280
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Sex differences and group argument: A theoretical framework and empirical investigation

, , &
Pages 19-41 | Published online: 22 May 2009

References

  • Alderton , S. M. 1982 . Locus of control‐based argumentation as a predictor of group polarization . Communication Quarterly , 30 : 381 – 387 .
  • Alderton , S. M. and Frey , L. R. 1983 . Effects of reactions to arguments on group outcomes: The case of group polarization . Central States Speech Jurnal , 34 : 88 – 95 .
  • Alderton , S. M. and Frey , L. R. 1986 . “ Argumentation in small group decision‐making ” . In Communication and group decision‐making , Edited by: Hirokawa , R. Y. and Poole , M. S. 157 – 174 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
  • Alderton , S. M. and Jurma , W. E. 1980 . Genderless/gender‐related task leader communication and group satisfaction: A test of two hypotheses . Southern Speech Communication Journal , 46 : 48 – 60 .
  • Auld , F. Jr. and White , A. M. 1956 . Rules for dividing interviews into sentences . Journal of Psychology , 42 : 273 – 281 .
  • Baird , J. E. Jr. 1976 . Sex differences in group communication: A review of relevant research . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 62 : 179 – 192 .
  • Balkwell , J. W. 1991 . From expectations to behavior: An improved postulate for expectation states theory . American Sociological Review , 56 : 355 – 369 .
  • Beck , A. 1988 . Love is never enough , New York : Harper & Row .
  • Berger , J. , Cohen , B. P. and Zelditch , M. 1973 . “ Status characteristics and social interaction ” . In Interpersonal behavior in small group , Edited by: Ofshe , R. 194 – 216 . Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
  • Berger , J. , Conner , T. L. and Fisek , M. H. 1974 . Expectation states theory: A theoretical research program , Cambridge, MA : Winthrop .
  • Berger , J. , Fisek , M. H. , Norman , R. Z. and Wagner , D. G. 1985 . “ The formation of reward expectation in status situations ” . In Status, rewards, and influence , Edited by: Berger , J. and Zelditch , M. 215 – 261 . San Francisco : Jossey‐Bass .
  • Berger , J. , Rosenholtz , S. J. and Zelditch , M. 1980 . Status organizing processes . Annual Review of Sociology , 6 : 479 – 508 .
  • Berryman‐Fink , C. , Ballard‐Reisch , D. and Newman , L. H. , eds. 1993 . Communication and sex‐role socialization , New York : Garland .
  • Bilous , F. R. and Krauss , R. M. 1988 . Dominance and accommodation in the conversational behaviors of same‐and mixed‐gender dyads . Language and Communication , 8 : 183 – 194 .
  • Bochner , A. P. and Ellis , C. 1992 . Personal narrative as a social approach to interpersonal communication . Communication Theory , 2 : 165 – 172 .
  • Boggs , C. . Communication and the creation of gender realities in the workplace: A structuration approach to understanding the persistence of organizational sex discrimination . Paper presented at the meeting of the International Communication Association . Albuquerque, NM. May ,
  • Booth‐Butterfield , M. and Booth‐Butterfield , S. 1988 . “ Jock talk: Cooperation and competition within a university women's basketball team ” . In Women communicating: Studies of women's talk , Edited by: Bate , B. and Taylor , A. 177 – 198 . Norwood, NJ : Ablex .
  • Borah , L. A. Jr. 1963 . The effects of threat in bargaining: Critical and experimental analysis . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 66 : 181 – 189 .
  • Borisoff , D. and Merrill , L. 1985 . The power to communicate: Gender differences as barriers , Prospect Heights, IL : Waveland Press .
  • Bowen , S. P. and Wyatt , N. 1993 . “ Visions of synthesis, visions of critique ” . In Transforming visions: Feminist critiques in communication studies , Edited by: Bowen , S. P. and Wyatt , N. 1 – 18 . Cresskill, NJ : Hampton .
  • Bradley , P. H. 1980 . Sex, competence, and opinion deviation: An expectation states approach . Communication Monographs , 47 : 101 – 110 .
  • Brashers , D. E. , Adkins , M. and Meyers , R. A. 1994 . “ Argumentation in computer‐mediated decision making ” . In Communication in context: Studies of naturalistic groups , Edited by: Frey , L. 262 – 283 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Brashers , D. E. and Meyers , R. A. . Tag‐team argument and group decision‐making: A preliminary investigation . Spheres of argument: Proceedings of the sixth SCA/AFA conference on argumentation . Edited by: Gronbeck , B. E. pp. 542 – 550 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
  • Burgoon , M. , Dillard , J. P. and Doran , N. E. 1983 . Friendly or unfriendly persuasion: The effects of violations of expectations by males and females . Human Communication Research , 10 : 283 – 294 .
  • Burrell , N. A. , Buzzanell , P. M. and McMillan , J. J. 1992 . Feminine tensions in conflict situations as revealed by metaphoric analysis . Management Communication Quarterly , 6 : 115 – 149 .
  • Canary , D. J. , Brossmann , B. G. and Seibold , D. R. 1987 . Argument structures in decision‐making groups . Southern Speech Communication Journal , 53 : 18 – 37 .
  • Canary , D. J. and House , K. S. 1993 . Is there any reason to research sex differences in communication? . Communication Quarterly , 41 : 129 – 144 .
  • Canary , D.J. , Ratledge , N. T. and Seibold , D. R. . Argument and group decision‐making: Development of a coding scheme . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association . Louisville, KY. November ,
  • Carli , L. L. 1990 . Gender, language, and influence . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 56 : 565 – 576 .
  • Coates , J. 1989 . “ Gossip revisited: Language in all‐female groups ” . In Women in their speech communities: New perspectives on language and sex , Edited by: Coates , J. and Cameron , D. 94 – 122 . New York : Longman .
  • Coates , J. and Cameron , D. , eds. 1989 . Women in their speech communities: New perspectives on language and sex , New York : Longman .
  • Condravy , J. C. 1993 . “ Women's talk: A cooperative discourse ” . In Communication and sex‐role socialization , Edited by: Berryman‐Fink , C. , Ballard‐Reisch , D. and Newman , L. N. 399 – 432 . New York : Garland .
  • Counselman , E. F. 1991 . Leadership in a long‐term leaderless group . Small Group Research , 22 : 240 – 257 .
  • Dallinger , J. M. and Hample , D. . Biological and psychological gender effects upon cognitive editing of arguments . Spheres of argument: Proceedings of the sixth SCA/AFA conference on argumentation . Edited by: Gronbeck , B. E. pp. 568 – 568 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
  • Deny , R. 1989 . An empirical study of moral reasoning among managers . Journal of Business Ethics , 8 : 855 – 862 .
  • Diliberto , J. A. 1992 . A communication study of possible relationships between psychological sex type and decision‐making effectiveness . Small Group Research , 23 : 379 – 407 .
  • Dindia , K. and Allen , M. 1992 . Sex differences in self‐disclosure: A meta‐analysis . Psychological Bulletin , 112 : 106 – 124 .
  • Eagly , A. H. and Johnson , B. T. 1990 . Gender and leadership style: A meta‐analysis . Psychological Bulletin , 108 : 223 – 256 .
  • Eagly , A. H. and Karau , S.J. 1991 . Gender and the emergence of leaders: A meta‐analysis . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 60 : 658 – 710 .
  • Eagly , A. H. , Makhijani , M. G. and Klonsky , B. G. 1992 . Gender and the evaluation of leaders: A meta‐analysis . Psychological Bulletin , 51 : 3 – 22 .
  • Ellis , D. G. 1982 . Relational stability and change in women's consciousness‐raising groups . Women's Studies in Communication , 5 : 77 – 87 .
  • Ellis , D. G. and McCallister , L. 1980 . Relational control sequences in sex‐typed and androgynous groups . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 44 : 35 – 49 .
  • Farrell , T. J. 1979 . The female and male modes of rhetoric . College English , 40 : 909 – 921 .
  • Ferguson , K. E. 1984 . The feminist case against bureaucracy , Philadelphia : Temple University Press .
  • Fishman , P. 1978 . Interaction: The work women do . Social Problems , 25 : 397 – 406 .
  • Fleiss , J. L. 1981 . Statistical methods for rates and proportions , New York : Wiley .
  • Foss , K. A. and Foss , S. K. 1989 . “ Incorporating the feminist perspective in communication scholarship: A research commentary ” . In Doing research on women's communication: Perspectives on theory and method , Edited by: Carter , K. and Spitzack , C. 65 – 91 . Norwood, NJ : Ablex .
  • Foss , K. A. and Foss , S. K. 1991 . Women speak: The eloquence of women's lives , Prospect Heights, IL : Waveland Press .
  • Foss , K. A. and Foss , S. K. 1994 . Personal experience as evidence in feminist scholarship . Western Journal of Communication , 58 : 39 – 43 .
  • Foss , S. K. , Foss , K. A. and Trapp , R. 1991 . Contemporary perspectives on rhetoric , (2nd ed.) , Prospect Heights, IL : Waveland .
  • Foss , S. K. and Griffin , C. L. 1995 . Beyond persuasion: A proposal for an invitational rhetoric . Communication Monographs , 62 : 2 – 18 .
  • Frey , L. , ed. 1994 . Group communication in context: Studies of natural groups , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Gayle , B. M. , Priess , R. W. and Allen , M. 1994 . “ Gender differences and the use of conflict strategies ” . In Differences that make a difference: Examining the assumptions in gender research , Edited by: Turner , L. H. and Sterk , H. M. 13 – 26 . Westport, CN : Bergin & Garvey .
  • Gearhart , S. M. 1979 . The womanization of rhetoric . Women's Studies International Quarterly , 2 : 195 – 201 .
  • Gouran , D. S. . Communicative influences on inferential judgments in decision‐making groups: A descriptive analysis . Argument in transition: Proceedings of the third SCA/AFA conference on argumentation . Edited by: Zarefsky , D. , Sillars , M. O. and Rhodes , J. pp. 667 – 684 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
  • Gouran , D. S. . A critical summary of research on the role of argument in decision‐making groups . Argument and social practice: Proceedings of the fourth SCA/AFA conference on argumentation . Edited by: Cox , J. R. , Sillars , M. O. and Walker , G. B. pp. 723 – 736 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
  • Gouran , D. S. 1986 . “ Inferential errors, interaction, and group decision‐making ” . In Communication and group decision‐making , Edited by: Hirokawa , R. Y. and Poole , M. S. 93 – 112 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
  • Gouran , D. S. . Functions of argument in decision‐making discussion: Some prescriptions for increasing the probability of rational choice . Spheres of argument: Proceedings of the sixth SCA/AFA conference on argumentation . Edited by: Gronbeck , B. E. pp. 481 – 488 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
  • Govier , T. . Non‐adversial conceptions of argument . Perspectives and approaches: Proceedings of the third ISSA conference on argumentation . Edited by: van Eemeren , F. H. , Grootendorst , R. , Blair , J. A. and Willard , C. A. pp. 196 – 206 . Amsterdam : International Centre for the Study of Argumentation .
  • Graham , E. E. and Papa , M. J. 1993 . “ Gender and function‐oriented discourse in small groups: An examination of problem‐solving processes and outcomes ” . In Communication and sex‐role socialization , Edited by: Berryman‐Fink , C. , Ballard‐Reisch , D. and Newman , L. H. 311 – 335 . New York : Garland .
  • Hall , D. and Langellier , K. 1988 . “ Storytelling strategies in mother‐daughter communication ” . In Women communicating: Studies of women's talk , Edited by: Bate , B. and Taylor , A. 107 – 126 . Norwood, NJ : Ablex .
  • Hatfield , J. D. and Weider‐Hatfield , D. 1978 . The comparative utility of three types of behavioral units for interaction analysis . Communication Monographs , 45 : 44 – 50 .
  • Hewes , D. E. 1996 . “ Small group communication may not influence decision‐making: An amplification of socio‐egocentric theory ” . In Communication and group decision‐making , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Hirokawa , R. Y. and Poole , M. S. 179 – 212 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Hicks , D. . A descriptive account of interpersonal argument . Argument in controversy: Proceedings of the seventh SCA/AFA conference on argumentation . Edited by: Parsons , D. W. pp. 167 – 174 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
  • Hirokawa , R. Y. and Pace , R. 1983 . A descriptive investigation of the possible communication‐based reasons for effective and ineffective group decision making . Communication Monographs , 50 : 363 – 379 .
  • Hirokawa , R. Y. and Scheerhorn , D. R. 1986 . “ Communication in faulty group decision‐making ” . In Communication and group decision‐making , Edited by: Hirokawa , R. Y. and Poole , M. S. 63 – 80 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
  • hooks , b. 1984 . Feminist theory: From margin to center , Boston : South End .
  • Hynes , R. J. Jr. . Discussione, discussion, or dissensus: Feminist perspectives on argument, and the valuing of dissensus . Perspectives and approaches: Proceedings of the third ISSA conference on argumentation . Edited by: van Eemeren , F. H. , Grootendorst , R. , Blair , J. A. and Willard , C. A. pp. 464 – 472 . Amsterdam : International Centre for the Study of Argumentation .
  • Infante , D. A. 1982 . The argumentative student in the speech communication classroom: An investigation and implications . Communication Education , 31 : 141 – 148 .
  • Infante , D. A. , Wall , C. H. , Leap , C.J. and Danielson , K. 1984 . Verbal aggression as a function of the receiver's argumentativeness . Communication Research Reports , 1 : 33 – 37 .
  • Jackson , S. E. 1992 . “ Team in organizational settings: Issues in managing an increasingly diverse work force ” . In Group process and productivity , Edited by: Worchel , S. , Wood , W. and Simpson , J. A. 138 – 173 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Jarboe , S. 1988 . A comparison of input‐output, process‐output, and input‐process‐output models of small group problem‐solving effectiveness . Communication Monographs , 55 : 121 – 142 .
  • Johnson , F. L. 1989 . “ Women's culture and communication: An analytical perspective ” . In Beyond boundaries: Sex and gender diversity in communication , Edited by: Long , C. M. and Friedley , S. A. 301 – 316 . Fairfax, VA : George Mason University Press .
  • Jones , D. 1980 . “ Gossip: Notes on women's oral culture ” . In The voices and words of women and men , Edited by: Kramarae , C. 193 – 198 . New York : Pergamon .
  • Joseph , M. L. and Willis , R. H. 1963 . An experimental analog to two‐party bargaining . Behavioral Science , 8 : 117 – 127 .
  • Kalcik , S. 1975 . “... like Ann's gynecologist or the time I was almost raped”: Personal narratives in women's rap groups . Journal of American Folklore , 88 : 3 – 11 .
  • Kemper , S. 1984 . When to speak like a lady . Sex Roles , 10 : 435 – 443 .
  • Keough , C. M. 1987 . The nature and function of argument in organizational research . The Southern Speech Communication Journal , 53 : 1 – 17 .
  • Kogan , N. and Wallach , M. A. 1964 . Risk taking: A study in cognition and personality , New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston .
  • Kohn , A. 1992 . No contest: The case against competition , Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
  • Krippendorff , K. 1980 . Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
  • Lakoff , R. 1975 . Language and woman's place , New York : Harper & Row .
  • Lee , M. 1991 . Gender, group composition, and peer interaction in computer‐based cooperative learning . Journal of Educational Computing Research , 9 : 549 – 577 .
  • Lesch , C. L. 1994 . “ Observing theory in practice: Sustaining consciousness in a coven ” . In Group communication in context: Studies of natural groups , Edited by: Frey , L. 57 – 82 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Makau , J. 1990 . Reasoning and communication: Thinking critically about arguments , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
  • Maltz , D. N. and Borker , R. A. 1982 . “ A cultural approach to male‐female miscommunication ” . In Language and social identity , Edited by: Gumperz , J. J. 196 – 216 . Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Martin , P. Y. 1990 . Rethinking feminist organizations . Gender & Society , 4 : 182 – 206 .
  • Martin , R. W. and Scheerhorn , D. R. . What are conversational arguments? Toward a natural language user's perspective . Argument and social practice: Proceedings of the fourth SCA/AFA conference on argumentation . Edited by: Cox , J. R. , Sillars , M. O. and Walker , G. B. pp. 705 – 722 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
  • Meyers , R. A. 1989a . Persuasive Arguments Theory: A test of assumptions . Human Communication Research , 15 : 357 – 381 .
  • Meyers , R. A. 1989b . Testing Persuasive Argument Theory's predictor model: Alternative interactional accounts of group argument and influence . Communication Monographs , 56 : 112 – 132 .
  • Meyers , R. A. 1997 . “ Social influence and argumentation ” . In Managing group life: Communicating in decision‐making groups , Edited by: Frey , L. R. and Barge , J. K. 183 – 201 . Boston, MA : Hougnton‐Mifflin .
  • Meyers , R. A. and Brashers , D. E. 1994 . Expanding the boundaries of small group research: Exploring a feminist perspective . Communication Studies , 45 : 68 – 95 .
