The Legacy of Shame following Childhood Sexual Abuse Disclosures

References

• Alaggia, R., Collin-Vézina, D., & Lateef, R. (2019). Facilitators and barriers to child sexual abuse (CSA) disclosures: A research update (2000-2016). Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 20(2), 260–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017697312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alaggia, R., & Wang, S. (2020). I never told anyone until the #metoo movement”: What can we learn from sexual abuse and sexual assault disclosures made through social media? Child Abuse & Neglect, 103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104312
   Google Scholar
• Alix, S., Cossette, L., Hébert, M., Cyr, M., & Frappier, J. (2017). Posttraumatic stress disorder and suicidal ideation among sexually abused adolescent girls: The mediating role of shame. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 26(2), 158–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2017.1280577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amstadter, A. B., & Vernon, L. L. (2008). Emotional reactions during and after trauma: A comparison of trauma types. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 16(4), 391–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926770801926492
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Böhm, B. (2017). “She got spoilt”: Perceptions of victims of child sexual abuse in Ghana. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 26(7), 818–838. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2017.1354347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolen, R. M. (2002). Child sexual abuse: Its scope and our failure. Kluwer Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Brazelton, J. F. (2015). The secret storm: Exploring the disclosure process of African American women survivors of child sexual abuse across the life course. Traumatology, 21(3), 181–187. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000047
   Google Scholar
• Brown, B. (2006). Shame resilience theory: A grounded theory study on women and shame. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 87(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.3483
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chouliara, Z., Karatzias, T., & Gullone, A. (2014). Recovering from childhood sexual abuse: A theoretical framework for practice and research. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 21(1), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagbovie-Mullins, S. A. (2013). Pigtails, ponytails, and getting tail: The infantilization and hyper-sexualization of African American females in popular culture. The Journal of Popular Culture, 46(4), 745–771. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpcu.12047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De La Rosa, S., & Riva, M. T. (2021). Relationship variables in group psychotherapy for women sexual trauma survivors. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 71(1), 144–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207284.2020.1772072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denov, M. S. (2003). To a safer place? Victims of sexual abuse by females and their disclosures to professionals. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(1), 47–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00509-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DePrince, A. P., Chu, A. T., & Pineda, A. S. (2011). Links between specific posttrauma appraisals and three forms of trauma-related distress. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 3(4), 430–441. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021576 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorahy, M. J., & Clearwater, K. (2012). Shame and guilt in men exposed to childhood sexual abuse: A qualitative investigation. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 21(2), 155–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2012.659803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drisko, J. W. (1997). Strengthening qualitative studies and reports: Standards to promote academic integrity. Journal of Social Work Education, 33(1), 185–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/10437797.1997.10778862
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feiring, C., Simon, V. A., & Cleland, C. M. (2009). Childhood sexual abuse, stigmatization, internalizing symptoms, and the development of sexual difficulties and dating aggression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(1), 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feiring, C., & Taska, L. S. (2005). The persistence of shame following sexual abuse: A longitudinal look at risk and recovery. Child Maltreatment, 10(4), 337–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559505276686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feiring, C., Taska, L., & Lewis, M. (2002). Adjustment following sexual abuse discovery: The role of shame and attributional style. Developmental Psychology, 38(1), 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.38.1.79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontes, L. (2007). Sin Vergüenza: Addressing shame with Latino victims of child sexual abuse and their families. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 16(1), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1300/J070v16n01_04
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fontes, L. A., & Plummer, C. (2010). Cultural issues in disclosures of child sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(5), 491–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2010.512520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilligan, P., & Akhtar, S. (2006). Cultural barriers to the disclosure of child sexual abuse in Asian communities: Listening to what women say. The British Journal of Social Work, 36(8), 1361–1377. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bch309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giorgi, A. (1997). The theory, practice, and evaluation of the phenomenological method as a qualitative research. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 28(2), 235–260. https://doi.org/10.1163/156916297X00103
   Google Scholar
• Greeson, M. R., Campbell, R., & Fehler-Cabral, G. (2014). Cold or caring? Adolescent sexual assault victims’ perceptions of their interactions with the police. Violence and Victims, 29(4), 636–651. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath, N. M., Lynch, S. M., McArthur, L. N., Fritch, A. M., & Smith, S. L. (2011). Silent survivors: Rape myth acceptance in incarcerated women’s narratives of disclosure and reporting of rape. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(4), 596–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684311407870
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, J. L. (2011). Posttraumatic stress disorder as a shame disorder. In R. L. Dearing & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Shame in the therapy hour (pp. 261–275). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12326-011
   Google Scholar
• Hershkowitz, I., Lanes, O., & Lamb, M. E. (2007). Exploring the disclosure of child sexual abuse with alleged victims and their parents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(2), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, C., Thompson, B., & Williams, E. (1997). A guide to conducting consensual qualitative research. Counseling Psychologist, 25(4), 517–572. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000097254001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holl, J., Wolff, S., Schumacher, M., Höcker, A., Arens, E. A., Spindler, G., Stopsack, M., Südhof, J., Hiller, P., Klein, M., Schäfer, I., & Barnow, S. (2017). Substance use to regulate intense posttraumatic shame in individuals with childhood abuse and neglect. Development and Psychopathology, 29(3), 737–749. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579416000432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, S. V. (2010). Evolving narratives about childhood sexual abuse: Challenging the dominance of the victim and survivor paradigm. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 31(2), 176–190. https://doi.org/10.1375/anft.31.2.176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ironson, G., Freund, B., Strauss, J. L., & Williams, J. (2002). Comparison of two treatments for traumatic stress: A community-based study of EMDR and prolonged exposure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 113–128. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.1132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallstrom-Fuqua, A., Weston, R., & Marshall, L. L. (2004). Childhood and adolescent sexual abuse of community women: Mediated effects on psychological distress and social relationships. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(6), 980–992. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.6.980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaysen, D., Morris, M. K., Rizvi, S. L., & Resick, P. A. (2005). Peritraumatic responses and their relationship to perceptions of threat in female crime victims. Violence against Women, 11(12), 1515–1535. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801205280931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kealy, D., Spidel, A., & Ogrodniczuk, J. S. (2017). Self-conscious emotions and suicidal ideation among women with and without history of childhood sexual abuse. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 17(4), 269–275. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12140
   Google Scholar
• La Bash, H., & Papa, A. (2014). Shame and PTSD symptoms. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(2), 159–166. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032637
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D. A., Scragg, P., & Turner, S. (2001). The role of shame and guilt in traumatic events: A clinical model of shame-based and guilt-based PTSD. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 74(4), 451–466. https://doi.org/10.1348/00071120116110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, M. (2014). The rise of consciousness and the development of emotional life. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Luoma, J. B., & Platt, M. G. (2015). Shame, self-criticism, self-stigma, and compassion in acceptance and commitment therapy. Current Opinion in Psychology, 2, 97–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.12.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCracken, G. (1988). The long interview: Qualitative research methods. Sage Publications Inc.
   Google Scholar
• McElvaney, R., Lateef, R., Collin-Vézina, D., Alaggia, R., & Simpson, M. (2021). Bringing shame out of the shadows: Identifying shame in child sexual abuse disclosure processes and implications for psychotherapy. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211037435
   Google Scholar
• McLean, L., Bambling, M., & Steindl, S. R. (2021). Perspectives on self-compassion from adult female survivors of sexual abuse and the counselors who work with them. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(9–10), NP4564–NP4587. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518793975
   Google Scholar
• McRobert, K. (2019). Young survivors of sexual abuse as ‘children out of place. In N. Von Benzon & C. Wilkinson (Eds.), Intersectionality and difference in childhood and youth: Global perspectives (1st) ed., pp. 143–157). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, A. P. (2011). The psychodynamics of shame. In R. L. Dearing & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Shame in the therapy hour (pp. 23–43). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, C., & Waller, G. (2002). Reported sexual abuse and bulimic psychopathology among nonclinical women: The mediating role of shame. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 32(2), 186–191. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersen, K. T. (2013). A study of shame from sexual abuse within the context of a Norwegian incest center. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 22(6), 677–694. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2013.811139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, A., & Daniluk, J. C. (2004). Beyond “survivor”: How childhood sexual abuse informs the identity of adult women at the end of the therapeutic process. Journal of Counseling and Development, 82(2), 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00299.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulverman, C. S., & Meston, C. M. (2020). Sexual dysfunction in women with a history of childhood sexual abuse: The role of sexual shame. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 12(3), 291–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahm, G. B., Renck, B., & Ringsberg, K. C. (2006). ‘Disgust, disgust beyond description’ - shame cues to detect shame in disguise, in interviews with women who were sexually abused during childhood. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 13(1), 100–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2006.00927.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranjbar, V., & Speer, S. A. (2013). Revictimization and recovery from sexual assault: Implications for health professionals. Violence and Victims, 28(2), 274–287. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.11-00144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Retzinger, S. M. (1995). Identifying shame and anger in discourse. American Behavioral Scientist, 38(8), 1104–1113. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764295038008006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saraiya, T., & Lopez-Castro, T. (2016). Ashamed and afraid: A scoping review of the role of shame in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Journal of Clinical Medicine, 5(11), 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm5110094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner, T., & Taylor, H. (2009). “Being shut out in the dark”: Young survivors’ experiences of reporting a sexual offence. Feminist Criminology, 4(2), 130–150. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085108326118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorsoli, L., Kia-Keating, M., & Grossman, F. K. (2008). “I keep that hush-hush”: Male survivors of sexual abuse and the challenges of disclosure. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(3), 333–345. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.55.3.333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stander, V. A., Olson, C. B., & Merrill, L. L. (2002). Self-definition as a survivor of childhood sexual abuse among navy recruits. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(2), 369–377. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-006X.70.2.369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoltenborgh, M., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Euser, E. M., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. (2011). A global perspective on child sexual abuse: Meta-analysis of prevalence around the world. Child Maltreatment, 16(2), 79–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559511403920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (2008). Basics of qualitative research (3rd) ed.). Sage Publications Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2002). Shame and guilt. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D. J. (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1), 345–372. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapia, N. D. (2014). Survivors of child sexual abuse and predictors of adult re-victimization in the United States: A forward logistic regression analysis. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 9(1), 64–73. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/survivors-child-sexual-abuse-predictors-adult-re/docview/1557153360/se-2
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. C., & Norma, C. (2013). The ties that bind: Family barriers for adult women seeking to report childhood sexual assault in Australia. Women’s Studies International Forum, 37, 114–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2012.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyagi, S. V. (2002). Incest and women of color: A study of experiences and disclosure. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 10(2), 17–39. https://doi.org/10.1300/J070v10n02_02
   Google Scholar
• Wamser-Nanney, R., & Campbell, C. L. (2019). Children’s coping following sexual abuse: The roles of abuse characteristics, abuse stress, and maternal support. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(2), 514–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01540-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar