328
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Defending Democracy: Inoculation’s Efficacy in Protecting First Amendment Attitudes

, , , , , , , , , & show all

References

  • Abrams, F. (2017). The soul of the first amendment: Why freedom of speech matters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Alvarez, R. M., & Brehm, J. (1995). American ambivalence towards abortion policy: Development of a heteroskedastic probit model of competing values. American Journal of Political Science, 1055–1082. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/db0e/687ac29b815964a6a843bc5f036751f86ee8.pdf
  • Alvarez, R. M., & Franklin, C. H. (1994). Uncertainty and political perceptions. The Journal of Politics, 56(3), 671–688. doi:10.2307/2132187
  • Banas, J. A., & Miller, G. (2013). Inducing resistance to conspiracy theory propaganda: Testing inoculation and metainoculation strategies. Human Communication Research, 39(2), 184–207. doi:10.1111/hcre.12000
  • Banas, J. A., & Rains, S. A. (2010). A meta-analysis of research on inoculation theory. Communication Monographs, 77(3), 281–311. doi:10.1080/03637751003758193
  • Banas, J. A., & Richards, A. (2017). Apprehension or motivation to defend attitudes? Exploring the underlying threat mechanism in inoculation-induced resistance to persuasion. Communication Monographs, 84, 164–178. doi:10.1080/03637751.2017.1307999
  • Burgoon, M., Cohen, M., Miller, M. D., & Montgomery, C. L. (1978). An empirical test of a model of resistance to persuasion. Human Communication Research, 5, 27–39. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1978.tb00620.x
  • Chong, D. (1993). How people think, reason, and feel about rights and liberties. American Journal of Political Science, 37, 867–899. doi:10.2307/2111577
  • Compton, J. (2013). Inoculation theory. The Sage Handbook of Persuasion: Developments in Theory and Practice, 2, 220–237. doi:10.4135/9781452218410
  • Compton, J., & Pfau, M. (2009). Spreading inoculation: Inoculation, resistance to influence, and word-of-mouth communication. Communication Theory, 19, 9–28. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2008.01330.x
  • Compton, J. A., & Pfau, M. (2005). Inoculation theory of resistance to influence at maturity: Recent progress in theory development and application and suggestions for future research. Annals of the International Communication Association, 29(1), 97–146. doi:10.1080/23808985.2005.11679045
  • Dillingham, L. L., & Ivanov, B. (2016). Talk while they will listen: Inoculation messages as a pre-emptive financial crisis communication strategy. In annual meeting of the National Communication Association, Philadelphia, PA.
  • Dillingham, L. L., & Ivanov, B. (2017). Inoculation messages as a preemptive financial crisis communication strategy with inexperienced investors. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 45(3), 274–293. doi:10.1080/00909882.2017.1320571
  • Eroglu, S. A., & Machleit, K. A. (1998). Effects of individual and product-specific variables on utilising country of origin as a product quality cue. International Marketing Review, 6, 27–41. doi:10.1108/EUM0000000001525
  • Freedom Forum Institute. (2018). Supreme court cases. Washington, DC. Retrieved from https://www.freedomforuminstitute.org/first-amendment-center/supreme-court-cases/
  • Freedom House. (2015). Discarding democracy: A return to the iron fist. Washington, DC: Puddington, A. Retrieved from https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2015/discarding-democracy-return-iron-fist
  • Insko, C. A. (1967). Theories of attitude change. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
  • Ivanov, B. (2017). Inoculation theory applied in health and risk messaging. In R. Parrott (Ed.), The Oxford encyclopedia of health and risk message design and processing. New York City, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.254
  • Ivanov, B., Burns, W. J., Sellnow, T. L., Petrun Sayers, E. L., Veil, S. R., & Mayorga, M. W. (2016). Using an inoculation message approach to promote public confidence in protective agencies. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 44(4), 381–398. doi:10.1080/00909882.2016.1225165
  • Ivanov, B., Dillingham, L. L., Parker, K. A., Rains, S. A., Burchett, M., & Geegan, S. (2018). Sustainable attitudes: protecting tourism with inoculation messages. Annals Of Tourism Research, 73, 26–34. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2018.08.006
  • Ivanov, B., & Parker, K. A. (2011). Protecting images with inoculation: A look at brand, country, individual, and corporate images. International Journal of the Image, 1(1), 1–12.
  • Ivanov, B., Parker, K. A., & Dillingham, L. L. (2013). Measuring counterargument: A review and critique of the most popular techniques. The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Communication, 7, 59–74. doi:10.18848/2324-7320/CGP
  • Ivanov, B., Pfau, M., & Parker, K. A. (2009). Can inoculation withstand multiple attacks? An examination of the effectiveness of the inoculation strategy compared to the supportive and restoration strategies. Communication Research, 36(5), 655–676. doi:10.1177/0093650209338909
  • Kuklinski, J. H., Riggle, E., Ottati, V., Schwarz, N., & Wyer, R. S., Jr. (1991). The cognitive and affective bases of political tolerance judgments. American Journal of Political Science, 35, 1–27. doi:10.2307/2111436
  • Lasson, K. (2018). The decline of free speech on the postmodern campus: The troubling evolution of the heckler’s veto. Quinnipiac Law Review (QLR), 37(1), 1–96. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/all_fac/1064
  • Levenson, E. (2017, October 21). Police: 3 men made Nazi salutes, shot at protesters after Richard Spencer event. CNN. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/20/us/richard-spencer-florida-speech-arrest-shooting/index.html
