Intersexuality and Gender Identity Differentiation

References

• A tragedy yields insight into gender . 1997 . Newsweek , March 24 : 66
   Google Scholar
• Abdullah , M. A. , Katugampola , M. , Al-Habib , S. , Al-Jurayyan , N. , Al-Samarrai , A. , Al-Nuaim , A. , Patel , P. J. and Niazi , M. 1991 . Ambiguous genitalia: Medical, socio-cultural and religious factors affecting management in Saudi Arabia . Annals of Tropical Paediatrics , 11 : 343 – 348 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Attia , H. M. 1996 . Gender identity and role in a pedigree of Arabs with intersex due to 5 alpha reductase-2 deficiency . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 21 : 651 – 657 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allen , L. E. , Hardy , B. E. and Churchill , B. M. 1982 . The surgical management of the enlarged clitoris . Journal of Urology , 128 : 351 – 354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Academy of Pediatrics . 1996 . Timing of elective surgery on the genitalia of male children with particular reference to the risks, benefits, and psychological effects of surgery and anesthesia . Pediatrics , 97 : 590 – 594 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 1987 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, , 3rd ed., rev. , Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, , 4th ed. , Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Angier , N. 1997 . Sexual identity not pliable after all, report says . New York Times , March 14 : A1 A10
   Google Scholar
• Assael , M. , Lancet , M. and Shani , A. 1976 . Incomplete testicular feminization syndrome: Clinical and psychiatric aspects . Psychiatria Clinica , 9 : 118 – 129 .
   Google Scholar
• Azpiroz , J. 1971 . Agenesis of the penis . Journal of Pediatric Surgery , 6 : 74
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , J. M. and Zucker , K. J. 1995 . Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: A conceptual analysis and quantitative review . Developmental Psychology , 31 : 43 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker , A. , van Kesteren , P. J. M. , Gooren , L. J. G. and Bezemer , P. D. 1993 . The prevalence of transsexualism in The Netherlands . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 87 : 237 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bancroft , J. 1991 . John Money: Some comments on his early work . Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality , 4 ( 2 ) : 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Barbin , H. 1980 . Herculine Barbin: Being the recently discovered memoirs of a nineteenth-century French hermaphrodite , Edited by: McDougall , R. New York : Pantheon Books .
   Google Scholar
• Bartsch , G. , Decristoforo , A. and Schweikert , U. 1987 . Pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias: Clinical, endocrinological and biochemical characterization of a patient . European Urology , 13 : 386 – 389 .
   Google Scholar
• Baum , M. J. 1979 . Differentiation of coital behavior in mammals: A comparative analysis . Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews , 3 : 265 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beheshti , M. , Hardy , B. E. , Churchill , B. M. and Daneman , D. 1983 . Gender assignment in male pseudohermaphrodite children . Urology , 22 : 604 – 607 .
   Google Scholar
• Bem , D. J. 1996 . Exotic becomes erotic: A developmental theory of sexual orientation . Psychological Review , 103 : 320 – 335 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamin , J. T. 1997 . Sex reassignment at birth [Letter to the editor] . Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , 151 : 1062 – 1063 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berenbaum , S. A. and Bailey , J. M. Variation in female gender identity: Evidence from girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, tomboys, and typical girls . Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association . Chicago , IL . May .
   Google Scholar
• Berenbaum , S. A. and Hines , M. 1992 . Early androgens are related to childhood sex-typed toy preferences . Psychological Science , 3 : 203 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bin-Abbas , B. , Conte , F. A. , Grumbach , M. M. and Kaplan , S. L. 1999 . Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and micropenis: Effect of testosterone treatment on adult penile size—Why sex reversal is not indicated . Journal of Pediatrics , 134 : 579 – 583 .
   Google Scholar
• Biological imperatives . 1973 . Time , January 8 : 34
   Google Scholar
• Birnholz , J. C. 1983 . Determination of fetal sex . New England Journal of Medicine , 309 : 942 – 944 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackless , M. , Charuvastra , A. , Derryck , A. , Fausto-Sterling , A. , Lavzanne , K. and Lee , E. How sexually dimorphic are we? Review and synthesis . American Journal of Human Biology , (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Blanchard , R. , Clemmensen , L. H. and Steiner , B. W. 1987 . Heterosexual and homosexual gender dysphoria . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 16 : 139 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein , M. H. , ed. 1987 . Sensitive periods in development: Interdisciplinary perspectives , Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Bornstein , M. H. 1989 . Sensitive periods in development: Structural characteristics and causal interpretations . Psychological Bulletin , 105 : 179 – 197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudon , C. , Lumbroso , S. , Lobaccaro , J. M. , Szarras-Czapnik , M. , Romer , T. E. , Garandeau , P. , Montoya , P. and Sultan , C. 1995 . Molecular study of the 5 α-reductase type 2 gene in three European families with 5 α-reductase deficiency . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , 80 : 2149 – 2153 .
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby , J. 1969 . Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Bradley , S. J. , Oliver , G. D. , Chernick , A. B. and Zucker , K. J. 1998 . Experiment of nurture: Ablatio penis at 2 months, sex reassignment at 7 months, and a psychosexual follow-up in young adulthood . Pediatrics , 102 : E91 – E95 . Available on the World Wide Web http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/102/1/e9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , T. R. , Scherer , P. A. , Chang , Y. , Migeon , C. J. , Ghirri , P. , Murono , K. and Zhou , Z. 1993 . Molecular genetics of human androgen insensitivity . European Journal of Pediatrics , 152 ( Suppl. 2 ) : S62 – S69 .
   Google Scholar
• Bruch , S. W. , Meuli , M. and Harrison , M. R. 1996 . Immediate reconstruction for penile agenesis . Journal of Pediatric Surgery , 31 : 1152 – 1154 .
   Google Scholar
• Cantu , J. M. , Corona-Rivera , E. , Diaz , M. , Medina , C. , Esquinca , E. , Cortes-Gallegos , V. , Vaca , G. and Hernandez , A. 1980 . Post-pubertal female psychosexual orientation in incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism type 2 (5α-reductase deficiency) . Acta Endocrinologica , 94 : 273 – 279 .
   Google Scholar
• Cantu , J. M. , Hernandez-Montes , H. , del Castillo , V. , Cortes-Gallegos , V. , Sandoval , R. , Armendares , S. and Parra , A. 1976 . Potential fertility in incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism type 2 . Revista de Investigacion Clinica , 28 : 177 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter , T. O. , Imperato-McGinley , J. , Boulware , S. D. , Weiss , R. M. , Shackleton , C. , Griffin , J. E. and Wilson , J. D. 1990 . Variable expression of 5α-reductase deficiency: Presentation with male phenotype in a child of Greek origin . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism , 71 : 318 – 322 .
   Google Scholar
• Carson , D. J. , Okuno , A. , Lee , P. A. , Stetten , G. , Didolkar , S. M. and Migeon , C. J. 1982 . Amniotic fluid steroid levels: Fetuses with adrenal hyperplasia, 46,XXY fetuses, and normal fetuses . American Journal of Diseases of Childhood , 136 : 218 – 222 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan-Cua , S. , Freidenberg , G. and Jones , K. L. 1989 . Occurrence of male phenotype in genotypic females with congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia . American Journal of Medical Genetics , 34 : 406 – 412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chase , C. 1998a . Hermaphrodites with attitude: Mapping the emergence of intersex political activism . GLQ , 4 : 189 – 211 .
   Google Scholar
• Chase , C. 1998b . Surgical progress is not the answer to intersexuality . Journal of Clinical Ethics , 9 : 385 – 392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicchetti , D. 1993 . Developmental psychopathology: Reactions, reflections, projections . Developmental Review , 13 : 471 – 502 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colapinto , J. 1997 . The true story of John/Joan . Rolling Stone , December 11 : 54 – 58 . 60, 62, 64, 68, 72–73, 92, 94–97
   Google Scholar
• Colapinto , J. As nature made him: The boy who was raised as a girl , New York : HarperCollins . (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Collaer , M. L. and Hines , M. 1995 . Human behavioral sex difference: A role for gonadal hormones during early development? . Psychological Bulletin , 118 : 55 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrall , R. J. M. , Wakelin , K. , O'Hare , J. P. , O'Brien , I. A. D. , Ishmail , A. A. A. and Honour , J. 1984 . 5α-reductase deficiency: Diagnosis via abnormal plasma levels of reduced testosterone derivatives . Acta Endocrinologica , 107 : 538 – 543 .
   Google Scholar
• Costa , E. M. F. , Mendonca , B. B. , Inacio , M. , Arnhold , I. J. P. , Silva , F. A. Q. and Lodovici , O. 1997 . Management of ambiguous genitalia in pseudohermaphrodites: New perspectives on vaginal dilation . Fertility and Sterility , 67 : 229 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , J. D. 1970 . Syndromes of testicular feminization . Clinical Pediatrics , 9 : 165 – 178 .
   Google Scholar
• de Marneffe , D. 1997 . Bodies and words: A study of young children's genital and gender knowledge . Gender & Psychoanalysis , 2 : 3 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Delk , J. L. , Madden , R. B. , Livingston , M. and Ryan , T. T. 1986 . Adult perceptions of the infant as a function of gender labeling and observer gender . Sex Roles , 15 : 527 – 534 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deslypere , J. P. , Coucke , W. , Robbe , N. and Vermeulen , A. 1985 . 5 alpha-reductase deficiency: An infrequent cause of male pseudohermaphroditism . Acta Clinica Belgica , 40 : 240 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewhurst , J. , Chapman , M. , Muram , D. and Donnison , B. 1983 . 5 alpha-reductase deficiency in 46XY sisters . Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology , 1 : 85 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Diamond , M. 1965 . A critical evaluation of the ontogeny of human sexual behavior . Quarterly Review of Biology , 40 : 147 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond , M. 1982 . Sexual identity, monozygotic twins reared in discordant sex roles and a BBC follow-up . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 11 : 181 – 186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond , M. 1996a . Prenatal predisposition and the clinical management of some pediatric conditions . Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy , 22 : 139 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond , M. 1996b . Response: Considerations for sex assignment . Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy , 22 : 161 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond , M. 1997 . Sexual identity and sexual orientation in children with traumatized or ambiguous genitalia . The Journal of Sex Research , 34 : 199 – 211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond , M. 1999 . Pediatric management of ambiguous and traumatized genitalia . Journal of Urology , 162 : 1021 – 1028 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond , M. and Sigmundson , H. K. 1997a . Management of intersexuality: Guidelines for dealing with persons with ambiguous genitalia . Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , 151 : 1046 – 1050 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond , M. and Sigmundson , H. K. 1997b . Sex reassignment at birth: Long-term review and clinical implications . Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , 151 : 298 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickey , R. and Steiner , B. W. 1990 . “ Hormone treatment and surgery ” . In Clinical management of gender identity disorders in children and adults , Edited by: Blanchard , R. and Steiner , B. W. 137 – 158 . Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dittmann , R. W. 1998 . Ambiguous genitalia, gender-identity problems, and sex reassignment . Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy , 24 : 255 – 271 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dittmann , R. W. , Kappes , M. E. and Kappes , M. H. 1992 . Sexual behavior in adolescent and adult females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 17 : 153 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dittmann , R. W. , Kappes , M. H. , Kappes , M. E. , Borger , D. , Meyer-Bahlburg , H. F. L. , Stegner , H. , Willig , R. H. and Wallis , H. 1990 . Congenital adrenal hyperplasia II: Gender-related behavior and attitudes in female salt-wasting and simple-virilizing patients . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 15 : 421 – 434 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixson , A. F. 1998 . Primate sexuality: Comparative studies of the prosimians, monkeys, apes, and human beings , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Donahoe , P. K. , Crawford , J. D. and Hendrin , W. H. 1977 . Management of neonates and children with male pseudohermaphroditism . Journal of Pediatric Surgery , 12 : 1045 – 1057 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donahoe , P. K. and Schnitzer , J. J. 1996 . Evaluation of the infant who has ambiguous genitalia, and principles of operative management . Seminars in Pediatric Surgery , 5 : 30 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Dreger , A. D. 1995a . Doubtful sex: Cases and concepts of hermaphroditism in France and Britain, 1868–1915 , Indiana University . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Dreger , A. D. 1995b . Doubtful sex: The fate of the hermaphrodite in Victorian medicine . Victorian Studies , 38 : 335 – 370 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreger , A. D. 1998a . “Ambiguous sex” or ambivalent medicine? Ethical issues in the treatment of intersexuality . Hastings Center Report , 28 ( 3 ) : 24 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreger , A. D. 1998b . Hermaphrodites and the medical invention of sex , Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dreger , A. D. 1998c . A history of intersexuality: From the age of gonads to the age of consent . Journal of Clinical Ethics , 9 : 345 – 355 .
   Google Scholar
• Drury , R. B. and Schwarzell , H. H. 1935 . Congenital absence of penis . Archives of Surgery , 30 : 236 – 242 .
   Google Scholar
• Ehrhardt , A. A. and Baker , S. W. 1974 . “ Fetal androgens, human central nervous system differentiation, and behavior sex differences ” . In Sex differences in behavior , Edited by: Friedman , R. C. , Richart , R. M. and Vande Wiele , R. L. 33 – 51 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Ehrhardt , A. A. , Epstein , R. and Money , J. 1968 . Fetal androgens and female gender identity in the early-treated adrenogenital syndrome . Johns Hopkins Medical Journal , 122 : 160 – 167 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ehrhardt , A. A. , Evers , K. and Money , J. 1968 . Influence of androgen and some aspects of sexually dimorphic behavior in women with the late-treated adrenogenital syndrome . Johns Hopkins Medical Journal , 123 : 115 – 122 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellis , A. 1945 . The sexual psychology of human hermaphrodites . Psychosomatic Medicine , 7 : 108 – 125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsayed , S. M. , Al-Maghraby , M. , Hafeiz , H. B. and Taha , S. A. 1988 . Psychological aspects of intersex in Saudi patients . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 77 : 297 – 300 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , J. A. , Erdile , L. B. , Greenberg , C. R. and Chudley , A. E. 1999 . Agenesis of the penis: Patterns of associated malformations . American Journal of Medical Genetics , 84 : 47 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Fagot , B. I. 1995 . Psychosocial and cognitive determinants of early gender-role development . Annual Review of Sex Research , 6 : 1 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Farah , R. and Reno , G. 1972 . Congenital absence of the penis . Journal of Urology , 107 : 154 – 155 .
   Google Scholar
• Farkas , A. and Rosler , A. 1993 . Ten years experience with masculinizing genitoplasty in male pseudohermaphroditism due to 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency . European Journal of Pediatrics , 152 ( Suppl. 2 ) : S88 – S90 .
   Google Scholar
• Fausto-Sterling , A. 1993 . The five sexes: Why male and female are not enough . The Sciences , 33 March/April : 20 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Feitz , W. F. J. , Van Grunsven , E. J. K.J. E. M. , Froeling , F. M. J.A. and de Vries , J. D. M. 1994 . Outcome analysis of the psychosexual and socioeconomical development of adult patients born with bladder exstrophy . Journal of Urology , 152 : 1417 – 1419 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman , K. W. and Smith , D. W. 1975 . Fetal phallic growth and penile standards for newborn male infants . Journal of Pediatrics , 86 : 395 – 398 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filler , R. M. 1988 . [Discussion] . Annals of Surgery , 208 : 311 – 312 .
