Mental Health of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths: A Developmental Resiliency Perspective

REFERENCES

• Anhalt , K. and Morris , T. L. 1998 . Developmental and adjustment issues of gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents: A review of the empirical literature . Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review , 1 : 215 – 230 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Balsam , K. F. , Rothblum , E. D. and Beauchaine , T. P. 2005 . Victimization over the life span: A comparison of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and heterosexual siblings . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 73 : 477 – 487 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bontempo , D. E. and D’Augelli , A. R. 2002 . Effects of at-school victimization and sexual orientation on lesbian, gay, or bisexual youths’ health risk behaviors . Journal of Adolescent Health , 30 : 364 – 374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos , H. M. , Sandfort , T. G. , de Bruyn , E. H. and Hakvoort , E. M. 2008 . Same-sex attraction, social relationships, psychosocial functioning, and school performance in early adolescence . Developmental Psychology , 44 : 59 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulet , J. and Boss , M. W. 1991 . Reliability and validity of the Brief Symptom Inventory . Psychological Assessment , 3 : 433 – 437 .
   Google Scholar
• Breslau , J. , Aguilar-Gaxiola , S. , Kendler , K. S. , Su , M. , Williams , D. and Kessler , R. C. 2006 . Specifying race-ethnic differences in risk for psychiatric disorder in a USA national sample . Psychological Medicine , 36 : 57 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , B. B. 2004 . “ Adolescents’ relationships with peers ” . In Handbook of adolescent psychology , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Lerner , R. M. and Steinberg , L. 363 – 394 . New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , B. B. , Mounts , N. , Lamborn , S. D. and Steinberg , L. 1993 . Parenting practices and peer group affiliation in adolescence . Child Development , 64 : 467 – 482 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran , B. N. , Stewart , A. J. , Ginzler , J. A. and Cauce , A. M. 2002 . Challenges faced by homeless sexual minorities: Comparison of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender homeless adolescents with their heterosexual counterparts . American Journal of Public Health , 92 : 773 – 777 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , S. and Wills , T. A. 1985 . Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis . Psychological Bulletin , 98 : 310 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins , W. A. and Laursen , B. 2004 . Changing relationships, changing youth: Interpersonal contexts of adolescent development . Journal of Early Adolescence , 24 : 55 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins , W. A. and van Dulmen , M. 2006 . “ Friendships and romance in emerging adulthood: Assessing distinctiveness in close relationships ” . In Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century , Edited by: Arnett , J. J. and Tanner , J. L. Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• D’Augelli , A. R. , Grossman , A. H. and Starks , M. T. 2005 . Parents’ awareness of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths’ sexual orientation . Journal of Marriage and Family , 67 : 474 – 482 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Augelli , A. R. and Hershberger , S. L. 1993 . Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth in community settings: Personal challenges and mental health problems . American Journal of Community Psychology , 21 : 421 – 448 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Augelli , A. R. , Hershberger , S. L. and Pilkington , N. W. 1998 . Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth and their families: Disclosure of sexual orientation and its consequences . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 68 : 361 – 371 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Augelli , A. R. , Pilkington , N. W. and Hershberger , S. L. 2002 . Incidence and mental health impact of sexual orientation victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths in high school . School Psychology Quarterly , 17 : 148 – 167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derogatis , L. R. 2000 . BSI-18: Administration, scoring and procedures manual , Minneapolis, MN : National Computer Systems .
