8,685
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Informational Sources, Social Media Use, and Race in the Flint, Michigan, Water Crisis

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Abbott, W., Donaghey, J., Hare, J., & Hopkins, P. (2013). An Instagram is worth a thousand words: An industry panel and audience Q&A. Library Hi Tech News, 30(7), 1–6. doi:10.1108/LHTN-08-2013-0047
  • Al-Saggaf, Y. (2006). The online public sphere in the Arab world: The war in Iraq on the Al Arabiya website. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 12(1), 311–334. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00327.x
  • Al-Saggaf, Y., & Simmons, P. (2015). Social media in Saudi Arabia: Exploring its [sic] use during two natural disasters. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 95, 3–15. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2014.08.013
  • Atkinson, C. L. (2014). Crisis communication in dark times: The 2011 mouse river flood in Minot, North Dakota. International Journal of Communication, 8, 1394–1414.
  • Austin, L., Fisher Liu, B., & Jin, Y. (2012). How audiences seek out crisis information: Exploring the social-mediated crisis communication model. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 40(2), 188–207. doi:10.1080/00909882.2012.654498
  • Blanchard, J. C., Haywood, Y., Stein, B. D., Tanielian, T. L., Stoto, M., & Lurie, N. (2005). In their own words: Lessons learned from those exposed to anthrax. American Journal of Public Health, 95(3), 489–495. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.038349
  • Blumler, J. G., & Katz, E. (1974). The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Bourque, L. B., Regan, R., Kelley, M. M., Wood, M. M., Kano, M., & Mileti, D. S. (2012). An examination of the effect of perceived risk on preparedness behavior. Environment and Behavior, 45(5), 615–649. doi:10.1177/0013916512437596
  • Cares, F. (n.d.). Point of distribution sites. Retrieved from https://flintcares.com/pods/
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016, March 8). Global water, sanitation, & hygiene (WASH). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/global/index.html
  • Clarke, C. E., & McComas, K. (2012). Seeking and processing influenza vaccine information: A study of health care workers at a large urban hospital. Health Communication, 27(3), 244–256. doi:10.1080/10410236.2011.578332
  • CNN. (2017, January 26). Flint water crisis fast facts. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/04/us/flint-water-crisis-fast-facts/
  • Corbie-Smith, G., Thomas, S. B., & St. George, D. M. M. (2002). Distrust, race, and research. Archives of Internal Medicine, 162(21), 2458–2463. doi:10.1001/archinte.162.21.2458
  • Cordasco, K. M., Eisenman, D. P., Golden, J. F., Glik, D. C., & Asch, S. M. (2007). “They blew the levee”: Distrust of authorities among Hurricane Katrina evacuees. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 18(2), 277–282. doi:10.1353/hpu.2007.0028
  • Crouse Quinn, S. (2008). Crisis and emergency risk communication in a pandemic: A model for building capacity and resilience of minority communities. Health Promotion Practice, 9(4_suppl), 18S–25S. doi:10.1177/1524839908324022
  • de Chesnay, M., & Anderson, B. A. (2016). Caring for the vulnerable: Perspectives in nursing theory, practice, and research (4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
  • De Smet, H., Lagadec, P., & Leysen, J. (2012). Disasters out of the box: A new ballgame? Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 20(3), 138–148. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5973.2012.00666.x
  • Duggan, M., Ellison, C. B., Lampe, C., Lenhart, A., & Madden, M. (2015). Demographics of key social networking platforms. Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/01/09/demographics-of-key-social-networking-platforms-2/
  • Eisenman, D., Wold, C., Setodji, C., Hickey, S., Lee, B., Stein, B., & Long, A. (2004). Will public health’s response to terrorism be fair? Racial/ethnic variations in perceived fairness during a bioterrorism attack. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science, 2(3), 146–156. doi:10.1089/bsp.2004.2.146
  • Fiegerman, S. (2017, July 27). Twitter is now losing users in the U.S. CNN. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/2017/07/27/technology/business/twitter-earnings/index.html
  • Flint Water Advisory Task Force. (2016, March). Flint water advisory task force: Final report. Retrieved from http://www.michigan.gov/documents/snyder/FWATF_FINAL_REPORT_21March2016_517805_7.pdf
  • Fothergill, A., Maestas, E. G. M., & Darlington, J. D. (1999, June). Race, ethnicity and disasters in the United States: A review of the literature. Disasters, 23(2), 156–173. doi:10.1111/1467-7717.00111