   Google Scholar
• Findlay , D. 1995 . Discovering sex: Medical science, feminism and intersexuality . Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology , 32 : 25 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Fisher , L. K. , Kogut , M. D. , Moore , R. J. , Goebelsmann , U. , Weitzman , J. J. , Isaacs , H. , Griffin , J. E. and Wilson , J. D. 1978 . Clinical, endocrinological, and enzymatic characterization of two patients with 5α-reductase deficiency: Evidence that a single enzyme is responsible for the 5α-reduction of Cortisol and testosterone . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism , 47 : 653 – 664 .
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher , J. C. and Evans , M. I. 1983 . Maternal bonding in early fetal ultrasound examinations . New England Journal of Medicine , 308 : 392 – 393 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forest , M. G. 1985 . Pitfalls in prenatal diagnosis of 21-hydroxylase deficiency by amniotic fluid steroid analysis? A six years experience in 102 pregnancies at risk . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 458 : 130 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forti , G. , Falchetti , A. , Santoro , S. , Davis , D. L. , Wilson , J. D. and Russell , D. W. 1996 . Steroid 5α-reductase 2 deficiency: Virilization in early infancy may be due to partial function of mutant enzyme . Clinical Endocrinology , 44 : 477 – 482 .
   Google Scholar
• Frank , J. D. 1997 . [Editorial comment] . British Journal of Urology , 79 : 789
   Google Scholar
• Fratianni , C. M. and Imperato-McGinley , J. 1994 . The syndrome of 5α-reductase deficiency . Endocrinologist , 4 : 302 – 314 .
   Google Scholar
• Fridell , S. R. , Zucker , K. J. , Bradley , S. J. and Maing , D. M. 1996 . Physical attractiveness of girls with gender identity disorder . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 25 : 17 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Gautier , T. , Salient , J. , Pena , S. , Imperato-McGinley , J. and Peterson , R. E. 1981 . Testicular function in 2 cases of penile agenesis . Journal of Urology , 126 : 556 – 557 .
   Google Scholar
• Gearhart , J. P. and Rock , J. A. 1989 . Total ablation of the penis after circumcision with electrocautery: A method of management and long-term follow-up . Journal of Urology , 142 : 799 – 801 .
   Google Scholar
• Glassberg , K. I. 1998 . The intersex infant: Early gender assignment and surgical reconstruction . Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology , 11 : 151 – 154 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glassberg , K. I. 1999 . Editorial: Gender assignment and the pediatric urologist . Journal of Urology , 161 : 1308 – 1310 .
   Google Scholar
• Glüer , S. , Fuchs , J. and Mildenberger , H. 1998 . Diagnosis and current management of penile agenesis . Journal of Pediatric Surgery , 33 : 628 – 631 .
   Google Scholar
• Goldschmidt , R. B. 1923 . The mechanism and physiology of sex determination , Edited by: Dakin , W. J. London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Gooren , L. and Cohen-Kettenis , P. T. 1991 . Development of male gender identity/role and a sexual orientation towards women in a 46,XY subject with an incomplete form of the androgen insensitivity syndrome . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 20 : 459 – 470 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman , C. 1997 . A boy without a penis . Time , March 24 : 31
   Google Scholar
• Goy , R. W. , Bercovitch , F. B. and McBriar , M. C. 1988 . Behavioral masculinization is independent of genital masculinization in prenatally androgenized female rhesus macaques . Hormones and Behavior , 22 : 552 – 571 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goy , R. W. and McEwen , B. S. 1980 . Sexual differentiation of the brain , Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Green , R. 1987 . The “sissy boy syndrome” and the development of homosexuality , New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Green , R. , Stoller , R. J. and MacAndrew , C. 1966 . Sex assignment and reassignment: Physicians' attitudes in the management of hermaphroditic children . American Journal of Diseases of Childhood , 111 : 524 – 528 .
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg , J. A. 1999 . Defining male and female: Intersexuality and the collision between law and biology . Arizona Law Review , 41 : 265 – 328 .
   Google Scholar
• Griffin , J. E. 1992 . Androgen resistance: The clinical and molecular spectrum . New England Journal of Medicine , 326 : 611 – 618 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross , D. J. , Landau , H. , Kohn , G. , Farkas , A. , Elrayyes , E. , El-Shawwa , R. , Lasch , E. E. and Rosler , A. 1986 . Male pseudohermaphroditism due to 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency: Gender reassignment in early infancy . Acta Endocrinologica , 112 : 238 – 246 .
   Google Scholar
• Hampson , J. L. , Hampson , J. G. and Money , J. 1955 . The syndrome of gonadal agenesis (ovarian agenesis) and male chromosomal pattern in girls and women: Psychologic studies . Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital , 97 : 207 – 226 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haqq , C. M. and Donahoe , P. K. 1998 . Regulation of sexual dimorphism in mammals . Physiological Reviews , 78 : 1 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartocollis , A. 1999 . A turn toward tradition: Old standards are making a comeback in children's names . New York Times , February 16 : C17
   Google Scholar
• Hayden , P. W. , Chapman , W. H. and Stevenson , J. K. 1973 . Exstrophy of the cloaca . American Journal of Diseases of Childhood , 125 : 879 – 883 .
   Google Scholar
• Herdt , G. 1990 . Mistaken gender: 5-alpha reductase hermaphroditism and biological reductionism in sexual identity reconsidered . American Anthropologist , 92 : 433 – 446 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herdt , G. , ed. 1994 . Third sex, third gender: Beyond sexual dimorphism in culture and history , New York : Zone Books .
   Google Scholar
• Herdt , G. H. and Davidson , J. 1988 . The Sambia “Turnim-man”: Sociocultural and clinical aspects of gender formation in male pseudohermaphrodites with 5-alpha reductase deficiency in Papua New Guinea . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 17 : 33 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess , E. H. 1973 . Imprinting , New York : Van Nostrand .
   Google Scholar
• Hinman , F. 1951a . Advisability of surgical reversal of sex in female pseudohermaphrodism . Journal of the American Medical Association , 146 : 423 – 429 .
   Google Scholar
• Hinman , F. 1951b . Sexual trends in female pseudohermaphrodism . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism , 11 : 477 – 486 .
   Google Scholar
• Hinman , F. 1972 . Microphallus: Characteristics and choice of treatment from a study of 20 cases . Journal of Urology , 107 : 499 – 505 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochberg , Z. , Gardos , M. and Benderly , A. 1987 . Psychosexual outcome of assigned females and males with 46,XX virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia . European Journal of Pediatrics , 146 : 497 – 499 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochberg , Z. , Chayen , R. , Reiss , N. , Falik , Z. , Makler , A. , Munichor , M. , Farkas , A. , Goldfakb , H. , Ohana , N. and Hiort , O. 1996 . Clinical, biochemical, and genetic findings in a large pedigree of male and female patients with 5α-reductase 2 deficiency . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism , 81 : 2821 – 2827 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgins , M. B. , Clayton , R. N. and London , D. R. 1977 . Androgen metabolism and binding in skin and fibroblasts from a case of incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism . Journal of Endocrinology , 75 : 24P
   Google Scholar
• Hoenig , J. 1985 . “ The origin of gender identity ” . In Gender dysphoria: Development, research, management , Edited by: Steiner , B. W. 11 – 32 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Holmes , M. M. L. 1994 . Medical politics and cultural imperatives: Intersexual identities beyond pathology and erasure , North York , Ontario : York University . Unpublished master's thesis
   Google Scholar
• Howell , C. , Caldamone , A. , Snyder , H. , Ziegler , M. and Duckett , J. 1983 . Optimal management of cloacal exstrophy . Journal of Pediatric Surgery , 18 : 365 – 369 .
   Google Scholar
• Hurtig , A. L. 1992 . The psychosocial effects of ambiguous genitalia . Comprehensive Therapy , 18 : 22 – 25 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Imperato-McGinley , J. , Gautier , T. , Peterson , R. E. and Shackleton , C. 1986 . The prevalence of 5α-reductase deficiency in children with ambiguous genitalia in the Dominican Republic . Journal of Urology , 136 : 867 – 873 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imperato-McGinley , J. , Guerrero , L. , Gautier , T. and Peterson , R. E. 1974 . Steroid 5α-reductase deficiency in man: An inherited form of male pseudohermaphroditism . Science , 86 : 1213 – 1215 .
   Google Scholar
• Imperato-McGinley , J. , Miller , M. , Wilson , J. D. , Peterson , R. E. , Shackleton , C. and Gajdusek , D. C. 1991 . A cluster of male pseudohermaphrodites with 5α-reductase deficiency in Papua New Guinea . Clinical Endocrinology , 34 : 293 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imperato-McGinley , J. , Peterson , R. E. and Gautier , T. 1976 . Gender identity and hermaphroditism [Letter] . Science , 191 : 872
   Google Scholar
• Imperato-McGinley , J. , Peterson , R. E. , Gautier , T. and Sturla , E. 1979 . Androgens and the evolution of male-gender identity among male pseudohermaphrodites with 5α-reductase deficiency . New England Journal of Medicine , 300 : 1233 – 1237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imperato-McGinley , J. , Peterson , R. E. , Leshin , M. , Griffin , J. E. , Cooper , G. , Draghi , S. , Berenyi , M. and Wilson , J. D. 1980 . Steroid 5α-reductase deficiency in a 65-year-old male pseudohermaphrodite: The natural history, ultrastructure of the testes, and evidence for inherited enzyme heterogeneity . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism , 50 : 15 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Imperato-McGinley , J. , Peterson , R. E. , Stoller , R. and Goodwin , W. E. 1979 . Male pseudohermaphroditism secondary to 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency: Gender role change with puberty . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism , 49 : 391 – 395 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imperato-McGinley , J. , Pichardo , M. , Gautier , T. , Voyer , D. and Bryden , M. P. 1991 . Cognitive abilities in androgen-insensitive subjects: Comparison with control males and females from the same kindred . Clinical Endocrinology , 34 : 341 – 347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Intersex Society of North America . October 25 1999 . Columbia high court restricts intersex genital mutilation October 25 , Available on the World Wide Web http://www.isna.org
   Google Scholar
• Intons-Peterson , M. J. and Reddel , M. 1984 . What do people ask about a neonate? . Developmental Psychology , 20 : 358 – 359 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivarsson , S.-A. , Nielsen , M. D. and Lindberg , T. 1988 . Male pseudohermaphroditism due to 5α-reductase deficiency in a Swedish family . European Journal of Pediatrics , 147 : 532 – 535 .
   Google Scholar
• Izquierdo , G. and Glassberg , K. I. 1993 . Gender assignment and gender identity in patients with ambiguous genitalia . Urology , 42 : 232 – 242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston , W. G. , Yeatman , G. W. and Weigel , J. W. 1977 . Congenital absence of the penis . Journal of Urology , 117 : 508 – 511 .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , H. W. , Park , I. J. and Rock , J. A. 1978 . Technique of surgical sex reassignment for micropenis and allied conditions . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 132 : 870 – 877 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juraska , J. M. 1998 . Neural plasticity and the development of sex differences . Annual Review of Sex Research , 9 : 20 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Kandemir , N. and Yordam , N. 1997 . Congenital adrenal hyperplasia in Turkey: A review of 273 patients . Acta Paediatrica , 86 : 22 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz , M. D. , Kligman , I. , Cai , L. , Zhu , Y. , Fratianni , C. M. , Zervoudakis , I. , Rosenwaks , Z. and Imperato-McGinley , J. 1997 . Paternity by intrauterine insemination with sperm from a man with 5α-reductase-2 deficiency . New England Journal of Medicine , 336 : 994 – 997 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , S. J. 1990 . The medical construction of gender: Case management of intersexed infants . Signs , 16 : 3 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , S. J. 1998 . Lessons from the intersexed , New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kessler , W. O. and McLaughlin , A. P. 1973 . Agenesis of penis: Embryology and management . Urology , 1 : 226 – 229 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• King , C. D. 1945 . The meaning of normal . Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine , 17 : 493 – 501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , M. 1998 . NZ sex-change guru in US ethics storm: John Money's only interview . New Zealand Listener , April 4–10 : 18 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Kipnis , K. and Diamond , M. 1998 . Pediatric ethics and the surgical assignment of sex . Journal of Clinical Ethics , 9 : 398 – 410 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirshbaum , J. D. 1950 . Congenital absence of the external genitals (persistent primitive cloaca) . Journal of Pediatrics , 37 : 102 – 105 .
   Google Scholar
• Klebs , T. A. E. 1876 . Handbuch der pathologischen Anatomie [Handbook of pathological anatomy] , Berlin : A. Hirschwald .
   Google Scholar
• Kodman-Jones , C. and Zderic , S. The management of cloacal exstrophy: The CHOP experience . Paper presented at the Conference on Pediatric Gender Reassignment: A Critical Reappraisal . Dallas , TX . April .
   Google Scholar
• Kohlberg , L. 1966 . “ A cognitive-developmental analysis of children's sex-role concepts and attitudes ” . In The development of sex differences , Edited by: Maccoby , E. E. 82 – 173 . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhnle , U. and Bullinger , M. 1997 . Outcome of congenital adrenal hyperplasia . Pediatric Surgery International , 12 : 511 – 515 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuttenn , F. , Mowszowica , I. , Wright , F. , Baudot , N. , Jaffiol , C. , Robin , M. and Mauvais-Jarvis , P. 1979 . Male pseudohermaphroditism: A comparative study of one patient with 5α-reductase deficiency and three patients with the complete form of testicular feminization . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism , 49 : 861 – 865 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , E. H. 1994 . Producing sex: An interdisciplinary perspective on sex assignment decisions for intersexuals , Providence , RI : Brown University . Unpublished B.A. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Lee , P. A. , Mazur , T. , Danish , R. , Amrhein , J. , Blizzard , R. M. , Money , J. and Migeon , C. J. 1980 . Micropenis. I. Criteria, etiologies and classification . Johns Hopkins Medical Journal , 146 : 156 – 163 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lieberson , S. and Bell , E. O. 1992 . Children's first names: An empirical study of social taste . American Journal of Sociology , 98 : 511 – 554 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lisa , L. , Hanak , J. , Cerny , M. , Faflova , H. , Kafka , V. and Braza , J. 1973 . Agenesis of the penis . Journal of Pediatric Surgery , 8 : 327 – 328 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madden , J. D. , Walsh , P. C. , MacDonald , P. C. and Wilson , J. D. 1975 . Clinical and endocrinologic characterization of a patient with the syndrome of incomplete testicular feminization . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism , 41 : 751 – 760 .
   Google Scholar
• Maes , M. , Sultan , C. , Zerhouni , N. , Rothwell , S. W. and Migeon , C. J. 1979 . Role of testosterone binding to the androgen receptor in male sexual differentiation of patients with 5α-reductase deficiency . Journal of Steroid Biochemistry , 11 : 1385 – 1390 .
   Google Scholar
• Mark , E. , Castells , S. , Glassberg , K. , Choi , S. J. , Tolete-Velcek , F. , David , K. and Migeon , C. J. 1983 . Deficiency of androgen receptors in male pseudohermaphroditism . Urology , 21 : 168 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• Masica , D. N. , Money , J. and Ehrhardt , A. A. 1971 . Fetal feminization and female gender identity in the testicular feminizing syndrome of androgen insensitivity . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 1 : 131 – 142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauvais-Jarvis , P. , Kuttenn , F. , Mowszowicz , I. and Wright , F. 1981 . Different aspects of 5α-reductase deficiency in male pseudohermaphroditism and hypothyroidism . Clinical Endocrinology , 14 : 459 – 469 .