   Google Scholar
• DiTommaso , E. and Spinner , B. 1993 . The development and initial validation of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA) . Personality and Individual Differences , 14 : 127 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuRant , R. H. , Krowchuk , D. P. and Sinal , S. H. 1998 . Victimization, use of violence, and drug use at school among male adolescents who engage in same-sex sexual behavior . Journal of Pediatrics , 133 : 113 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton , D. K. , Kann , L. , Kinchen , S. , Ross , J. , Hawkins , J. , Harris , W. A. and Wechsler , H. 2006 . Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2005 . Journal of School Health , 76 : 353 – 372 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton , D. K. , Kann , L. , Kinchen , S. , Shanklin , S. , Ross , J. , Hawkins , J. and Wechsler , H. 2008 . Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2007 . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summary , 57 : 1 – 131 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eliason , M. J. and Schope , R. 2007 . Shifting sands or solid foundation? Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender identity formation , New York, NY : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Faulkner , A. H. and Cranston , K. 1998 . Correlates of same-sex sexual behavior in a random sample of Massachusetts high school students . American Journal of Public Health , 88 : 262 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergus , S. and Zimmerman , M. A. 2005 . Adolescent resilience: A framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk . Annual Review of Public Health , 26 : 399 – 419 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergusson , D. M. , Horwood , L. J. , Ridder , E. M. and Beautrais , A. L. 2005 . Sexual orientation and mental health in a birth cohort of young adults . Psychological Medicine , 35 : 971 – 981 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furman , W. , Brown , B. B. and Feiring , C. 1999 . The development of romantic relationships in adolescence , New York, NY : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Garmezy , N. , Masten , A. S. and Tellegen , A. 1984 . The study of stress and competence in children: A building block for developmental psychopathology . Child Development , 55 : 97 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garofalo , R. , Mustanski , B. and Donenberg , G. 2008 . Parents know and parents matter: Is it time to develop family-based HIV prevention programs for young men who have sex with men? . Journal of Adolescent Health , 43 : 201 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garofalo , R. , Wolf , R. C. , Wissow , L. S. , Woods , E. R. and Goodman , E. 1999 . Sexual orientation and risk of suicide attempts among a representative sample of youth . Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine , 153 : 487 – 493 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberger , E. , Chen , C. , Tally , S. R. and Qi , D. 2000 . Family, peer, and individual correlates of depressive symptomatology among U.S. and Chinese adolescents . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 68 : 209 – 219 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek , G. M. 1989 . Hate crimes against lesbians and gay men: Issues for research and policy . American Psychologist , 44 : 948 – 955 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek , G. M. 2002 . Heterosexuals’ attitudes toward bisexual men and women in the United States . Journal of Sex Research , 39 : 264 – 274 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek , G. M. and Garnets , L. D. 2007 . Sexual orientation and mental health . Annual Review of Clinical Psychology , 3 : 353 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershberger , S. and D’Augelli , A. R. 1995 . The impact of victimization on the mental health and suicidality of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths . Developmental Psychology , 31 : 65 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershberger , S. L. , Pilkington , N. W. and D’Augelli , A. R. 1997 . Predictors of suicide attempts among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth . Journal of Adolescent Research , 12 : 477 – 497 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillier , L. and Harrison , L. 2007 . Building realities less limited than their own: Young people practicing same-sex attraction on the Internet . Sexualities , 10 : 82 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Hodges , E. V. E. , Boivin , M. , Vitaro , F. and Bukowski , W. M. 1999 . The power of friendship: Protection against an escalating cycle of peer victimization . Developmental Psychology , 35 : 94 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House , J. S. , Landis , K. R. and Umberson , D. 1988 . Social relationships and health . Science , 241 : 540 – 545 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huebner , D. M. , Rebchook , G. M. and Kegeles , S. M. 2004 . Experiences of harassment, discrimination, and physical violence among young gay and bisexual men . American Journal of Public Health , 94 : 1200 – 1203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman , J. , Cook , A. , Arny , L. , Jones , B. and Pittinsky , T. 1994 . Problems defining resiliency: Illustrations from the study of maltreated children . Development & Psychopathology , 6 : 215 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luthar , S. S. , Cicchetti , D. and Becker , B. 2000 . The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work . Child Development , 71 : 543 – 562 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , A. D. and Hetrick , E. S. 1988 . The stigmatization of the gay and lesbian adolescent . Journal of Homosexuality , 15 : 163 – 183 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masten , A. S. 2001 . Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development . American Psychologist , 56 : 227 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masten , A. S. , Obradovic , J. and Burt , K. B. 2006 . “ Resilience in emerging adulthood: Developmental perspectives on continuity and transformation ” . In Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century , 1st ed. , Edited by: Arnett , J. J. and Tanner , J. L. xxii Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Meeus , W. and Dekovic , M. 1995 . Identity development, parental and peer support in adolescence: Results of a national Dutch survey . Adolescence , 30 : 931 – 944 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer , I. H. 2003 . Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence . Psychological Bulletin , 129 : 674 – 697 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison-Beedy , D. , Carey , M. and Tu , X. 2006 . Accuracy of Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interviewing (ACASI) and self-administered questionnaires for the assessment of sexual behavior . AIDS and Behavior , : 1 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema , S. and Girgus , J. S. 1994 . The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence . Psychological Bulletin , 115 : 424 – 443 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nungesser , L. G. 1983 . Homosexual acts, actors, and identities , New York, NY : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Olson , D. H. 1986 . Circumplex Model VII: Validation studies and FACES III . Family Process , 25 : 337 – 351 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrotti , J. and Westheimer , K. 2001 . When the drama club is not enough: Lessons from the Safe Schools Program for Gay and Lesbian Students , Boston, MA : Beacon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pilkington , N. W. and D’Augelli , A. R. 1995 . Victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth in community settings . Journal of Community Psychology , 23 : 34 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratcliff , J. J. , Lassiter , G. D. , Markman , K. D. and Snyder , C. J. 2006 . Gender differences in attitudes toward gay men and lesbians: The role of motivation to respond without prejudice . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 32 : 1325 – 1338 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remafedi , G. , French , S. , Story , M. , Resnick , M. D. and Blum , R. 1998 . The relationship between suicide risk and sexual orientation: Results of a population-based study . American Journal of Public Health , 88 : 57 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson , D. R. and Green , L. R. 1999 . Social sanction and threat explanations of gender effects on direct and indirect aggression . Aggressive Behavior , 25 : 425 – 434 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosario , M. , Schrimshaw , E. W. and Hunter , J. 2004 . Ethnic/racial differences in the coming-out process of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: A comparison of sexual identity development over time . Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology , 10 : 215 – 228 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosario , M. , Schrimshaw , E. W. , Hunter , J. and Gwadz , M. 2002 . Gay-related stress and emotional distress among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths: A longitudinal examination . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 70 : 967 – 975 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotheram-Borus , M. J. and Koopman , C. 1991 . Sexual risk behavior, AIDS knowledge, and beliefs about AIDS among predominantly minority gay and bisexual male adolescents . AIDS Education and Prevention , 3 : 305 – 312 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Russell , S. T. and Joyner , K. 2001 . Adolescent sexual orientation and suicide risk: Evidence from a national study . American Journal of Public Health , 91 : 1276 – 1281 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter , M. 1985 . Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder . British Journal of Psychiatry , 147 : 598 – 611 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter , M. 1987 . Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 57 : 316 – 331 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savin-Williams , R. C. 2001 . Suicide attempts among sexual-minority youths: Population and measurement issues . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 69 : 983 – 991 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savin-Williams , R. C. 2005 . The new gay teenager , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Savin-Williams , R. C. and Diamond , L. M. 2000 . Sexual identity trajectories among sexual-minority youths: Gender comparisons . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 29 : 607 – 627 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spirito , A. and Esposito-Smythers , C. 2006 . Attempted and completed suicide in adolescence . Annual Review of Clinical Psychology , 2 : 237 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes , J. P. , Vanable , P. A. and McKirnan , D. J. 1996 . Ethnic differences in sexual behavior, condom use, and psychosocial variables among black and White men who have sex with men . Journal of Sex Research , 33 : 373 – 381 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoits , P. A. 1995 . Stress, coping, and social support processes: Where are we? What next? . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 36 : 53 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldo , C. R. , Hesson-McInnis , M. S. and D’Augelli , A. R. 1998 . Antecedents and consequences of victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual young people: A structural model comparing rural university and urban samples . American Journal of Community Psychology , 26 : 307 – 334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , T. , Connolly , J. , Pepler , D. and Craig , W. 2005 . Peer victimization, social support, and psychosocial adjustment of sexual minority adolescents . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 34 : 471 – 482 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabora , J. , BrintzenhofeSzoc , K. , Jacobsen , P. , Curbow , B. , Piantadosi , S. , Hooker , C. and Derogatis , L. 2001 . A new psychosocial screening instrument for use with cancer patients . Psychosomatics , 42 : 241 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimet , G. D. , Dahlem , N. W. , Zimet , S. G. and Farley , G. K. 1988 . The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support . Journal of Personality Assessment , 52 : 30 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar