References
- Ahearne, M., Gruen, T. W., & Jarvis, C. B. (1999). If looks could sell: Moderation and mediation of the attractiveness effect on salesperson performance. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 16(4), 269–284. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8116(99)00014-2
- Andersen, M. L., & Taylor, H. F. (2005). Sociology: Understanding a diverse society. In (4th ed). Thomson Wadsworth. 8(1), 259–265.
- Argyle, M., & Dean, J. (1965). Eye-contact, distance and affiliation. Sociometry, 28(3), 289–304. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/2786027
- Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., & Fugate, M. (2000). All in a day’s work: Boundaries and micro role transitions. Academy of Management Review, 25(3), 472–491. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2000.3363315
- Bailenson, J. N., Blascovich, J., Beall, A. C., & Loomis, J. M. (2003). Interpersonal distance in immersive virtual environments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(7), 819–833. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029007002
- Barry, C. T., Doucette, H., Loflin, D. C., Rivera-Hudson, N., & Herrington, L. L. (2017). “Let me take a selfie”: Associations between self-photography, narcissism, and self-esteem. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 6(1), 48–60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000089
- Beauchamp, M. B. (2013). Dont invade my personal space: Facebooks advertising dilemma. Journal of Applied Business Research, 29(1), 91–96. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v29i1.7558
- Beaulieu, A. (2004). Mediating ethnography: Objectivity and the making of ethnographies of the internet. Social Epistemology, 18(2–3), 139–163. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/0269172042000249264
- Bell, P. A., Greene, T. C., Fisher, J. D., & Baum, S. (2001). Environmental psychology. Hartcourt College.
- Bergman, B. A. (1971). The effects of group size, personal space, and success-failure upon physiological arousal, test performance, and questionnaire response. Dissertation abstracts International, 32(6–A), 3419–3420.
- Boerman, S. C. (2020). The effects of the standardized Instagram disclosure for micro-and meso influencers. Computers in Human Behavior, 103, 199–207. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.09.015
- Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2007). The international affective picture system (IAPS) in the study of emotion and attention. In J. A. Coan & J. J. B. Allen (Eds.), Series in affective science. Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment (pp. 29–46). Oxford University Press.
- Brewer, B.et al (1995), 'Bodily Awareness and the Self, in J. L. Bermudez, A. Marcel, and N. Eilan (eds.), The Bocfy and the Se!f, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 291–309.
- Brown, R. P., Budzek, K., & Tamborski, M. (2009). On the meaning and measure of narcissism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(7), 951–964. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209335461
- Buffardi, L. E., & Campbell, W. K. (2008). Narcissism and social networking web sites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(10), 1303–1314. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208320061
- Cao, X. (2013). The effects of facial close-ups and viewers’ sex on empathy and intentions to help people in need. Mass Communication and Society, 16(2), 161–178. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2012.683928
- Casaló, L. V., Flavián, C., & Ibáñez-Sánchez, S. (2018). Influencers on Instagram: Antecedents and consequences of opinion leadership. Journal of Business Research, 117, 510–519. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.07.005
- Chae, J. (2018). Explaining females’ envy toward social media influencers. Media Psychology, 21(2), 246–262. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2017.1328312
- Chua, & Chang, L. (2016). Follow me and like my beautiful selfies: Singapore teenage girls’ engagement in self-presentation and peer comparison on social media. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 190–197. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.011
- Cristel, R. T., Dayan, S. H., Akinosun, M., & Russell, P. T. (2021). Evaluation of selfies and filtered selfies and effects on first impressions. Aesthetic Surgery Journal, 41(1), 122–130. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjz362
- Dabbs, J. M. (1971). Physical closeness and negative feelings. Psychonomic Science, 23(2), 141–143. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03336047
- De Veirman, M., Cauberghe, V., & Hudders, L. (2017). Marketing through Instagram influencers: The impact of number of followers and product divergence on brand attitude. International Journal of Advertising, 36(5), 798–828. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2017.1348035