   Google Scholar
• McCauley , E. 1990 . Disorders of sexual differentiation and development: Psychological aspects . Pediatric Clinics of North America , 37 : 1405 – 1420 .
   Google Scholar
• McConaghy , M. 1979 . Gender permanence and the genital basis of gender: Stages in the development of constancy of gender identity . Child Development , 50 : 1223 – 1226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermid , S. A. , Zucker , K. J. , Bradley , S. J. and Maing , D. M. 1998 . Effects of physical appearance on masculine trait ratings of boys and girls with gender identity disorder . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 27 : 253 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medina , M. , Chavez , B. and Perez-Palacios , G. 1981 . Defective androgen action at the cellular level in the androgen resistance syndromes. I. Differences between the complete and incomplete testicular feminization syndromes . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism , 53 : 1243 – 1246 .
   Google Scholar
• Mendez , J. P. , Ulloa-Aguirre , A. , Imperato-McGinley , J. , Brugmann , A. , Delfin , M. , Chavez , B. , Shackleton , C. , Kofman-Alfaro , S. and Perez-Palacios , G. 1995 . Male pseudohermaphroditism due to primary 5α-reductase deficiency: Variation in gender identity reversal in seven Mexican patients from five different pedigrees . Journal of Endocrinological Investigation , 18 : 205 – 213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendonca , B. B. , Bloise , W. , Arnhold , I. J. P. , Batista , M. C. , de Almeida Toledo , S. P. , Drummond , M. C. F. , Nicolau , W. and Mattar , E. 1987 . Male pseudohermaphroditism due to nonsalt-losing 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency: Gender role change and absence of gynecomastia at puberty . Journal of Steroid Biochemistry , 28 : 669 – 675 .
   Google Scholar
• Mendonca , B. B. , Inacio , M. , Costa , E. M. F. , Arnhold , I. J. P. , Silva , F. A. Q. , Nicolau , W. , Bloise , W. , Russell , D. W. and Wilson , J. D. 1996 . Male pseudohermaphroditism due to steroid 5α-reductase 2 deficiency . Medicine , 75 : 64 – 76 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mesrobian , H. J. , Kelalis , P. P. and Kramer , S. A. 1986 . Long-term followup of cosmetic appearance and genital function in boys with exstrophy: Review of 53 patients . Journal of Urology , 136 : 256 – 258 .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer-Bahlburg , H. F. L. 1982 . Hormones and psychosexual differentiation: Implications for the management of intersexuality, homosexuality and transsexuality . Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism , 11 : 681 – 701 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meyer-Bahlburg , H. F. L. 1993 . Gender identity development in intersex patients . Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 2 : 501 – 512 .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer-Bahlburg , H. F. L. 1994 . Intersexuality and the diagnosis of gender identity disorder . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 23 : 21 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer-Bahlburg , H. F. L. 1998 . Gender assignment in intersexuality . Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality , 10 ( 2 ) : 1 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer-Bahlburg , H. F. L. 1999a . Gender assignment and reassignment in 46.XY pseudohermaphroditism and related conditions . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , 84 : 3455 – 3458 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer-Bahlburg , H. F. L. 1999b . “ Variants of gender differentiation ” . In Risks and outcomes in developmental psychopathology , Edited by: Steinhausen , H.-C. and Verhulst , F. C. 298 – 313 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer-Bahlburg , H. F. L. 1999c . What causes low rates of child-bearing in congenital adrenal hyperplasia? . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism , 84 : 1844 – 1847 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer-Bahlburg , H. F. L. , Dolezal , C. , Baker , S. W. , Carlson , A. , Obeid , J. , Vogiatzi , M. and New , M. I. Differences in behavioral masculinization between subtypes of classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia in girls . Poster presented at the meeting of the International Academy of Sex Research . Stony Brook , New York . June .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer-Bahlburg , H. F. L. , Ehrhardt , A. A. , Pinel , A. and Gruen , R. Gender identity development in two 46,XY individuals with normal gonads raised female because of severe genital abnormalities . Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Sex Therapy and Research . Cleveland , OH . October .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer-Bahlburg , H. F. L. , Gruen , R. S. , New , M. I. , Bell , J. J. , Morishima , A. , Shimshi , M. , Bueno , Y. , Vargas , I. and Baker , S. W. 1996 . Gender change from female to male in classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia . Hormones and Behavior , 30 : 319 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migeon , C. J. and Wisniewski , A. B. 1998 . Sexual differentiation: From genes to gender . Hormone Research , 50 : 245 – 251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milewich , L. , Mendonca , B. B. , Arnhold , I. , Wallace , A. M. , Donaldson , M. D. C. , Wilson , J. D. and Russell , D. W. 1995 . Women with steroid 5α-reductase 2 deficiency have normal concentrations of plasma 5α-dihydroprogesterone during luteal phase . Journal of Clinical Endrocrinology and Metabolism , 80 : 3136 – 3139 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , M. The challenge of cloacal exstrophy . Paper presented at the Conference on Pediatric Gender Reassignment: A Critical Reappraisal . Dallas , TX . April .
   Google Scholar
• Money , J. W. 1952 . Hermaphroditism: An inquiry into the nature of a human paradox , Harvard University . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Money , J. 1955 . Hermaphroditism, gender and precocity in hyperadrenocorticism: Psychologic findings . Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital , 96 : 253 – 264 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Money , J. 1965 . Psychologic evaluation of the child with intersex problems . Pediatrics , 36 : 51 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Money , J. 1975 . Ablatio penis: Normal male infant sex-reassigned as a girl . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 4 : 65 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Money , J. 1976 . Gender identity and hermaphroditism [Letter] . Science , 191 : 872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Money , J. 1979 . [Letter to the editor] . Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey , 34 : 770 – 771 .
   Google Scholar
• Money , J. 1984a . Part I: Childhood coping and adult follow-up of micropenis syndrome in a case with female sex assignment . International Journal of Family Psychiatry , 5 : 317 – 339 .
   Google Scholar
• Money , J. 1984b . Part II: Transsexual versus homosexual coping in micropenis syndrome with male sex assignment . International Journal of Family Psychiatry , 5 : 341 – 373 .
   Google Scholar
• Money , J. 1985 . The conceptual neutering of gender and the criminalization of sex . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 14 : 279 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Money , J. 1991 . Biographies of gender and hermaphroditism in paired comparisons , Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Money , J. 1994 . Sex errors of the body and related syndromes: A guide to counseling children, adolescents, and their families, , 2nd ed. , Baltimore , MD : Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Money , J. 1998 . Case consultation: Ablatio penis . Medicine and the Law , 17 : 113 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• Money , J. and Annecillo , C. 1987 . “ Crucial period effect in psychoendocrinology: Two syndromes, abuse dwarfism and female (CVAH) hermaphroditism ” . In Sensitive periods in development: Interdisciplinary perspectives , Edited by: Bornstein , M. H. 145 – 158 . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Money , J. and Dalery , J. 1976 . Iatrogenic homosexuality: Gender identity in seven 46,XX chromosomal females with hyperadrenocortical hermaphroditism born with a penis, three reared as boys, four reared as girls . Journal of Homosexuality , 1 : 357 – 371 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Money , J. , Devore , H. and Norman , B. F. 1986 . Gender identity and gender transposition: Longitudinal outcome study of 32 male hermaphrodites assigned as girls . Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy , 12 : 165 – 181 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Money , J. and Ehrhardt , A. A. 1972 . Man and woman, boy and girl: The differentiation and dimorphism of gender identity from conception to maturity , Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins Press .
   Google Scholar
• Money , J. , Ehrhardt , A. A. and Masica , D. N. 1968 . Fetal feminization induced by androgen insensitivity in the testicular feminizing syndrome: Effect on marriage and maternalism . Johns Hopkins Medical Journal , 123 : 105 – 114 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Money , J. , Hampson , J. G. and Hampson , J. L. 1955 . An examination of some basic sexual concepts: The evidence of human hermaphroditism . Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital , 97 : 301 – 319 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Money , J. , Hampson , J. G. and Hampson , J. L. 1957 . Imprinting and the establishment of gender role . Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry , 77 : 333 – 336 .
   Google Scholar
• Money , J. , Lehne , G. K. and Pierre-Jerome , F. 1985 . Micropenis: Gender, erotosexual coping strategy, and behavioral health in nine pediatric cases followed to adulthood . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 26 : 29 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Money , J. and Mazur , T. 1977 . Microphallus: The successful use of a prosthetic phallus in a 9-year-old boy . Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy , 3 : 187 – 196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Money , J. , Mazur , T. , Abrams , C. and Norman , B. F. 1981 . Micropenis, family mental health, and neonatal management: A report on 14 patients reared as girls . Journal of Preventive Psychiatry , 1 : 17 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Money , J. and Norman , B. F. 1988 . Pedagogical handicap associated with micropenis and other CHARGE syndrome anomalies of embryogenesis: Four 46,XY cases reared as girls . American Journal of Psychotherapy , 42 : 354 – 379 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Money , J. and Ogunro , C. 1974 . Behavioral sexology: Ten cases of genetic male intersexuality with impaired prenatal and pubertal androgenization . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 3 : 181 – 205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montagnino , B. , Czyzewski , D. I. , Runyan , R. D. , Berkman , S. , Roth , D. R. and Gonzales , E. T. 1998 . Long-term adjustment issues in patients with exstrophy . Journal of Urology , 160 : 1471 – 1474 .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , K. L. and Barr , M. L. 1955 . Smears from the oral mucosa in the detection of chromosomal sex . Lancet , 2 : 57 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , J. M. 1953 . The syndrome of testicular feminization in male pseudohermaphrodites . American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology , 65 : 1192 – 1211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , J. M. and Mahesh , V. B. 1963 . Further observations on the syndrome, “testicular feminization” . American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology , 87 : 731 – 748 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulaikal , R. M. , Migeon , C. J. and Rock , J. A. 1987 . Fertility rates in female patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency . New England Journal of Medicine , 316 : 178 – 182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mureau , M. A. M. , Slijper , F. M. E. , Nijman , R. J. M. , van der Meulen , J. C. , Verhulst , F. C. and Slob , A. K. 1995 . Psychosexual adjustment of children and adolescents after different types of hypospadias surgery: A norm-related study . Journal of Urology , 154 : 1902 – 1907 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mureau , M. A. M. , Slijper , F. M. E. , Slob , A. K. and Verhulst , F. C. 1995 . Genital perception of children, adolescents, and adults operated on for hypospadias: A comparative study . The Journal of Sex Research , 32 : 289 – 298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mureau , M. A. M. , Slijper , F. M. E. , Slob , A. K. and Verhulst , F. C. 1997 . Psychosocial functioning of children, adolescents, and adults following hypospadias surgery: A comparative study . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 22 : 371 – 387 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mureau , M. A. M. , Slijper , F. M. E. , Slob , A. K. , Verhulst , F. C. and Nijman , R. J. M. 1996 . Satisfaction with penile appearance after hypospadias surgery: The patient and surgeon view . Journal of Urology , 155 : 703 – 706 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New , M. I. , Ghizzoni , L. and Speiser , P. W. 1996 . “ Update on congenital adrenal hyperplasia ” . In Pediatric endocrinology, , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Lifshitz , F. 305 – 320 . New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• New , M. I. and Josso , N. 1988 . Disorders of gonadal differentiation and congenital adrenal hyperplasia . Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America , 17 : 339 – 366 .
   Google Scholar
• Ng , W. K. , Taylor , N. F. , Hughes , I. A. , Taylor , J. , Ransley , P. G. and Grant , D. B. 1990 . 5α-reductase deficiency without hypospadias . Archives of Disease in Childhood , 65 : 1166 – 1167 .
   Google Scholar
• Nordenskjold , A. , Magnus , O. , Aagenaes , O. and Knudtzon , J. 1998 . Homozygous mutation (A228T) in the 5α-reductase type 2 gene in a boy with 5α-reductase deficiency: Genotype-phenotype correlations . American Journal of Medical Genetics , 80 : 269 – 272 .
   Google Scholar
• Nowakowski , H. and Lenz , W. 1961 . Genetic aspects in male hypogonadism . Recent Progress in Hormone Research , 17 : 53 – 95 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ochoa , B. 1998 . Trauma of the external genitalia in children: Amputation of the penis and emasculation . Journal of Urology , 160 : 1116 – 1119 .
   Google Scholar
• Odame , I. , Donaldson , M. D. C. , Wallace , A. M. , Cochran , W. and Smith , P. J. 1992 . Early diagnosis and management of 5a-reductase deficiency . Archives of Disease in Childhood , 67 : 720 – 723 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oesch , I. L. , Pinter , A. and Ransley , P. G. 1987 . Penile agenesis: A report of six cases . Journal of Pediatric Surgery , 22 : 172 – 174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okon , E. , Livni , N. , Rösler , A. , Yorkoni , S. , Segal , S. , Kohn , G. and Schenker , J. G. 1980 . Male pseudohermaphroditism due to 5a-reductase deficiency: Ultrastructure of the gonads . Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , 104 : 363 – 367 .
   Google Scholar
• O'Neill , J. A. , Holcomb , G. W. , Schnaufer , L. , Templeton , J. M. , Bishop , H. C. , Ross , A. J. , Duckett , J. W. , Norwood , W. I. , Ziegler , M. M. and Koop , C. E. 1988 . Surgical experience with thirteen conjoined twins . Annals of Surgery , 208 : 299 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opitz , J. M. , Simpson , J. L. , Sarto , G. E. , Summitt , R. L. , New , M. and German , J. 1972 . Pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias . Clinical Genetics , 3 : 1 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Pagon , R. A. 1987 . Diagnostic approach to the newborn with ambiguous genitalia . Pediatric Clinics of North America , 34 : 1019 – 1031 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang , S. 1997 . Congenital adrenal hyperplasia . Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America , 26 : 853 – 891 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paoletti , J. B. and Thompson , S. Gender differences in infants' rompers, 1910–1930 . Paper presented at the meeting of the Costume Society of America . Richmond , VA . May .
   Google Scholar
• Perlmutter , A. D. 1994 . [Editorial comment] . Urology , 43 : 374
   Google Scholar
• Perez-Palacios , G. , Brügmann , A. , Imperato-McGinley , J. , Bassol , S. , Valdes , E. , Mendez , J. P. and Ulloa-Aguirre , A. 1984 . Variability on the gender identity in the syndrome of 5α-steroid reductase deficiency . Prostate , 5 : 355
   Google Scholar
• Perez-Palacios , G. , Chavez , B. , Mendez , J. P. , Imperato-McGinley , J. and Ulloa-Aguirre , A. 1987 . The syndromes of androgen resistance revisited . Journal of Steroid Biochcmistry , 27 : 1101 – 1108 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pohlandt , F. , Kühn , H. , Teller , W. and Thomä , H. 1974 . Penisagenesie. Weibliche geschlechtszuweisung unter psychotherapeutischer Betreuung der Eltern [Penile agenesis. Female sex reassignment and psychotherapeutic management of parents] . Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift , 99 : 2166 – 2172 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preves , S. E. 1998 . For the sake of the children: Destigmatizing intersexuality . Journal of Clinical Ethics , 9 : 411 – 420 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price , P. , Wass , J. A. H. , Griffin , J. E. , Leshin , M. , Savage , M. O. , Large , D. M. , Bu'Lock , D. E. , Anderson , D. C. , Wilson , J. D. and Besser , G. M. 1984 . High dose androgen therapy in male pseudohermaphroditism due to 5a-reductase deficiency and disorders of the androgen receptor . Journal of Clinical Investigation , 74 : 1496 – 1508 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quattrin , T. , Aronica , S. and Mazur , T. 1990 . Management of male pseudohermaphroditism: A case report spanning twenty-one years . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 15 : 699 – 709 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quigley , C. A. , De Bellis , A. , Marschke , K. B. , El-Awady , M. K. , Wilson , E. M. and French , F. S. 1995 . Androgen receptor defects: Historical, clinical, and molecular perspectives . Endocrine Reviews , 16 : 271 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radmayr , C. , Culig , Z. , Glatzl , J. , Neuschmid-Kaspar , F. , Bartsch , G. and Klocker , H. 1997 . Androgen receptor point mutations as the underlying molecular defect in 2 patients with androgen insensitivity syndrome . Journal of Urology , 158 : 1553 – 1556 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randolph , J. , Hung , W. and Rathlev , M. C. 1981 . Clitoroplasty for females born with ambiguous genitalia: A long-term study of 37 patients . Journal of Pediatric Surgery , 16 : 882 – 887 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly , J. M. and Woodhouse , C. R. J. 1989 . Small penis and the male sexual role . Journal of Urology , 142 : 569 – 571 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiner , W. G. 1997a . [Letter to the editor] . Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , 151 : 1064
   Google Scholar
• Reiner , W. G. 1997b . Sex assignment in the neonate with intersex or inadequate genitalia . Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , 151 : 1044 – 1045 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiner , W. 1997c . To be male or female—that is the question |Editorial| . Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , 151 : 224 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiner , W. G. , Gearhart , J. P. and Jeffs , R. 1999 . Psychosexual dysfunction in males with genital anomalies: Late adolescence, Tanner stages IV to VI . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 38 : 865 – 872 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rekers , G. A. and Yates , C. E. 1976 . Sex-typed play in feminoid boys vs. normal boys and girls . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 4 : 1 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richart , R. and Benirschke , K. 1960 . Penile agenesis: Report of case, review of world literature, and discussion of pertinent embryology . Archives of Pathology , 70 : 252 – 260 .
   Google Scholar
• Rickham , P. P. 1960 . Vesico-intestinal fissure . Archives of Disease in Childhood , 35 : 97 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , S. 1996 . Forget Jose. There's an America of Kevins and Ashleys aborning . New York Times , March 3 : 3 (Section 4)
   Google Scholar
• Rosenblum , R. R. and Turner , W. R. 1973 . Congenital absence of the penis . Journal of the South Carolina Medical Association , 69 : 178 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosler , A. and Kohn , G. 1983 . Male pseudohermaphroditism due to 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency: Studies on the natural history of the defect and effect of androgens on gender role . Journal of Steroid Biochemistry , 19 : 663 – 674 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruble , D. N. and Martin , C. L. 1998 . “ Gender development ” . In The handbook of child psychology (). Vol. 3: Social, emotional, and personality development , 5th ed. , Edited by: Damon , W. and Eisenberg , N. 933 – 1016 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Russell , D. W. and Wilson , J. D. 1994 . Steroid 5α-reductase: Two genes/two enzymes . Annual Review of Biochemistry , 63 : 25 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutgers , J. L. and Scully , R. E. 1991 . The androgen insensitivity syndrome (testicular feminization): A clinicopathologic study of 43 cases . International Journal of Gynecological Pathology , 10 : 126 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saenger , P. , Goldman , A. S. , Levine , L. S. , Korth-Schutz , S. , Muecke , E. C. , Katsumata , M. , Doberne , Y. and New , M. I. 1978 . Prepubertal diagnosis of steroid 5α-reduc-tase deficiency . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism , 46 : 627 – 634 .
   Google Scholar
• Sandberg , D. E. , Meyer-Bahlburg , H. F. L. , Aranoff , G. S. , Sconzo , J. M. and Hensle , T. W. 1989 . Boys with hypospadias: A survey of behavioral difficulties . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 14 : 491 – 514 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandberg , D. E. , Meyer-Bahlburg , H. F. L. , Yager , T. J. , Hensle , T. W. , Levitt , S. B. , Kogan , S. J. and Reda , E. F. 1995 . Gender development in boys born with hypospadias . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 20 : 693 – 709 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage , M. O. , Preece , M. A. , Jeffcoate , S. L. , Ransley , P. G. , Rumsby , G. , Mansfield , M. D. and Williams , D. I. 1980 . Familial male pseudohermaphroditism due to deficiency of 5α-reductase . Clinical Endocrinology , 12 : 397 – 406 .
   Google Scholar
• Schober , J. M. 1998a . A surgeon's response to the intersex controversy . Journal of Clinical Ethics , 9 : 393 – 397 .
   Google Scholar
• Schober , J. M. 1998b . Early feminizing genitoplasty or watchful waiting . Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology , 11 : 154 – 156 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schober , J. M. 1999 . Long-term outcomes and changing attitudes to intersexuality . BJU International , 83 ( Suppl. 3 ) : 39 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Schonfeld , W. A. 1943 . Primary and secondary sexual characteristics: Study of their development in males from birth through maturity, with biometric study of penis and testes . American Journal of Diseases of Childhood , 65 : 535 – 549 .
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz , H. P. 1997 . Sex reassignment at birth [Letter to the editor] . Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , 151 : 1064
   Google Scholar
• Shakin , M. , Shakin , D. and Sternglanz , S. H. 1985 . Infant clothing: Sex labeling for strangers . Sex Roles , 12 : 955 – 964 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shearman , R. P. 1982 . “ Intersexuality ” . In Handbook of psychiatry and endocrinology , Edited by: Beumont , P. J. V. and Burrows , G. D. 325 – 354 . Amsterdam : Elsevier Biomedical Press .
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , J. L. , New , M. , Peterson , R. E. and German , J. 1971 . Pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias (PPSH) in sibs . Birth Defects , 7 : 140 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Sinnecker , G. H. G. , Hiort , O. , Dibbelt , L. , Albers , N. , Dörr , H. G. , Haus , H. , Heinrich , U. , Hemminghaus , M. , Hoepffner , W. , Holder , M. , Schnabel , D. and Kruse , K. 1996 . Phenotypic classification of male pseudohermaphroditism due to steroid 5α-reduc-tase 2 deficiency . American Journal of Medical Genetics , 63 : 223 – 230 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sizonenko , P. C. 1993 . “ Sexual differentiation ” . In Pediatric endocrinology: Physiology, pathophysiology, clinical aspects, , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Bertrand , J. , Rappaport , R. and Sizonenko , P. C. 88 – 99 . Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Skoog , S. J. and Belman , A. B. 1989 . Aphallia: Its classification and management . Journal of Urology , 141 : 589 – 592 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slijper , F. M. K. 1984 . Androgens and gender role behaviour in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) . Progress in Brain Research , 61 : 417 – 422 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slijper , F. M. E. , Drop , S. L. S. , Molenaar , J. C. and de Muinck Keizer-Schrama , S. M. P.F. 1998 . Long-term psychological evaluation of intersex children . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 27 : 125 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slob , A. K. , van der Werff ten Bosch , J. J. , van Hall , E. V. , de Jong , F. H. , Schultz , W. C. M. Weijmar and Eikelboom , F. A. 1993 . Psychosexual functioning in women with complete testicular feminization: Is androgen replacement therapy preferable to estrogen? . Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy , 19 : 201 – 209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , D. W. 1977 . Micropenis and its management . Birth Defects , 13 : 147 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Sripathi , V. , Ahmed , S. , Sakati , N. and Al-Ashwal , A. 1997 . Gender reversal in 46XX congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia . British Journal of Urology , 79 : 785 – 789 .