  • Frisby, C. M. (2002). Messages of hope: Health communication strategies that address barriers preventing black women from screening for breast cancer. Journal of Black Studies, 32, 489–505. doi:10.1177/002193470203200501
  • Guidry, J. D., Jin, Y., Orr, C. A., Messner, M., & Meganck, S. (2017). Ebola on Instagram and Twitter: How health organizations address the health crisis in their social media engagement. Public Relations Review, 43(3), 477. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.04.009
  • Guidry, J. D., Messner, M., Jin, Y., & Medina-Messner, V. (2015). From #mcdonaldsfail to #dominossucks: An analysis of instagram images about the 10 largest fast food companies. Corporate Communications, 20(3), 344–359. doi:10.1108/CCIJ-04-2014-0027
  • Hanna-Attisha, M., LaChance, J., & Sadler, R. C. (2017). Social and built environmental correlates of predicted blood lead levels in the Flint water crisis. The American Journal of Public Health, 107(5), 763–769. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.303692
  • Houston, J. B., Hawthorne, J., Perreault, M. F., Park, E. H., Goldstein Hode, M., Halliwell, M. R., … Griffith, S. A. (2015). Social media and disasters: A functional framework for social media use in disaster planning, response, and research. Disasters, 39(1), 1–22. doi:10.1111/disa.12092
  • Instagram. (2018, January 21). Our story: A quick walk through our history as a company. Retrieved from https://instagram-press.com/our-story/
  • Karoub, J. (2016, April 29). Flint residents tell civil rights panel of fear, distrust. The Associated Press. Retrieved from https://apnews.com/48f62296531244f8aefe7d9687c683a1
  • Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1974). Utilization of mass communication by the individual. In J. G. Blumer & E. Katz (Eds.), The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp. 19–32). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Lachlan, K. A., Burke, J., Spence, P. R., & Griffin, D. (2009). Risk perceptions, race, and Hurricane Katrina. Howard Journal of Communications, 20(3), 295–309. doi:10.1080/10646170903070035
  • Lachlan, K. A., Spence, P. R., & Seeger, M. (2009). Terrorist attacks and uncertainty reduction: Media use after September 11. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 1(2), 101–110. doi:10.1080/19434470902771683
  • Lev-On, A. (2012). Communication, community, crisis: Mapping uses and gratifications in the contemporary media environment. New Media & Society, 14(1), 98–116. doi:10.1177/1461444811410401
  • Liu, B. F., Bartz, L., & Duke, N. (2016). Communicating crisis uncertainty: A review of the knowledge gaps. Public Relations Review, 42(3), 479–487. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2016.03.003
  • Macias, W., Hilyard, K., & Freimuth, V. (2009). Blog functions as risk and crisis communication during Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 15(1), 1–31. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01490.x
  • Masten, S. J., Davies, S. H., & McElmurry, S. P. (2016). Flint water crisis: What happened and why? Journal of American Water Works Association, 108(12), 22–34. doi:10.5942/jawwa.2016.108.0195
  • Michigan Civil Rights Commission. (2017, February 17). The Flint water crisis: Systemic racism through the lens of Flint. Retrieved from https://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdcr/MDCR_Flint_Water_Crisis_Report_552190_7.pdf
  • Nsiah-Kumi, P. A. (2008). Communicating effectively with vulnerable populations during water contamination events. J Water Health, 6, 63–75. doi:10.2166/wh.2008.041
  • Papacharissi, Z., & de Fatima Oliveira, M. (2012). Affective news and networked publics: The rhythms of news storytelling on #Egypt. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 266–282. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01630.x
  • Pew Internet and American Life Project. (2013). Social media update 2013. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2013/Social-Media-Update/Main-Findings.aspx
  • Quinn, S. C., Kumar, S., Freimuth, V. S., Kidwell, K., & Musa, D. (2009). Public willingness to take a vaccine or drug under emergency use authorization during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science, 11(2). doi:10.1089/bsp.2009.0041
  • Ruggiero, T. E. (2000). Uses and gratifications theory in the 21st century. Mass Communication and Society, 3(1), 3–37. doi:10.1207/S15327825MCS0301_02
  • Samilton, T. (2017, April 21). Flint residents express anger, distrust on water source decision at town hall meeting. Michigan Radio. Retrieved from http://michiganradio.org/post/flint-residents-express-anger-distrust-water-source-decision-town-hall-meeting
  • Sellnow, T. L., & Seeger, M. W. (2013). Theorizing crisis communication. West Sussex, England: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Sellnow, T. L., Ulmer, R. R., Seeger, M. W., & Littlefield, R. S. (2009). Effective risk communication: A message-centered approach. New York, NY: Springer.
