112
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

On the Spot: A Functional Analysis of Congressional Television Spots, 1980–2004

Pages 401-420 | Published online: 03 Feb 2007

References

  • Abbe , O. G. , Herrnson , P. S. , Magleby , D. B. , & Patterson , K. D. ( 2001 ). Are professional campaigns more negative ? In P. S. Herrnson (Ed.), Playing hardball: Campaigning for the U.S. Congress (pp. 70 – 91 ). Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall .
  • Abramowitz , A. I. & Segal , J. A. ( 1992 ). Senate elections . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
  • Airne , D. & Benoit , W. L. ( 2005 ). Political television advertising in campaign 2000 . Communication Quarterly , 53 , 473 – 493 . [CSA]
  • Benoit , W. L. ( 1999 ). Seeing spots: A functional analysis of presidential television advertisements from 1952–1996 . New York : Praeger .
  • Benoit , W. L. ( 2001 ). The functional approach to presidential television spots: Acclaiming, attacking, defending 1952–2000 . Communication Studies , 52 , 109 – 126 . [CSA]
  • Benoit , W. L. ( 2003 ). Presidential campaign discourse as a causal factor in election outcome . Western Journal of Communication , 67 , 97 – 112 . [CSA]
  • Benoit , W. L. ( 2004 ). Political party affiliation and presidential campaign discourse . Communication Quarterly , 52 , 81 – 97 . [CSA]
  • Benoit , W. L. ( in press ). Political campaign communication . New York : Peter Lang .
  • Benoit , W. L. , Blaney , J. R. , & Pier , P. M. ( 1998 ). Campaign ‘96: A functional analysis of acclaiming, attacking, and defending . New York : Praeger .
  • Benoit , W. L. , Blaney , J. R. , & Pier , P. M. ( 2000 ). Acclaiming, attacking, and defending: A functional analysis of nominating convention keynote speeches, 1960–1996 . Political Communication , 17 , 61 – 84 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Benoit , W. L. & Brazeal , L. M. ( 2002 ). A functional analysis of the 1988 Bush-Dukakis presidential debates . Argumentation and Advocacy , 38 , 219 – 233 . [CSA]
  • Benoit , W. L. , McHale , J. P. , Hansen , G. J. , Pier , P. M. , & McGuire , J. P. ( 2003 ). Campaign 2000: A functional analysis of presidential campaign discourse . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield .
  • Benoit , W. L. , Pier , P. M. , & Blaney , J. R. ( 1997 ). A functional approach to televised political spots: Attacking, acclaiming, and defending . Communication Quarterly , 45 , 1 – 20 . [CSA]
  • Benoit , W. L. , Wells , W. T. , Pier , P. M. , & Blaney , J. R. ( 1999 ). Acclaiming, attacking, and defending in nomination convention acceptance addresses, 1960–1996 . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 85 , 247 – 267 . [CSA]
  • Benze , J. G. & Declercq , E. R. ( 1985 ). Content of television political spot ads for female candidates . Journalism Quarterly , 62 , 278 – 283 , 288 . [CSA]
  • Brazeal , L. M. & Benoit , W. L. ( 2001 ). A functional analysis of congressional television spots, 1986–2000 . Communication Quarterly , 49 , 436 – 454 . [CSA]
  • Bystrom , D. G. & Miller , J. L. ( 1999 ). Gendered communication styles and strategies in campaign 1996: The videostyles of women and men candidates . In L. L. Kaid & D. G. Bystrom (Eds.), The electronic election: Perspectives on the 1996 campaign communication (pp. 293 – 302 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Cain , B. , Ferejohn , J. , & Fiorina , M. ( 1987 ). The personal vote: Constituency service and electoral independence . Cambridge : Harvard Press .
  • Cohen , J. ( 1988 ). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences () , 2nd ed. . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Goldstein , K. M. & Krasno , J. S. , Bradford , L. , & Seltz , D. E. (2001). Going negative: Attack advertising in the 1998 elections. In P. S. Herrnson (Ed.), Playing hardball: Campaigning for the U.S. Congress (pp. 92–107). Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice-Hall.