   Google Scholar
• Sroufe , L. A. 1990 . Considering normal and abnormal together: The essence of developmental psychopathology . Development and Psychopathology , 2 : 335 – 347 .
   Google Scholar
• Stein , R. , Stockle , M. , Fisch , M. , Nakai , H. , Müller , S. C. and Hohenfellner , R. 1994 . The fate of the adult exstrophy patient . Journal of Urology , 152 : 1413 – 1416 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolar , C. J. H. , Wiener , E. S. , Hensle , T. W. , Silen , M. L. , Sukarochana , K. , Sieber , W. K. , Goldstein , H. R. and Pettit , J. 1987 . Reconstruction of penile agenesis by a posterior sagittal approach . Journal of Pediatric Surgery , 22 : 1076 – 1080 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoller , R. J. 1964 . The hermaphroditic identity of hermaphrodites . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 139 : 453 – 457 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoller , R. J. 1965 . The sense of maleness . Psychoanalytic Quarterly , 34 : 207 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoller , R. J. , Garfinkel , H. and Rosen , A. C. 1962 . Psychiatric management of intersexed patients . California Medicine , 96 : 30 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Swaab , D. F. , Gooren , L. J. G. and Hofman , M. A. 1992 . Gender and sexual orientation in relation to hypothalamic structures . Hormone Research , 38 ( Suppl. 2 ) : 51 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Taha , S. A. 1994 . Male pseudohermaphroditism: Factors determining the gender of rearing in Saudi Arabia . Urology , 43 : 370 – 374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talwar , S. and Kapoor , R. 1988 . Aphallia . Indian Pediatrics , 25 : 579 – 581 .
   Google Scholar
• Tank , E. S. and Lindenauer , S. M. 1970 . Principles of management of exstrophy of the cloaca . American Journal of Surgery , 119 : 95 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Teter , J. and Boczkowski , K. 1966 . Testicular feminization with and without clitoral enlargement . American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology , 94 : 813 – 819 .
   Google Scholar
• Thigpen , A. E. , Davis , D. L. , Milatovich , A. , Mendonca , B. B. , Imperato-McGinley , J. , Griffin , J. E. , Francke , U. , Wilson , J. D. and Russell , D. W. 1992 . Molecular genetics of steroid 5α-reductase 2 deficiency . Journal of Clinical Investigation , 90 : 799 – 809 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorne , B. 1993 . Gender play: Girls and boys in school , New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tuffier , T. and Lapointe , A. 1911 . L'hermaphrodisme: Ses variétés et ses conséquences pour la pratique medicale (d'apres un cas personnel) . Revue de Gynécoloigie et de Chiurgie Abdominale , 17 : 209 – 268 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Seters , A. P. and Slob , A. K. 1988 . Mutually gratifying heterosexual relationship with micropenis of husband . Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy , 14 : 98 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Wyk , J. J. and Calikoglu , A. A. 1999 . Should boys with micropenis be reared as girls? . Journal of Pediatrics , 134 : 537 – 538 .
   Google Scholar
• Vilain , E. and McCabe , E. R. B. 1998 . Mammalian sex determination: From gonads to brain . Molecular Genetics and Metabolism , 65 : 74 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallen , K. 1996 . Nature needs nurture: The interaction of hormonal and social influences on the development of behavioral sex differences in rhesus monkeys . Hormones and Behavior , 30 : 364 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh , P. C. , Madden , J. D. , Harrod , M. J. , Goldstein , J. L. , MacDonald , P. C. and Wilson , J. D. 1974 . Familial incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism, type 2: Decreased dihydrotestosterone formation in pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias . New England Journal of Medicine , 291 : 944 – 949 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warne , G. L. and Zajac , J. D. 1998 . Disorders of sexual differentiation . Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America , 27 : 945 – 967 .
   Google Scholar
• 1963 . Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary , Springfield , MA : G. & C. Merriam .
   Google Scholar
• Wedell , A. 1998 . Molecular genetics of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21-hydroxylase deficiency): Implications for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment . Acta Paediatrica , 87 : 159 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieacker , P. , Flecken , U. and Breckwoldt , M. 1992 . Ein Fall von pseudovaginaler, perineoskrotaler Hypospadie mit 5α-reduktase-defizienz [A case of pseudovaginal, perineoscrotal hypospadia with 5α-reductase deficiency] . Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde , 52 : 126 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilkins , L. , Lewis , R. A. , Klein , R. and Rosemberg , E. 1950 . The suppression of androgen secretion by cortisone in a case of congenital adrenal hyperplasia . Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital , 86 : 249 – 252 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson , B. E. and Reiner , W. G. 1998 . Management of intersex: A shifting paradigm . Journal of Clinical Ethics , 9 : 360 – 369 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , J. D. , Griffin , J. E. and Russell , D. W. 1993 . Steroid 5α-reductase 2 deficiency . Endocrine Reviews , 14 : 577 – 593 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , R. C. , Mercado , A. B. , Cheng , K. C. and New , M. I. 1995 . Steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency: Genotype may not predict phenotype . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism , 80 : 2322 – 2329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winestine , M. C. 1989 . To know or not to know: Some observations on women's reactions to the availability of prenatal knowledge of their babies' sex . Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association , 37 : 1015 – 1030 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woollett , A. , White , D. and Lyon , L. 1982 . “ Observations of fathers at birth ” . In Fathers: Psychological perspectives , Edited by: Beail , N. and McGuire , J. 71 – 91 . London : Junction Books .
   Google Scholar
• Young , H. H. , Cockett , A. T. K. , Stoller , R. , Ashley , F. L. and Goodwin , W. E. 1971 . The management of agenesis of the phallus . Pediatrics , 47 : 81 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacharin , M. 1999 . Fertility and its complications in a patient with salt losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia . Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism , 12 : 89 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Zderic , S. A. , Canning , D. A. , Snyder , H. M. and Carr , M. C. Pediatric gender assignment: A critical reappraisal , New York : Plenum . (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Zucker , K. J. 1996 . Commentary on Diamond's “Prenatal Predisposition and the Clinical Management of Some Pediatric Conditions” . Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy , 22 : 148 – 160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zucker , K. J. and Bradley , S. J. 1995 . Gender identity disorder and psychosexual problems in children and adolescents , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zucker , K. J. , Bradley , S. J. , Kuksis , M. , Pecore , K. , Birkenfeld-Adams , A. , Doering , R. W. , Mitchell , J. N. and Wild , J. Gender constancy judgments in children with gender identity disorder: Evidence for a developmental lag . Archives of Sexual Behavior , (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Zucker , K. J. , Bradley , S. J. , Sullivan , C. B. Lowry , Kuksis , M. , Birkenfeld-Adams , A. and Mitchell , J. N. 1993 . A gender identity interview for children . Journal of Personality Assessment , 61 : 443 – 456 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zucker , K. J. , Bradley , S. J. , Oliver , G. , Blake , J. , Fleming , S. and Hood , J. 1996 . Psychosexual development of women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia . Hormones and Behavior , 30 : 300 – 318 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zucker , K. J. , Doering , R. W. , Bradley , S. J. and Finegan , J. K. 1982 . Sex-typed play in gender-disturbed children: A comparison to sibling and psychiatric controls . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 11 : 309 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuger , B. 1970 . Gender role determination: A critical review of the evidence from hermaphroditism . Psychosomatic Medicine , 32 : 449 – 463 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwiren , G. T. and Patterson , J. H. 1965 . Extrophy of the cloaca: Report of a case treated surgically . Pediatrics , 35 : 687 – 692 .
   Google Scholar