- Dhir, A., Pallesen, S., Torsheim, T., & Andreassen, C. S. (2016). Do age and gender differences exist in selfie-related behaviours? Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 549–555. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.053
- Dibiase, R., & Gunnoe, J. (2004). Gender and culture differences in touching behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 144(1), 49–62. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.144.1.49-62
- Diefenbach, S., & Christoforakos, L. (2017). The selfie paradox: Nobody seems to like them yet everyone has reasons to take them. An exploration of psychological functions of selfies in self-presentation. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00007
- Enli, G. S., & Thumim, N. (2012). Socializing and Self-Representation online: Exploring Facebook. Observatorio (OBS*), 6(1), 87–105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15847/obsOBS612012489
- Esseveld, N. (2016. March 25). Tapinfluence. What is an influencer? [Blog post]. Retrieved from: https://www.tapinfluence.com/blogwhat-is-an-influencer/
- Evans, G. W., Lepore, S. J., & Allen, K. M. (2000). Cross-cultural differences in tolerance for crowding: Fact or fiction? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(2), 204–210. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022–3514.79.2.204
- Evans, N. J., Phua, J., Lim, J., & Jun, H. (2017). Disclosing Instagram influencer advertising: The effects of disclosure language on advertising recognition, attitudes, and behavioral intent. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 17(2), 138–149. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2017.1366885
- Fox, J., & Vendemia, M. A. (2016). Selective self-presentation and social comparison through photographs on social networking sites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(10), 593–600. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0248
- Freberg, K., Graham, K., McGaughey, K., & Freberg, L. A. (2011). Who are the social media influencers? A study of public perceptions of personality. Public Relations Review, 37(1), 90–92. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.11.001
- Gill, R. (2021). Changing the perfect picture: Smartphones, social media and appearance pressures. City, University of London. https://www.city.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/597209/ParliamentReportweb.pdf=
- Godfrey, D. K., Jones, E. E., & Lord, C. G. (1986). Self-promotion is not ingratiating. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(1), 106–115. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.1.106
- Hall, E. T. (1959). The Silent Language. NY: Doubleday
- Hall, E. T. (1963). A system for the notation of proxemic behavior. American Anthropologist, 65(5), 1003–1026. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1963.65.5.02a00020
- Hall, E. T. (1966). The hidden dimension (Vol. 609). Doubleday.
- Hancock, J. T., & Dunham, P. J. (2001). Impression formation in computer-mediated communication revisited: An analysis of the breadth and intensity of impressions. Communication Research, 28(3), 325–347. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/009365001028003004
- Hong, S., Lee, H., & Johnson, E. (2018). The face tells all: Testing the impact of physical attractiveness and social media information of a spokesperson on message effectiveness during a crisis. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 27(3), 257–264. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/14685973.12250
- Hoorens, V. (1993). Self-enhancement and superiority biases in social comparison. European Review of Social Psychology, 4(1), 113–139. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779343000040
- Jahng, H. S., Lee, N., R. M., & Wise, K. (2020). Do you filter who you are?: Excessive self-presentation, social cues, and user evaluations of Instagram selfies. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, 106159. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106159
- Jin, S. A. A., & Phua, J. (2014). Following celebrities’ tweets about brands: The impact of twitter-based electronic word-of-mouth on consumers’ source credibility perception, buying intention, and social identification with celebrities. Journal of Advertising, 43(2), 181–195. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2013.827606
- Kalayeh, M. M., Seifu, M., LaLanne, W., & Shah, M. (2015, October). How to take a good selfie? In Proceedings of the 23rd ACM international conference on multimedia, Brisbane, Australia. (pp. 923–926). ACM.
- Katz, J. E., & Crocker, E. T. (2015). Selfies and photo messaging as visual conversation: Reports from the United States, United Kingdom and China. International Journal of Communication (Ijoc), 9(12), 1861–1872. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/ view/3180/1405.
- Khan, A. Y., & Kamal, A. (2010). Exploring reactions to invasion of personal space in university. Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 20(2), 80–99.