  • Gordon , G. ( 2000 , November 8 ). At what price? Campaign spending hits $3 billion . Minneapolis Star Tribune , 23 A . [CSA]
  • Graber , D. A. ( 1989 ). Mass media and American politics () , 3rd ed. . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly .
  • Hale , J. F. , Fox , J. C. , & Farmer , R. ( 1996 ). Negative advertisements in U.S. Senate campaigns: The influence of campaign context . Social Science Quarterly , 77 , 329 – 343 . [CSA]
  • Herrnson , P. S. ( 1998 ). Congressional elections: Campaigning at home and in Washington . Washington , D.C. : CQ Press .
  • Jacobson , G. C. ( 2001 ). The politics of congressional elections () , 5th ed. . New York : Longman .
  • Jenkins , K. ( 1997 ). Learning to love those expensive campaigns . U.S. News and World Report [On-line] , 122 (9) . [CSA]
  • Johnston , A. ( 1999 ). Political advertising during the 1996 North Carolina Senate race: The Helms and Gantt rematch . In L. L. Kaid & D. G. Bystrom (Eds.), The electronic election: Perspectives on the 1996 campaign communication (pp. 293 – 302 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Johnston , A. & White , A. B. ( 1994 ). Communication styles and female candidates: A study of the political advertising during the 1986 elections . Journalism Quarterly , 71 , 321 – 329 . [CSA]
  • Joslyn , R. A. ( 1980 ). The content of political spot ads . Journalism Quarterly , 57 , 92 – 98 . [CSA]
  • Kahn , K. F. & Kenney , P. J. ( 1999 ). The spectacle of U.S. Senate campaigns . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
  • Kahn , K. F. & Kenney , P. J. ( 2000 ). How negative campaigning enhances knowledge of Senate elections . In J. A. Thurber , C. J. Nelson , & D. A. Dulio (Eds.), Crowded airwaves: Campaign advertising in elections (pp. 65 – 95 ). Washington , D.C. : Brookings Institution Press .
  • Kern , M. ( 1989 ). 30-second politics: Political advertising in the eighties . New York , NY : Praeger .
  • Landis , J. R. & Koch , G. G. ( 1977 ). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data . Biometrics , 33 , 159 – 174 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Lau , R. R. & Pomper , G. M. ( 2004 ). Negative campaigning: An analysis of U.S. Senate elections . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield .
  • Lyons , M. & Galderisi , P. F. ( 1995 ). Incumbency, reapportionment, and U.S. House redistricting . Political Research Quarterly , 48 , 857 – 871 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Maisel , L. S. ( 1999 ). Parties and elections in America: The electoral process () , 3rd ed. . Lanham , MD : Rowman and Littlefield .
  • Merritt , S. ( 1984 ). Negative political advertising: Some empirical findings . Journal of Advertising , 13 , 27 – 38 . [CSA]
  • Miller , A. C. & Miller , C. ( 2000 , December 10 ). Campaign spending, donations rise to new levels . Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel , 5A . [CSA]
  • Miller , A. H. ( 1990 ). Public judgments of Senate and House candidates . Legislative Studies Quarterly , 15 , 525 – 542 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Payne , J. G. & Baukus , R. A. ( 1988 ). Trend analysis of the 1984 GOP Senatorial spots . Political Communication and Persuasion , 5 , 161 – 177 . [CSA]
  • Petrocik , J. R. ( 1996 ). Issue ownership in presidential elections, with a 1980 case study . American Journal of Political Science , 40 , 825 – 850 . [CSA]
  • Pfau , M. , Parrott , R. , & Lindquist , B. ( 1992 ). An expectancy theory explanation of the effectiveness of political attack television spots: A case study . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 20 , 235 – 253 . [CSA]
  • Smith , L. D. ( 1989 ). A narrative analysis of the party platforms: The Democrats and Republicans of 1984 . Communication Quarterly , 37 , 91 – 99 . [CSA]
  • Stewart , C. J. ( 1975 ). Voter perception of mud-slinging in political communication . Central States Speech Journal , 26 , 279 – 286 . [CSA]

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.