References
- Lattimore , Owan . 1950 . Pivot of Asia, , 246 – 7 . Boston : Little, Brown . Variants on this theme are understandably popular in other small nations. An Indian version contains a theme of the sparrow crushed to death while intervening between two fighting goats; a Uighur proverb is “two stallions are fighting and a fly is squashed.”; For amplifications, see
- Raymond , J. 1951 . “Current Korean Proverbs,” . Western Folklore , 10 July : 237 – 44 . For more Korean examples, see
- Osuna , J. M. Sharbi . 1943 . Gran diccionario de refranes . . . (posthumous edition by Joaquin Gil) , Buenos Aires : Ateneo . e.g., Spanish proverbs often are anticlerical: “show not the monk nor the swine the road,”; “when you see a monk, get your back to the wall,”; “priests live off the dead,”; or “the devil, fed up with his lot, became a monk.”; See
- 1895 . Harper's Weekly , 39 Feb. 23 : 187 e.g., “When the Czar spits into the soup dish, it fairly bursts with pride,”; “if the Czar be a rhymster, woe be to the poets,”; “the hen of the Czarina herself does not lay swan's eggs,”; “the Czar may be the cousin of God, but he's not his brother,”; or “when the Czar takes snuff the people will sneeze.”; See
- paremiology is the technical term for the study of proverbs.
- Herzog , George . 1936 . Jabo Proverbs From Liberia, , 5 – 6 . 14 – 15 . London : Oxford University Press . “Proverbs are almost the exclusive, certainly the most important verbal instrument for minimizing friction and effecting adjustment, legal, social, or intellectual.”
- Herskovits , M. J. and Herskovits , F. S. 1936 . Suriname Yolk‐Lore, , Columbia Univ. Contributions to Anthropology vol. 27 , 135 – 6 . New York Or, “It is safer to take recourse in a traditional expression to vent their feelings than to become involved in accusations and recriminations.”
- Bigelow , J. 1877 . The wit and Wisdom of the Haytians, , 13 New York : Scribner, Armstrong . “In the form of a general truth we may give vent to the bitterest feelings without making ourselves responsible for its personal application.”
- Smith , E. W. , Dale , A. M. and Slotkin , J. S. , eds. 1950 . The Ilaspeaking People . . . , Social Anthropology 548 – 9 . New York : Macmillan . And, “Many an angry dispute has been silenced . . . many a long, diffuse argument has been clinched by the apt quotation of one of these proverbs.”
- Westermarck , E. 1930 . Wit and Wisdom in Morocco, , 57 London : Routledge . And, “A proverb is a very suitable vehicle for giving vent to one's feelings ... it makes even . . . sarcasm less offensive by making it less personal.”
- Funk‐Wagnall's . 1949 . Standard Dictionary of Folklore . . . Vol. I , 22 New York
- White , F. A. December 1950 . “United Nations’ 65 Interpreters,” . In Word Study , vol. 26 , December , 2 Newark, N. J. : Merriam .
- Ruesch , J. “Social Technique, Social Status, and Social Change in Illness,” . Personality in Nature, Society and Culture , 125 f. 30
- Naess , Arne . 1950 . “The Function of Idological Convictions,” . In Tensions That Cause Wars , Edited by: Cantril , H. 271 Urbana : Univ. of Illinois Press . appeals for the investigation of “verbal stereotypes with no fairly precise meaning, but influencing controversies.”; This would apply to proverbs
- Marvin , D. E. , ed. 1916 . “Retorting Proverbs,” . In Curiosities in Proverbs, , 4 New York : Putnam's . For interesting documentation, see the section
- Jente , R. 1941 . “A Review of Proverb Literature Since 1920,” . In Corona , Edited by: Schirokauer , A. and Paulsen , W. 30 Durham, North Carolina : Duke Univ. .
- Roback , A. A. 1944 . A Dictionary . . .(with a supplementary essay on aspects of ethnic prejudice) , Cambridge : Sci‐Art . He terms these expressions “ethnophaulisms.”; [see also
- Marvin . "contemptuous proverbs,” . 309 – 21 . op. cit.
- Ibid., pp. 11‐12, 247, and 252.
- Sumner , W. G. 1906, 1940 . Folkways , 646 Boston : Ginn .
- Roback enlarges upon the psychology of unflattering allusions, stating that folk locutions are almost invariably unfavorable when applied to outsiders because of two main tendencies: “self‐magnification at another's expense (megalomania) and scapegoat hunting when economic conditions are bad or where mass discomfitures provoke tensions in the community.”; The idea seems to be, he indicates, “to give a dog a bad name and hang him.”; (Ibid., p. 302‐5).
- Huzii , Otoo . 1940 . Japanese Proverbs, , 5 Japanese Government Railways, Board of Tourist Industry . n. p.
- Erikson , Erik Homburger . 1942 . “Hitler's Imagery and German Youth,” . Psychiatry , 5 Nov. : 493 See also, p. 476. Further social interpretation of “gross slogans”; and “catchwords”; is found in Tensions That Cause Wars, pp. 258‐9
- Allport , Gordon W. and Postman , Leo . 1947 . The Psychology of Rumor, , 135 New York : Holt . More fundamental data are provided by
- Kroeber , A. L. 1948 . Anthropology . . . , 544 New York : Harcourt Brace .
- Champion , Selwyn G. 1945 . War Proverbs . . , London : Probsthain .
- e.g., an anti‐English saying from Spanish is “When the apes die out of Gibraltar the British will have to go.”; Other “war proverbs”; are more general in nature: “Build a golden bridge for the fleeing enemy,”; “War with all the world . . . peace with England,”; “He who never draws the sword without cause never lays it down without honor,”; and “Every war ends where it should begin.”;
- Coote , C. , eds. 1949 . Maxims and Reflections , 101 – 2 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . Winston Churchill, as prime minister of Great Britain, addressed the House on May 13, 1940: “I would say to the House, as I said to those who have joined this Government: “I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat.’ We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many long months of struggle and suffering. You ask: ‘What is our policy?’ I will say: ‘It is to wage war by sea, land, and air with all our might, and with all the strength that God can give us: to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark lamentable catalogue of human crime.’ That is our policy. You ask: ‘What is our aim? I can answer in one word: ‘Victory ... at all costs ... in spite of all terror, however long & hard the road may be . . .’ “
- Donne , John . “Mollifie it with thy teares, or sweat, or blood.” . An Anatomy of the World , I 430 – 1 . [Note: In 1611
- Bartlett , J. 1949 . Familiar Quotations , Edited by: Morley , C. 848 Boston : Little, Brown .
- Krappe , A. H. 1930 . The Science of Folk‐Lore, , 148 London : Methuen . Precisely, this is a “quotation proverb”; or Sagwort; for further definition, see
- Bartlett , F. C. 1932 . Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, , 31 New York : Macmillan . There is cause to inquire why certain words in such expressions tend to drop out, while others are retained in the saying. Three psychological aspects of group remembering are involved: levelling, sharpening, and assimilation. These are lucidly treated in Also, “Since a number of individuals are involved, the meaning that emerges is likely to be what is common to the group . . . The idiosyncrasies of one respondent are apt to be omitted by the next, and thus the story [or proverb] is whittled down to a core understandable to all. Rumors are therefor usually more standardized, more acculturated, and have more of a common denominator than do individual memories. For the same reason they are more likely to acquire a moral tone characteristic of the culture.”; (Allport and Postman, op. cit., p. 60.)
- Lewis , M. M. 1948 . Language in Society, , 93 New York : Social Sciences .
- Seiler , F. 1922 . Deutsche Sprichworterkunde, 290 Munchen