2,548
Views
143
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Relationships among attitudes and subjective norms: Testing the theory of reasoned action across cultures

Pages 162-175 | Published online: 22 May 2009

References

  • Acock , A. C. and DeFleur , M. L. 1972 . A configurational approach to contingency consistency . American Sociological Review , 37 : 714 – 726 .
  • Ajzen , I. 1988 . Attitudes, personality and behavior , Chicago : Dorsey Press .
  • Ajzen , I. and Fishbein , M. 1972 . Attitudes and normative beliefs as factors influencing behavioral intentions . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 21 : 1 – 19 .
  • Ajzen , I. and Fishbein , M. 1973 . Attitudinal and normative variables as predictors of specific behaviors . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 27 : 41 – 57 .
  • Ajzen , I. and Fishbein , M. 1980 . Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice‐Hall .
  • Andrews , P. and Kandel , D. B. 1979 . Attitude and behavior: A specification of the contingency consistency hypothesis . American Sociological Review , 44 : 298 – 310 .
  • Baker , S. A. , Morrison , D. M. , Carter , W. B. and Verdon , M. S. 1996 . Using the theory of reasoned action (TRA) to understand the decision to use condoms in an STD clinic population . Health Education Quarterly , 23 : 528 – 542 .
  • Becker , E. A. and Gibson , C. C. 1998 . Fishbein and Ajzen's theory of reasoned action: Accurate prediction of behavioral intentions for enrolling in distance education courses . Adult Education Quarterly , 49 : 43 – 55 .
  • Bowman , C. H. and Fishbein , M. 1978 . Understanding public reaction to energy proposals: An application of the Fishbein model . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 9 : 319 – 340 .
  • Brockner , J. and Chen , Y. R. 1996 . The moderating roles of self‐esteem and self‐construal in reaction to the self: Evidence from the People's Republic of China and the United States . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 71 : 603 – 615 .
  • Diaz‐Loving , R. and Villagran‐Vazquez , G. 1999 . The theory of reasoned action applied to condom use and request of condom use in Mexican government workers . Applied Psychology: An International Review , 48 : 139 – 151 .
  • Echabe , A. E. and Garate , J. F. V. 1994 . Private self‐consciousness as moderators of the importance of attitude and subjective norms: The prediction of voting . European Joumal of Social Psychology , 24 : 285 – 293 .
  • Fishbein , M. A theory of reasoned action: Some applications and implication . Nebraska Symposium on Motivation . Edited by: Howe , H. E. Jr. and Page , M. M. Vol. 27 , pp. 65 – 116 . Lincoln, NE : University of Nebraska Press .
  • Fishbein , M. and Ajzen , I. 1975 . Beliefs, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research , Reading, MA : Addison‐Wesley .
  • Fishbein , M. and Ajzen , I. 1981 . On construct validity: A critique of Miniard and Cohen's paper . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 17 : 340 – 350 .
  • Fishbein , M. , Ajzen , I. and McArdle , J. 1980 . “ Changing the behavior of alcoholics: Effects of persuasive communication ” . In Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior , Edited by: Ajzen , I. and Fishbein , M. 217 – 242 . Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice‐Hall .
  • Fishbein , M. , Chan , D. K. , O'Reilly , K. , Schnell , D. and Wood , C. 1992 . Attitudinal and normative factors as determinants of gay men's intentions to perform AIDS‐related sexual behaviors: A multisite analysis . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 22 : 999 – 1011 .
  • Godin , G. , Maticka‐Tynadale , E. , Adrien , A. , Manson‐Singer , S. , Williams , D. and Cappon , P. 1996 . Cross‐cultural testing of three social cognitive theories: An application to condom use . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 26 : 1556 – 1586 .
  • Goldenhar , L. M. and Connell , C. M. 1993 . Understanding and predicting recycling behavior: An application of the theory of reasoned action . Journal of Environmental Systems , 22 : 91 – 103 .
  • Greene , K. , Hale , J. L. and Rubin , D. L. 1997 . A test of the Theory of Reasoned Action in the context of condom use and AIDS . Communication Reports , 10 : 21 – 33 .
  • Hofstede , G. 1980 . Culture's consequences , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
  • Hui , C. H. and Triandis , H. C. 1986 . Individualism‐collectivism: A study of cross‐cultural researchers . Journal of Cross‐Cultural Psychology , 17 : 225 – 248 .
  • Jaccard , J. J. and Davidson , A. R. 1972 . Toward an understanding of family planning behaviors: An initial investigation . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 2 : 228 – 235 .
  • Jones , R. E. 1990 . Understanding paper recycling in an institutionally supportive setting: An application of the theory of reasoned action . Journal of Environmental Systems , 19 : 307 – 321 .
