 – 423 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , B. 2003 . Doing Good with a Vengeance: A Critical Assessment of the Practices, Effects and Implications of Drug Treatment Courts in North America . Criminal Justice , 3 ( 3 ) : 227 – 248 .
   Google Scholar
• Foucault , M. 1977 . Discipline and Punish: The Birth of A Prison , Edited by: Sheridan , A. New York : Pantheon .
   Google Scholar
• Frisher , M. and Beckett , H. 2006 . Drug Use Desistance . Criminology and Criminal Justice , 6 ( 1 ) : 127 – 145 .
   Google Scholar
• Gahlinger , P. 2004 . Illegal Drugs: A Complete Guide to Their History, Chemistry, Use and Abuse , Salt Lake City , UT : Sagebrush Press .
   Google Scholar
• Galloway , A. and Drapela , L. 2006 . Are Effective Drug Courts an Urban Phenomenon? Considering Their Impact on Recidivism Among a Nonmetropolitan Adult Sample in Washington State . International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology , 50 ( 3 ) : 280 – 293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerberm , J. and Jensen , E. L. , eds. 2001 . Drug War American Style: The Internationalization of Failed Policy and Its Alternatives , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Gleick , J. 1988 . Chaos: Making a New Science , New York : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Goetz , B. and Mitchell , R. 2006 . Pre-Arrest/Booking Drug Control Strategies: Diversion to Treatment, Harm Reduction, and Police Involvement . Contemporary Drug Problems , 33 ( 3 ) : 473 – 522 .
   Google Scholar
• Goldkamp , J. 2000 . The Drug Court Response: Issues and Implications for Justice Change . Albany Law Review , 63 : 923 – 961 .
   Google Scholar
• Goldkamp , J. , White , M. and Robinson , J. 2001 . Do Drug Courts Work? Getting Inside the Drug Court Black Box . Journal of Drug Issues , 31 : 21 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Goldsmith , R. and Latessa , E. 2001 . Coerced Treatment of Addictions in the Criminal Justice System . Psychiatric Annals , 31 ( 11 ) : 657 – 663 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomart , E. 2002 . Toward Generous Constraint: Freedom and Coercion in a French Addiction Treatment . Sociology of Health and Illness , 24 : 517 – 549 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottfredson , D. , Kearley , B. , Najaka , S. and Rocha , C. 2007 . How Drug Treatment Courts Work: An Analysis of Mediators . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 44 ( 1 ) : 3 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granfield , R. and Cloud , W. 1996 . The Elephant that No One Sees: Natural Recovery Among Middle-Class Addicts . Journal of Drug Issues , 26 ( 1 ) : 45 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granfield , R. and Cloud , W. 2001 . Social Context and Natural Recovery: The Role of Social Capital in the Resolution of Drug-associated Problems . Substance Use and Misuse , 36 ( 11 ) : 1543 – 1570 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , J. 2001 . Why Our Drug Laws Have Failed and What We Can Do About It , Philadelphia : Temple University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jensen , E. , Gerber , J. and Mosher , C. 2004 . Social Consequences of the War on Drugs: The Legacy of Failed Policy . Criminal Justice Policy Review , 15 ( 1 ) : 100 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Jensen , E. and Mosher , C. 2006 . Adult Drug Courts: The Judicial Origins, Evaluations of Effectiveness, and Expansions of the Model . Idaho Law Review , 42 : 443 – 470 .
   Google Scholar
• Kiel , L. D. and Elliott , E. W. , eds. 1998 . Chaos Theory in the Social Sciences: Foundations and Applications , East Lansing , MI : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kaminer , Y. 2001 . Alcohol and Drug Abuse: Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment: Where Do We Go from Here . Psychiatric Services , 52 : 147 – 149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klag , S. , O'Callaghan , F. and Creed , P. 2005 . The Use of Legal Coercion in the Treatment of Substance Abusers: An Overview and Critical Analysis of Thirty Years of Research . Substance Use and Misuse , 40 : 1777 – 1795 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinig , J. 2004 . Ethical Issues of Substance Use Intervention . Substance Use and Misuse , 40 ( 3 ) : 369 – 398 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipton , D. 1995 . The Effectiveness of Treatment of Drug Abusers Under Criminal Justice Supervision , Washington , DC : National Institute on Drug Abuse .