  • Meyers , R. A. and Brashers , D. . Multi‐stage versus single‐stage coding of small group argument: A preliminary comparative analysis . Argumentation and values: Proceedings of the ninth SCA/AFA Conference on argumentation . Edited by: Jackson , S. pp. 93 – 100 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
  • Meyers , R. A. and Seibold , D. R. 1990a . “ Perspectives on group argument: A critical review of Persuasive Arguments Theory and an alternative structurational view ” . In Communication yearbook 13 , Edited by: Anderson , J. 268 – 302 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Meyers , R. A. and Seibold , D. R. 1990b . “ Persuasive arguments and group influence: Research evidence and strategic implications ” . In The psychology of tactical communication , Edited by: Cody , M. J. and McLaughlin , M. L. 136 – 159 . Clevedon, UK : Multilingual Matters .
  • Meyers , R. A. , Seibold , D. R. and Brashers , D. 1991 . Argument in initial group decision‐making discussions: Refinement of a coding scheme and a descriptive quantitative analysis . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 55 : 47 – 68 .
  • Morris , A. W. , Seibold , D. R. and Meyers , R. A. . The influence of individual differences in message production on argumentation in decision‐making groups: Theoretical developments and propositions . Proceedings of the second ISSA international conference on argumentation . Edited by: van Eemeren , F. H. , Grootendorst , R. , Blair , J. A. and Willard , C. A. pp. 582 – 590 . Cinnaminson, NJ : Foris .
  • Mudrack , P. E. and Farrell , G. M. 1995 . An examination of functional role behavior and its consequences for individuals in group settings . Small Group Research , 26 : 542 – 571 .
  • Mulac , A. , Weiman , J. M. , Widenmann , S. J. and Gibson , T. W. 1988 . Male/female language differences in same‐sex and mixed‐sex dyads: The gender‐linked language effect . Communication Monographs , 55 : 315 – 335 .
  • Murray , E. J. 1956 . A content‐analysis method for studying psychotherapy . Psychological Monographs , 70 (13, No. 420)
  • Nelson , M. W. 1988 . “ Women's ways: Interactive patterns in predominantly female research teams ” . In Women communicating: Studies of women's talk , Edited by: Bate , B. and Taylor , A. 199 – 232 . Norwood, NJ : Ablex .
  • Nicotera , A. M. and Rancer , A. S. 1994 . The influence of sex on self‐perceptions and social stereotyping of aggressive communication predispositions . Western Journal of Communication , 58 : 283 – 307 .
  • O'Keefe , B.J. . Shared knowledge and shared activity as bases for communication . Perspectives and approaches: Proceedings of the third ISSA conference on argumentation . Edited by: van Eemeren , F. H. , Grooterdorst , R. , Blair , J. A. and Willard , C. A. pp. 246 – 251 . Amsterdam : International Centre for the Study of Argumentation .
  • O'Keefe , B.J. and Benoit , P.J. 1982 . “ Children's arguments ” . In Advances in argumentation theory and research , Edited by: Cox , J. R. and Willard , C. A. 154 – 183 . Carbondale, IL : Southern Illinois University Press .
  • Pace , R. . Group discussion as a rhetorical process: The influence of the small group setting on the process of accedance . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association . Washington, D.C.. November ,
  • Pace , R. C. . Patterns of argumentation in high and low consensus discussions . Argument and social practice: Proceedings of the fourth SCA/AFA conference on argumentation . Edited by: Cox , J. R. , Sillars , M. O. and Walker , G. B. pp. 770 – 781 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
  • Pavitt , C. 1993 . Does communication matter in social influence during small group discussions? Five positions . Communication Studies , 44 : 216 – 227 .
  • Pearson , S. S. 1981 . “ Rhetoric and organizational change: New applications of feminine style ” . In Outsiders on the inside: Women and organizations , Edited by: Forisha , B. L. and Goldman , B. H. 55 – 74 . Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
  • Polanyi , L. 1981 . What stories can tell us about their teller's world . Poetics Today , 2 : 96 – 112 .
  • Poole , M. S. , Seibold , D. R. and McPhee , R. D. 1985 . Group decision‐making as a structurational process . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 71 : 74 – 102 .
  • Prell , R. 1989 . “ The double frame of life history in the work of Barbara Myerhoff ” . In Interpreting women's lives: Feminist theory and personal narratives , Edited by: Personal Narratives Group . 241 – 258 . Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
  • Propp , K. M. 1995 . An experimental examination of biological sex as a status cue in decision‐making groups and its influence on information use . Small Group Research , 26 : 451 – 474 .