- Krämer, N. C., Feurstein, M., Kluck, J. P., Meier, Y., Rother, M., & Winter, S. (2017). Beware of selfies: The impact of photo type on impression formation based on social networking profiles. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 188. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00188
- Lavrence, C., & Cambre, C. (2020). “Do I Look Like My Selfie?” Filters and the Digital-Forensic Gaze. Social Media + Society, 6(4). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120955182
- Lombard. (1995). Direct Responses to People on the Screen: Television and Personal Space. Communication Research, 22(3), 288–324. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/009365095022003002
- Marwick, A. E. (2015). Instafame: Luxury selfies in the attention economy. Public Culture, 27(1), 137–160. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-2798379
- Mcbride, G., King, M. G., & James, J. W. (1965). Social proximity effects on galvanic skin responses in adult humans. Journal of Psychology, 61(1), 153–157. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1965.10544805
- McSweeney, B. (2002). Hofstede’s model of national cultural differences and their consequences: A triumph of faith-a failure of analysis. Human Relations, 55(1), 89–118. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726702551004
- Mehdizadeh, S. (2010). Self-presentation 2.0: Narcissism and self-esteem on Facebook. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(4), 357–364. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0257
- Middlemist, R. D., Knowles, E. S., & Matter, C. F. (1976). Personal space invasions in the lavatory: Suggestive evidence for arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33(5), 541–546. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.33.5.541
- Uzunoğlu, & Misci Kip, S. (2014). Brand communication through digital influencers: Leveraging blogger engagement. International Journal of Information Management, 34(5), 592–602. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2014.04.007
- Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self regulatory processing model. Psychological Inquiry, 12(4), 177–196. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1204_1
- MUTZ. (2007). Effects of “In-Your-Face” Television Discourse on Perceptions of a Legitimate Opposition. The American Political Science Review, 101(4), 621–635. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S000305540707044X
- Newell, P. B. (1994). A systems model of privacy. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 14(1), 65–78. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80199-9
- O’Connor, C. (2017). Forbes Top Influencers. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2017/09/26/forbes-top-influencers-grumpy-cat-the-internets-original-pet-superstar-reigns-supreme/?sh=47161c42287a
- Oh, S., Hong, S., & Park, H. S. (2020). The tipping point: A comparative study of U.S. and Korean social media users on decisions to switch to new platforms. International Journal of Social Media and Online Communities, 12(1), 23–39. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4018/IJSMOC.2020010103
- Ozansoy Çadırcı, & Sağkaya Güngör, A. (2019). Love my selfie: selfies in managing impressions on social networks. Journal of Marketing Communications, 25(3), 268–287. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2016.1249390
- Ozdemir, A. (2008). Shopping malls: Measuring interpersonal distance under changing conditions and across cultures. Field Methods, 20(3), 226–248. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X08316605
- Pearson, G. A. (1985). High-accuracy proton-carbon chemical-shift correlations from one-dimensional polarization-transfer 13C NMR spectra. Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 64(3), 487–500. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2364(85)90112-X
- Qiu, L., Lu, J., Yang, S., Qu, W., & Zhu, T. (2015). What does your selfie say about you?. Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 443–449. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.032
- Re, D. E., Wang, S. A., He, J. C., & Rule, N. O. (2016). Selfie-indulgence: Self-favoring biases in perception of selfies. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(6), 588–596. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550616644299
- Reeves, B., & Nass, C. (1996). The media equation: How people treat computers, television and new media like real people and places. Cambridge University Press.
- Ridgway, J. L., & Clayton, R. B. (2016). Instagram unfiltered: Exploring associations of body image satisfaction, Instagram# selfie posting, and negative romantic relationship outcomes. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(1), 2–7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2015.0433
- Riffe, D., Lacy, S., & Fico, F. (1998). Analyzing media messages: Quantitative content analysis. Routledge.
- Rogers, E. M., & Cartano, D. G. (1962). Methods of measuring opinion leadership. Public Opinion Quarterly, 26(3), 435–441. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/267118
- Scopelliti, I., Loewenstein, G., & Vosgerau, J. (2015). You Call It “Self-Exuberance”; I Call It “Bragging” miscalibrated predictions of emotional responses to self-Promotion. Psychological Science, 26(6), 903–914. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615573516
- Scopelliti, I., Vosgerau, J., & Loewenstein, G. (2017). Bragging Through an Intermediary. North American Advances in Consumer Research, 45, 341–345. http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/v45/acr_vol45_1024598.pdf
- Snyder, M., & Rothbart, M. (1971). Communicator attractiveness and opinion change. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 3(4), 377–387. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/h0082280
- Sokolova, K., & Kefi, H. (2020). Instagram and YouTube bloggers promote it, why should I buy? How credibility and parasocial interaction influence purchase intentions. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 53, 101–742. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.01.011
- Sommer, R. (1959). On writing “little papers.” American Psychologist, 14, 235–237.