   Google Scholar
• Lorenz , E. N. 1996 . The Essence of Chaos , Seattle : University of Washington Press .
   Google Scholar
• MacCoun , R. and Reuter , P. 2001 . Drug War Heresies: Learning From Other Vices, Times, and Places , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Malloch , M. 2004 . Missing Out: Gender, Drugs, and Justice . The Journal of Community and Criminal Justice , 51 ( 4 ) : 295 – 308 .
   Google Scholar
• Marion , R. 2007 . The Edge of Organization: Chaos and Complexity Theories of Formal Social Systems , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Marlatt , G. A. and Witkietwitz , K. 2002 . Harm Reduction Approaches to Alcohol Use: Health Promotion, Prevention, and Treatment . Addictive Behaviors , 27 ( 6 ) : 867 – 886 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlatt , G. A. , Blume , A. W. and Parks , G. A. 2001 . Integrating Harm Reduction Therapy and Traditional Substance Abuse Treatment . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 33 ( 1 ) : 13 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlowe , D. 2003 . Integrating Substance Abuse Treatment and Criminal Justice Supervision . Perspectives , 2 ( 1 ) : 4 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Marlowe , D. 2002 . Effective Strategies for Intervening with Drug-abusing Offenders . Villanova Law Review , 47 : 989 – 1025 .
   Google Scholar
• Marlowe , D. 2001 . Coercive Treatment of Substance Abusing Criminal Offenders . Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice , 1 ( 1 ) : 65 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , M. W. 2006 . From Morality to Mental Health: Virtue and Vice in a Therapeutic Culture , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• McLellan , A. T. 2002 . Have we Evaluated Addictions Treatment Correctly: Implications from a Chronic Care Perspective . Addictions , 97 ( 3 ) : 249 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milovanovic , D. , ed. 1997 . Chaos, Criminology, and Social Justice: The New Orderly (Dis)order , Westport , CT : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Moos , R. 1994 . Treated or Untreated, an Addiction is not an Island Unto Itself . Addiction , 89 ( 5 ) : 507 – 509 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosher , C. and Akins , S. 2007 . Drugs and Drug Policy: The Control of Consciousness Alteration , Thousand Oaks : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Nadelmann , E. 2004 . “ Commonsense Drug Policy ” . In The American Drug Scene: An Anthology , Edited by: Inciardi , J. and McElrath , K. Los Angeles : Roxbury .
   Google Scholar
• Nesse , R. 1994 . An Evolutionary Perspective on Substance Abuse . Ethology and Sociobiology , 15 : 339 – 348 .
   Google Scholar
• Nolan , J. L. 2001 . Reinventing Justice: The American Drug Court Movement , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nolan , J. L. , ed. 2002 . Drug Courts: In Theory and in Practice , New York : Aldine .
   Google Scholar
• O'Brien , C. P. 1997 . A Range of Research-based Pharmacotherapies for Addiction . Science , 278 : 66 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfohl , S. 1994 . Images of Deviance and Social Control , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Porter , E. and Gleick , J. 2001 . Nature's Chaos , Boston : Little, Brown, & Company .
   Google Scholar
• Prigogine , I. and Stengers , I. 1984 . Order Out of Chaos , New York : Bantam Books .
   Google Scholar
• Primoratz , I. 1989 . Justifying Legal Punishment , Atlantic Highlands , NJ : Humanities Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen , S. 2000 . Addictions Treatment: Theory and Practice , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Sanford , S. and Arrigo , B. A. 2005 . Lifting the Cover on Drug Courts: Evaluation Findings and Policy Concerns . International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology , 49 ( 3 ) : 239 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Single , E. Defining Harm Reduction . Drug and Alcohol Review , 14 287 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobell , L. , Ellingstad , T. and Sobell , M. 2000 . Natural Recovery from Alcohol and Drug Problems: Methodological Review of the Research with Suggestions for Future Directions . Addiction , 95 ( 5 ) : 749 – 764 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowers , W. and Daley , D. 1993 . Compulsory Treatment of Substance Use Disorder . Criminal Behavior and Mental Health , 3 : 403 – 415 .
   Google Scholar
• Sung , H. and Belenko , S. 2006 . From Diversion Experiment to Policy Movement: A Case Study of Prosecutorial Innovation . Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice , 22 ( 3 ) : 220 – 240 .
   Google Scholar
• Toro , P. 1986 . A Comparison of Natural and Professional Help . American Journal of Community Psychology , 14 : 147 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , S. , Longshore , D. , Wenzel , S. , Deschenes , E. , Greenwood , P. and Fain , T. 2002 . A Decade of Drug Treatment Court Research . Substance Use and Misuse , 37 : 1489 – 1527 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldron , H. B. and Kaminer , Y. 2004 . On the LEaerning Curve: The Emerging Evidence Supporting Cognitive-Behavior Therapies for Adolescent Substance Abuse . Addiction , 99 ( s2 ) : 93 – 105 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker , J. T. Advancing Science and Research in Criminal Justice/Criminology: Complex Systems Theory and Non-Linear Analyses . Justice Quarterly , 24 ( 4 ) (in press)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , S. 2006 . Sense and Nonsense about Crime and Drugs: A Policy Guide (6th ed.) , Belmont , CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Walters , G. B. 1999 . Chaos and Crime: Applying Nonlinear Dynamic Principles to Problems in Criminology . International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology , 43 ( 2 ) : 134 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters , G. D. 2000a . Associate Editor's Editorial: Should We Be Treating Substance-Abusing Offenders? . International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology , 44 ( 5 ) : 525 – 531 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters , G. D. 2000b . Spontaneous Remission from Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Abuse: Seeking Quantitative Answers to Qualitative Questions . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 26 : 443 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters , G. D. 2002 . Developmental Trajectories, Transitions, and Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Theory: A Model of Crime Deceleration and Desistance . International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology , 46 ( 1 ) : 30 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weil , A. 1986 . The Natural Mind: A New Way of Looking at Drugs and the Higher Consciousness , Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Weil , A. and Rosen , W. 1998 . From Chocolate to Morphine , Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Wexler , D. 1993 . Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Changing Conceptions of Legal Scholarship . Behavioral Sciences and the Law , 11 ( 1 ) : 17 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteacre , K. and Pepinksy , H. 2002 . Controlling Drug Use . Criminal Justice Policy Review , 13 ( 1 ) : 21 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Wild , T. C. , Roberts , A. B. and Cooper , E. L. 2002 . Compulsory Substance Abuse Treatment: An Overview of Recent Findings . European Addiction Research , 8 : 84 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , C. 2004 . “ Anarchic Insurgencies: The Mythos of Authority and the Violence of Mental Health ” . In Psychological Jurisprudence: Critical Explorations in Law, Crime, and Society , Edited by: Arrigo , B. New York : SUNY Press .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , C. and Arrigo , B. 2001 . Anarchaos and order: On the emergence of social justice . Theoretical Criminology , 5 ( 2 ) : 223 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , C. and Arrigo , B. 2002a . Law, Psychology, and Justice: Chaos Theory and the New (Dis)order , Albany , NY : SUNY Press .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , C. R. and Arrigo , B. A. 2002b . Law, Psychology and the “New Sciences:” Rethinking Mental Illness and Dangerousness . International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology , 46 ( 1 ) : 6 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winick , B. J. 1997 . Therapeutic Jurisprudence Applied: Essays on Mental Health Law , Durham , NC : Carolina Academic Press .
   Google Scholar