  • Ragan , S. 1989 . “ Communication between the sexes: A consideration of differences in adult communication ” . In Life‐span communication: Normative processes , Edited by: Nussbaum , J. F. 179 – 193 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Rakow , L. F. , ed. 1992 . Women making meaning: New feminist directions in communication , New York : Routledge .
  • Rapaport , A. and Chammah , A. M. 1966 . The game of chicken . American Behavioral Scientist , 10 : 10 – 28 .
  • Ratledge , N. T. 1986 . Theoretical and methodological integrity of a structurational scheme for coding argument in decision‐making groups , University of Southern California . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
  • Ridgeway , C. L. and Berger , J. 1986 . Expectations, legitimation, and dominance behavior in task groups . American Sociological Review , 57 : 603 – 617 .
  • Robinson , J. 1981 . Personal narratives reconsidered . Journal of American Folklore , 94 : 59 – 85 .
  • Roloff , M. E. and Greenberg , B. S. 1979 . Sex differences in choice of modes in conflict resolution in real‐life and television . Communication Quarterly , 27 : 3 – 12 .
  • Rowland , R. C. 1987 . On defining argument . Philosophy and Rhetoric , 20 : 140 – 159 .
  • Salazar , A.J. , Hirokawa , R. Y. , Propp , K. M. , Julian , K. M. and Leatham , G. B. 1994 . In search of true causes: Examinations of the effect of group potential and group interaction on decision performance . Human Communication Research , 20 : 529 – 559 .
  • Samter , W. and Burleson , B. R. 1990 . Evaluations of communication skills as predictors of peer acceptance in a group living situation . Communication Studies , 41 : 311 – 326 .
  • Schaef , A. W. 1985 . Women's reality: An emerging female system in a white male society , (2nd ed.) , San Francisco : Harper & Row .
  • Schultz , B. 1980 . Communicative correlates of perceived leaders . Small Group Behavior , 11 : 175 – 191 .
  • Schultz , B. 1982 . Argumentativeness: Its effect in group decision‐making and its role in leadership perception . Communication Quarterly , 30 : 368 – 375 .
  • Schultz , B. . Argumentativeness: Its role in leadership perception and group communication . Argument in transition: Proceedings of the third SCA/AFA summer conference on argumentation . Edited by: Zarefsky , D. , Sillars , M. O. and Rhodes , J. pp. 638 – 647 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
  • Seibert , S. and Gruenfeld , L. 1992 . Masculinity, femininity, and behavior in groups . Small Group Research , 23 : 95 – 112 .
  • Seibold , D. R. , Canary , D.J. and Ratledge , N. T. . Argument and group decision‐making: Interim report on a structurational research program . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association . Washington, D.C.. November ,
  • Seibold , D. R. , Meyers , R. A. and Sunwolf . 1996 . “ Communication and influence in group decision making ” . In Communication and group decision‐making , (2nd edition) , Edited by: Hirokawa , R. Y. and Poole , M. S. 242 – 268 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Seibold , D. R. , Poole , M. S. , McPhee , R. D. , Tanita , N. E. and Canary , D. J. . Argument, group influence, and decision outcomes . Dimensions of argument: Proceedings of the second SCA/AFA summer conference on argumentation . Edited by: Ziegelmueller , G. and Rhodes , J. pp. 663 – 692 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
  • Sharf , B. R. 1978 . A rhetorical analysis of leadership emergence in small groups . Communication Monographs , 45 : 156 – 172 .
  • Shepherd , G.J. 1992 . Communication as influence: Definitional exclusion . Communication Studies , 43 : 203 – 219 .
  • Shuter , R. 1975 . The alternative institution: A small group study of environment influence on sex role interaction style . Today's Speech , 10 : 45 – 50 .
  • Smith‐Lovin , L. , Skvoretz , J. V. and Hudson , C. G. 1986 . Status and participation in six‐person groups: A test of Skvoretz's comparative status model . Social Forces , 64 : 992 – 1005 .
  • Sterk , H. M. and Turner , L. H. 1994 . “ Gender, communication, and community ” . In Differences that make a difference: Examining the assumptions in gender research , Edited by: Turner , L. H. and Sterk , H. M. 213 – 222 . Westport, CT : Bergin & Garvey .