  • Madison, J. (1787). The same subject continued: The Union as a safeguard against domestic faction and insurrection. New York Packet. Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/resources/display/content/The+Federalist+Papers
  • McGuire, W. J. (1964). Inducing resistance to persuasion: Some contemporary approaches. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 191–229). New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Miller, C. H., Ivanov, B., Sims, J. D., Compton, J., Harrison, K. J., Parker, K. A., … Averbeck, J. A. (2013). Boosting the potency of resistance: Combining the motivational forces of inoculation and psychological reactance. Human Communication Research, 39, 127–155. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01438.x
  • Nelson, T. E., Clawson, R. A., & Oxley, Z. M. (1997). Media framing of a civil liberties conflict and its effect on tolerance. American Political Science Review, 91(3), 567–583. doi:10.2307/2952075
  • Niederdeppe, J., Heley, K., & Barry, C. L. (2015). Inoculation and narrative strategies in competitive framing of three health policy issues. Journal of Communication, 65(5), 838–862. doi:10.1111/jcom.12162
  • O’Keefe, D. J. (1999). How to handle opposing arguments in persuasive messages: A meta-analytic review of the effects of one-sided and two-sided messages. Annals of the International Communication Association, 22(1), 209–249. doi:10.1080/23808985.1999.11678963
  • Parker, K. A., Ivanov, B., & Compton, J. (2012). Inoculation’s efficacy with young adults’ risky behaviors: Can inoculation confer cross-protection over related but untreated issues? Health Communication, 27(3), 223–233. doi:10.1080/10410236.2011.575541
  • Parker, K. A., Rains, S. A., & Ivanov, B. (2016). Examining the “blanket of protection” conferred by inoculation: The effects of inoculation messages on the cross-protection of related attitudes. Communication Monographs, 83, 49–68. doi:10.1080/03637751.2015.1030681
  • Pfau, M. (1990). A channel approach to television influence. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 34(2), 195–214. doi:10.1080/08838159009386736
  • Pfau, M., Compton, J., Parker, K. A., Wittenberg, E. M., An, C., Ferguson, M., … Malyshev, Y. (2004). The traditional explanation for resistance versus attitude accessibility: Do they trigger distinct or overlapping processes of resistance? Human Communication Research, 30(3), 329–360. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00735.x
  • Pfau, M., Holbert, R. L., Zubric, S. J., Pasha, N. H., & Lin, W. K. (2000). Role and influence of communication modality in the process of resistance to persuasion. Media Psychology, 2(1), 1–33. doi:10.1207/S1532785XMEP0201_1
  • Pfau, M., Ivanov, B., Houston, B., Haigh, M., Sims, J., Gilchrist, E., … Richert, N. (2005). Inoculation and mental processing: The instrumental role of associative networks in the process of resistance to counterattitudinal influence. Communication Monographs, 72(4), 414–441. doi:10.1080/03637750500322578
  • Pfau, M., Roskos-Ewoldsen, D., Wood, M., Yin, S., Cho, J., Lu, K. H., & Shen, L. (2003). Attitude accessibility as an alternative explanation for how inoculation confers resistance. Communication Monographs, 70, 39–51. doi:10.1080/715114663
  • Pfau, M., Semmler, S. M., Deatrick, L., Mason, A., Nisbett, G., Lane, L., … Banas, J. (2009). Nuances about the role and impact of affect in inoculation. Communication Monographs, 76(1), 73–98. doi:10.1080/03637750802378807
  • Richards, A. S., & Banas, J. A. (2018). The opposing mediational effects on apprehensive threat and motivational threat when inoculating against reactance to health promotion. Southern Communication Journal, 83, 245–255. doi:10.1080/1041794X.2018.1498909
  • Saris, W. E., & Sniderman, P. M. (Eds.). (2018). Studies in public opinion: Attitudes, nonattitudes, measurement error, and change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Sniderman, P. M., Fletcher, J. F., Tetlock, P. E., & Russell, P. H. (1996). The clash of rights: Liberty, equality, and legitimacy in pluralist democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Sullivan, J. L., Piereson, J., & Marcus, G. E. (1993). Political tolerance and American democracy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Tedford, T. L., & Herbeck, D. (2009). Freedom of speech in the United States (6th ed.). State College, PA: Strata Publishing, Inc.
  • Tsesis, A. (2010). Burning crosses on campus: University hate speech codes. Connecticut Law Review, 43(2), 617–672. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c4c2/a881ffd558d28d2b0d0a738981c7211d85e4.pdf
  • U.S. Const. amend. I.
  • Wike, R., & Simmons, K. (2015). Global support for principle of free expression, but opposition to some forms of speech. Retrieved from http://www.pewglobal.org/2015/11/18/global-support-for-principle-of-free-expression-but-opposition-to-some-forms-of-speech/
  • Wong, N. C. (2016). “Vaccinations are safe and effective”: Inoculating positive HPV vaccine attitudes against antivaccination attack messages. Communication Reports, 29(3), 127–138. doi:10.1080/08934215.2015.1083599
  • Wood, M. L. M. (2007). Rethinking the inoculation analogy: Effects on subjects with differing preexisting attitudes. Human Communication Research, 33, 357–378. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00303.x
  • Wyer, R. S. (1974). Cognitive organization and change: An information processing approach. Potomac, MD: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
  • Zaller, J., & Feldman, S. (1992). A simple theory of the survey response: Answering questions versus revealing preferences. American Journal of Political Science, 36, 579–616. Retrieved from https://www.uvm.edu/~dguber/POLS234/articles/zaller_feldman.pdf

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.