  • Kim , M. S. and Hunter , J. E. 1993a . Attitude‐behavior relations: A meta‐analysis of attitudinal relevance and topic . Journal of Communication , 43 : 101 – 142 .
  • Kim , M. S. and Hunter , J. E. 1993b . Relationships among attitudes, behavioral intentions, and behavior: A meta‐analysis of past research, part 2 . Communication Research , 20 : 331 – 364 .
  • Kim , U. 1994 . “ Significance of paternalism and communalism in the occupational welfare system of Korean firms: A national survey ” . In Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications , Edited by: Kim , U. , Triandis , H. C. , Kagitcibasi , C. , Choi , S‐C. and Yoon , G. 251 – 266 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Lee , C. and Green , R. T. 1991 . Cross‐cultural examination of the Fishbein behavioral intention model . Journal of International Business Studies , 22 : 289 – 305 .
  • McCarty , D. 1981 . Changing contraceptive usage intentions: A test of the Fishbein model of intention . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 11 : 192 – 211 .
  • Miller , L. E. and Grush , J. E. 1986 . Individual differences in attitudinal versus normative determination of behavior . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 22 : 190 – 202 .
  • Miniard , P. W. and Cohen , J. B. 1979 . Isolating attitudinal and normative influences in behavioral intention model . Journal of Marketing Research , 16 : 102 – 110 .
  • Miniard , P. W. and Cohen , J. B. 1981 . An examination of the Fishbein‐Ajzen behavioral‐intentions model's concepts and measure . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 17 : 309 – 339 .
  • O'Keefe , D. J. 1990 . Persuasion: Theory and research , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Park , H. S. 1999 . The theory of reasoned action and self‐construal in predicting intention of studying among Korean college students . Communication Research Reports , 13 : 267 – 279 .
  • Park , H. S. and Levine , T. R. 1999 . The theory of reasoned action and self‐construal: Evidence from three cultures . Communication Monographs , 66 : 199 – 218 .
  • Park , H. S. , Levine , T. R. and Sharkey , W. F. 1998 . Understanding behavioral intention to recycle in Hawai'i: The Theory of Reasoned Action and self‐construals . Communication Studies , 49 : 196 – 208 .
  • Ryan , M. J. and Bonfield , E. H. 1975 . The Fishbein extended model and consumer behavior . Journal of Consumer Research , 2 : 118 – 136 .
  • Shepherd , G. J. and O'Keefe , D. J. 1984 . Separability of attitudinal and normative influence on behavioral intentions in the Fishbein‐Ajzen model . The Journal of Social Psychology , 122 : 287 – 288 .
  • Sheppard , B. H. , Hartwick , J. and Warshaw , P. R. 1988 . The theory of reasoned action: A meta‐analysis of past research with recommendations for modification and future research . Journal of Consumer Research , 15 : 325 – 343 .
  • Smetana , J. G. and Adler , N. E. 1980 . Fishbein's value x expectancy model: An examination of some assumptions . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 6 : 89 – 96 .
  • Sperber , B. M. , Fishbein , M. and Ajzen , I. 1980 . “ Predicting and understanding women's occupational orientations: Factors underlying choice intentions ” . In Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior , Edited by: Ajzen , I. and Fishbein , M. 113 – 129 . Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice‐Hall .
  • Trafimow , D. and Finlay , K. A. 1996 . The importance of subjective norms for a minority of people: Between‐subjects and within‐subjects analysis . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 22 : 820 – 828 .
  • Trafimow , D. and Fishbein , M. 1994 . The moderating effect of behavior type on the subjective norms‐behavior relationship . Journal of Social Psychology , 134 : 755 – 763 .
  • Triandis , H. C. 1989 . The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts . Psychological Review , 96 : 506 – 520 .
  • Triandis , H. C. 1995 . Individualism and collectivism , Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
  • Vinokur‐Kaplan , D. 1978 . To have‐or not to have‐another child: Family planning attitudes, intentions, and behavior . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 8 : 29 – 46 .
  • Warner , L. G. and DeFleur , M. L. 1969 . Attitude as an interactional concept: Social constraints and social distance as intervening variables between attitudes and action . American Sociological Reviews , 34 : 153 – 169 .
  • Warshaw , P. R. 1980 . A new model for predicting behavioral intentions: An alternative to Fishbein . Journal of Marketing Research , 17 : 153 – 172 .
  • Ybarra , O. and Trafimow , D. 1998 . How priming the private self or collective self affects the relative weights of attitudes and subjective norms . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 24 : 362 – 370 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.