  • Stoll , C. S. and McFarlane , P. T. 1969 . Sex differences in game strategy . Sociometry , 32 : 259 – 272 .
  • Stoner , J. A. F. 1968 . Risky and cautious shifts in group decisions: The influence of widely held values . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 4 : 442 – 459 .
  • Strodtbeck , F. L. and Mann , R. D. 1956 . Sex role differentiation injury deliberations . Sociometry , 19 : 3 – 11 .
  • Tannen , D. 1990a . “ Gender differences in conversational coherence: Physical alignment and topical cohesion ” . In Conversational organization and its development , Edited by: Dorval , B. vol 38 , 167 – 206 . Norwood, NJ : Ablex .
  • Tannen , D. 1990b . You just don't understand: Women and men in conversation , New York : William Morrow .
  • Tannen , D. 1994 . Gender and discourse , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Thorne , B. 1993 . Gender play: Girls and boys in school , New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press .
  • Thorne , B. , Kramarae , C. and Henley , N. 1983 . “ Language, gender and society: Opening a second decade of research ” . In Language, gender and society , Edited by: Thorne , B. , Kramarae , C. and Henley , N. 7 – 24 . Rowley, MA : Newbury House .
  • Trapp , R. . Generic characteristics of argumentation in everyday discourse . Argument in transition: Proceedings of the third SCA/AFA summer conference on argumentation . Edited by: Zarefsky , D. , Sillars , M. O. and Rhodes , J. pp. 516 – 530 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
  • Trapp , R. 1986 . The role of disagreement in interactional argument . Journal of the American Forensic Association , 23 : 23 – 41 .
  • Trapp , R. and Hoff , N. 1985 . A model of serial argument in interpersonal relationships . Journal of the American Forensic Association , 22 : 1 – 11 .
  • Turner , L. H. , Dindia , K. and Pearson , J. C. 1995 . An investigation of female/male verbal behaviors in same‐sex and mixed‐sex conversations . Communication Reports , 8 : 86 – 96 .
  • Vinacke , W. E. 1959 . Sex roles in the three‐person game . Sociometry , 22 : 343 – 360 .
  • Walker , G. B. . Argument and conflict: Conceptual and empirical perspectives . Argument in controversy: Proceedings of the seventh SCA/AFA conference on argumentation . Edited by: Parsons , D. W. pp. 182 – 187 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
  • Walker , G. B. and Cue , W. . Advocacy and influence in integrative negotiation: “Win‐win” argumentation . Argumentation and critical practices: Proceedings of the fifth SCA/AFA conference on argumentation . Edited by: Wenzel , J. pp. 299 – 308 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
  • Walker , G. B. and Daniels , S. E. . Improving debate in soft systems methodology: Collaborative argument about change . Argument and the postmodern challenge: Proceedings of the eighth SCA/AFA conference on argumentation . Edited by: McKerrow , R. E. pp. 206 – 212 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
  • West , C. and Zimmerman , D. H. 1983 . “ Small insults: A study of interruptions in cross‐sex conversations between unacquainted persons ” . In Language, gender, and society , Edited by: Thorne , B. , Kramarae , C. and Henley , N. 102 – 117 . Rowley, MA : Newbury House .
  • Wood , J. T. 1993 . “ Enlarging conceptual boundaries: A critique of research in interpersonal communication ” . In Transforming visions: Feminist critiques in communication studies , Edited by: Bowen , S. P. and Wyatt , N. 19 – 50 . Cresskill, NJ : Hampton .
  • Wood , J. T. 1994 . Gendered lives: Communication, gender and culture , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
  • Wood , J.T. , ed. 1996 . Gendered relationships , Mountain View, CA : Mayfield .
  • Wyatt , N. 1984 . “ Power and decision making ” . In Emergent issues in human decision‐making , Edited by: Phillips , G. M. and Wood , J. T. 50 – 60 . Carbondale, IL : Southern Illinois University Press .
  • Wyatt , N. 1988 . “ Shared leadership in the Weaver's Guild ” . In Women communicating: Studies of women's talk , Edited by: Bate , B. and Taylor , A. 147 – 176 . Norwood, NJ : Ablex .
  • Zimmerman , D. H. and West , C. 1975 . “ Sex roles, interruptions, and silences in conversation ” . In Language and sex: Difference and dominance , Edited by: Thorne , B. and Henley , N. 105 – 129 . Rowley, MA : Newbury House .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.