- Sommer, R. (1969). Personal space: The behavioral basis of design. Prentice-Hall.
- Sorokowska, A., Oleszkiewicz, A., Frackowiak, T., Pisanski, K., Chmiel, A., & Sorokowski, P. (2016). Selfies and personality: Who posts self-portrait photographs?. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 119–123. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.037
- Souza, F., de Las Casas, D., Flores, V., Youn, S., Cha, M., Quercia, D., & Almeida, V. (2015, November). Dawn of the selfie era: The whos, wheres, and hows of selfies on Instagram. In proceedings of the 2015 ACM on conference on online social networks (pp. 221–231). ACM.
- Starcevic, V., Billieux, J., & Schimmenti, A. (2018). Selfitis, selfie addiction, twitteritis: Irresistible appeal of medical terminology for problematic behaviours in the digital age. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(5), 408–409. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867418763532
- Sundstrom, E., & Altman, I. (1976). Interpersonal Relationships and Personal Space: Research Review and Theoretical Model. Human Ecology, 4(1), 47–67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01531456
- Sung, Y., Kim, E., & Choi, S. M. (2018). # Me and brands: Understanding brand-selfie posters on social media. International Journal of Advertising, 37(1), 14–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2017.1368859
- Sung, Y., Lee, J. A., Kim, E., & Choi, S. M. (2016). Why we post selfies: Understanding motivations for posting pictures of oneself. Personality and Individual Differences, 97, 260–265. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.032
- Svelander, A., & Wiberg, M. (2015). The practice of selfies. Interactions, 22(4), 34–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/2770886
- Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism-Collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 907–924. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.696169
- Wallace, E., Buil, I., de Chernatony, L., & Hogan, M. (2014). Who “likes” you … and why? A typology of Facebook fans: From “fan”-atics and self-expressives to utilitarians and authentics. Journal of Advertising Research, 54(1), 92–109. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2501/JAR-54-1-092-109
- Walther, J. B., Van Der Heide, B., Hamel, L. M., & Shulman, H. C. (2009). Self-generated versus other-generated statements and impressions in computer-mediated communication: A test of warranting theory using Facebook. Communication Research, 36(2), 229–253. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650208330251
- Walther, J. B. (2011). Theories of computer-mediated communication and interpersonal relations. The Handbook of Interpersonal Communication, 4, 443–479.
- Wang, R., Yang, F., & Haigh, M. M. (2017). Let me take a selfie: Exploring the psychological effects of posting and viewing selfies and groupies on social media. Telematics and Informatics, 34(4), 274–283. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.07.004
- Wang, Y., Xie, X., Fardouly, J., Vartanian, L. R., & Lei, L. (2021). The longitudinal and reciprocal relationships between selfie-related behaviors and self-objectification and appearance concerns among adolescents. New Media & Society, 23(1), 56–77. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819894346
- Weiser, E. B. (2015). Me: Narcissism and its facets as predictors of selfie-posting frequency. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 477–481. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.007
- Wiebe, N., Vandermeer, B., Platt, R. W., Klassen, T. P., Moher, D., & Barrowman, N. J. (2006). A systematic review identifies a lack of standardization in methods for handling missing variance data. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 59(4), 342–353. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.08.017
- Wilcox, R. M., Allison, R. S., Elfassy, S., & Grelik, C. (2006). Personal space in virtual reality. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, 3(4), 412–428. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/1190036.1190041
- Wilk, M. B., & Gnanadesikan, R. (1968). Probability plotting methods for the analysis of data. Biometrika, 55(1), 1–17.
- Tafesse, & Wood, B. P. (2021). Followers’ engagement with instagram influencers: The role of influencers’ content and engagement strategy. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 58, 102303. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102303
- Zappavigna, & Zhao, S. (2017). Selfies in “mommyblogging”: An emerging visual genre. Discourse, Context & Media, 20, 239–247. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2017.05.005
- Zhao, S., & Zappavigna, M. (2018). Beyond the self: Intersubjectivity and the social semiotic interpretation of the selfie. New Media & Society, 20(5), 1735–1754. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817706074