  • So, J. (2012). Uses, gratifications, and beyond: Toward a model of motivated media exposure and its effects on risk perception. Communication Theory, 22(2), 116–137. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2012.01400.x
  • Sparks, G. (2012). Uses and gratifications of Elihu Katz. In E. Griffin (Ed.), A first look at communication theory (8th ed., pp. 357–365). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Spence, P. R., Lachlan, K., Burke, J. M., & Seeger, M. W. (2007). Media use and information needs of the disabled during a natural disaster. Journal of Healthcare for the Poor and Underserved, 18, 394–404. doi:10.1353/hpu.2007.0047
  • Spence, P. R., & Lachlan, K. A. (2016). Reoccurring challenges and emerging threats: Crises and the new millennium. In A. Schwarz, M. W. Seeger, & C. Auer (Eds.), The handbook of international crisis communication research (pp. 212–223). West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Spence, P. R., Lachlan, K. A., & Burke, J. (2008). Crisis preparation, media use, and information seeking: Patterns across Katrina evacuees and lessons learned for crisis communication. Journal of Emergency Management, 6(2), 11–23.
  • Spence, P. R., Lachlan, K. A., & Griffin, D. R. (2007). Crisis communication, race, and natural disasters. Journal of Black Studies, 37(4), 539–554. doi:10.1177/0021934706296192
  • Spence, P. R., Lachlan, K. A., Spates, S. A., & Lin, X. (2013). Intercultural differences in responses to health messages on social media from spokespeople with varying levels of ethnic identity. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 1255–1259. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.013
  • Spence, P. R., Lachlan, K. A., Westerman, D., & Spates, S. A. (2013). Where the gates matter less: Ethnicity and perceived source credibility in social media health messages. Howard Journal of Communications, 24(1), 1–16. doi:10.1080/10646175.2013.748593
  • Spence, P. R., Westerman, D., Skalski, P. D., Seeger, M., Sellnow, T. L., & Ulmer, R. (2006). Gender and age effects on information-seeking after 9/11. Communication Research Reports, 23, 217–223. doi:10.1080/08824090600796435
  • Spence, P. R., Westerman, D., Skalski, P. D., Seeger, M., Ulmer, R. R., Venette, S., & Sellnow, T. L. (2005). Proxemic effects on information seeking after the September 11 attacks. Communication Research Reports, 22(1), 39–46. doi:10.1080/0882409052000343507
  • Starbird, K., & Palen, L. (2010). Pass it on?: Retweeting in mass emergency (pp. 1–10). Proceedings from the 7th International ISCRAM Conference, Seattle, WA.
  • State of Michigan. (n.d.). Flint water timeline: Key dates. Retrieved from http://www.michigan.gov/documents/snyder/FlintWaterTimeline_FINAL_511424_7.pdf
  • Tang, Z., Zhang, L., Xu, F., & Vo, H. (2015). Examining the role of social media in California’s drought risk management in 2014. Natural Hazards, 79, 171–193. doi:10.1007/s11069-015-1835-2
  • Tardy, R. W., & Hale, C. L. (1998). Getting “plugged in”: A network analysis of health-information seeking among “stay-at-home moms”. Communication Monographs, 65(4), 336–357. doi:10.1080/03637759809376457
  • U.S. Census. (2010). Interactive population map. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/
  • U.S. Census. (2016). QuickFacts: Flint city, Michigan. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/flintcitymichigan/PST045216
  • Veil, S. R., Buehner, T., & Palenchar, M. J. (2011). A work‐in‐process literature review: Incorporating social media in risk and crisis communication. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 19(2), 110–122. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5973.2011.00639.x
  • Westerman, D., Spence, P. R., & Van Der Heide, B. (2012). A social networks as information: The effect system generated reports of connectedness on credibility on Twitter. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 199–206. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.09.001
  • Wilbur, J., Chandler, P., Dancy, B., Choi, J., & Plonczynski, D. (2002). Environmental, policy, and cultural factors related to physical activity in urban, African American women. Women & Health, 36(2), 17–28. doi:10.1300/J013v36n02_02
  • Zahran, S., McElmurry, S. P., Kilgore, P. E., Mushinski, D., Press, J., Love, N. G., … Swanson, M. S. (2018). Assessment of the legionnaires’ disease outbreak in Flint, Michigan. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(8), E1730–E1739. doi:10.1073/pnas.1718679115
  • Zahran, S., McElmurry, S. P., & Sadler, R. C. (2017). Four phases of the Flint water crisis: Evidence from blood lead levels in children. Environmental Research, 157, 160–172. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.028