Character strengths and their associations with well-being and mental distress among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer individuals

References

• Antebi-Gruszka, N., Mor, Z., & Shilo, G. (2019). Mental distress, well-being, and stress-related growth following an anti-LGBQ hate crime among LGBQ young adults in Israel: The effect of familiarity with the victims and the mediating role of emotional support. Journal of Homosexuality, Online First.
   Google Scholar
• Antebi-Gruszka, N., & Schrimshaw, E. W. (2018). Negative attitudes toward same-sex behavior inventory: An internalized homonegativity measure for research with bisexual, gay, and other non–gay-identified men who have sex with men. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 5(2), 156–168.
   Google Scholar
• Antebi-Gruszka, N., Talan, A., Reisner, S., & Rendina, H. J. (2020). Sociodemographic and behavioral factors associated with testing for HIV and sexually transmitted infections in a U.S. nationwide sample of transgender men who have sex with men. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 96(6), 422–427. doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2020-054474
   Google Scholar
• Asakura, K., Craig, S. L. (2014). “It gets better”… but how? Exploring resilience development in the accounts of LGBTQ adults. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 24(3), 253–266. doi:10.1080/10911359.2013.808971
   Google Scholar
• Bacigalupe, G. (2001). Is positive psychology only White psychology? The American Psychologist, 56(1), 82–83. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.1.82b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bariola, E., Lyons, A., & Lucke, J. (2017). Flourishing among sexual minority individuals: Application of the dual continuum model of mental health in a sample of lesbians and gay men. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 4(1), 43–53.
   Google Scholar
• Bolier, L., Haverman, M., Westerhof, G. J., Riper, H., Smit, F., & Bohlmeijer, E. (2013). Positive psychology interventions: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 119. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgogna, N. C., McDermott, R. C., Aita, S. L., & Kridel, M. M. (2019). Anxiety and depression across gender and sexual minorities: Implications for transgender, gender nonconforming, pansexual, demisexual, asexual, queer, and questioning individuals. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 6(1), 54–63. doi:10.1037/sgd0000306
   Google Scholar
• Brewster, M. E., Moradi, B., DeBlaere, C., & Velez, B. L. (2013). Navigating the borderlands: The roles of minority stressors, bicultural self-efficacy, and cognitive flexibility in the mental health of bisexual individuals. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(4), 543–556. doi:10.1037/a0033224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, L. S. (1989). New voices, new visions: Toward a lesbian/gay paradigm for psychology. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 13(4), 445–458. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1989.tb01013.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, E., Downey, C., Hirsch, J., & Lin, N. (2016). Positive psychology in racial and ethnic minority groups. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Cheavens, J. S., Feldman, D. B., Gum, A., Michael, S. T., & Snyder, C. R. (2006). Hope therapy in a community sample: A pilot investigation. Social Indicators Research, 77(1), 61–78. doi:10.1007/s11205-005-5553-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christopher, J. C., & Hickinbottom, S. (2008). Positive psychology, ethnocentrism, and the disguised ideology of individualism. Theory & Psychology, 18(5), 563–589.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciarrochi, J., Parker, P., Kashdan, T. B., Heaven, P. C., & Barkus, E. (2015). Hope and emotional well-being: A six-year study to distinguish antecedents, correlates, and consequences. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(6), 513–520. doi:10.1080/17439760.2015.1015154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran, S. D., Sullivan, J. G., & Mays, V. M. (2003). Prevalence of mental disorders, psychological distress, and mental health services use among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(1), 53–61. doi:10.1037//0022-006x.71.1.53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corona, K., Senft, N., Campos, B., Chen, C., Shiota, M., & Chentsova-Dutton, Y. E. (2020). Ethnic variation in gratitude and well-being. Emotion, 20(3), 518–524. doi:10.1037/emo0000582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, S. L., McInroy, L. B., Alaggia, R., & McCready, L. T. (2014). Like picking up a seed, but you haven’t planted it”: Queer youth analyze the It Gets Better Project. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 5(1), 204–219. doi:10.18357/ijcyfs.craigsl.512014
   Google Scholar
• Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4), 349–354. doi:10.1037/h0047358
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dahlsgaard, K., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Shared virtue: The convergence of valued human strengths across culture and history. Review of General Psychology, 9(3), 203–213. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.9.3.203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, M. I., & Clark, D. M. (1998). Thought suppression produces rebound effect with analogue post-traumatic intrusions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(6), 571–582. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00051-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13(1), 81–84. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 143–156. doi:10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinstein, B. A., & Dyar, C. (2017). Bisexuality, minority stress, and health. Current Sexual Health Reports, 9(1), 42–49. doi:10.1007/s11930-017-0096-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fingerhut, A. W., Peplau, L. A., & Gable, S. L. (2010). Identity, minority stress and psychological well-being among gay men and lesbians. Psychology and Sexuality, 1(2), 101–114.
   Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1045–1062. doi:10.1037/a0013262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher, M. W., & Lopez, S. J. (2009). Positive expectancies and mental health: Identifying the unique contributions of hope and optimism. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), 548–556. doi:10.1080/17439760903157166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grzanka, P. R., & Mann, E. S. (2014). Queer youth suicide and the psychopolitics of “It Gets Better. Sexualities, 17(4), 369–393. doi:10.1177/1363460713516785
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281–291. doi:10.1017/S0048577201393198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2009). How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework. Psychological Bulletin, 135(5), 707–730. doi:10.1037/a0016441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton, T. V., & Wallander, J. L. (2001). Hope and social support as resilience factors against psychological distress of mothers who care for children with chronic physical conditions. Rehabilitation Psychology, 46(4), 382–399. doi:10.1037/0090-5550.46.4.382
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwitz, A. G., Berona, J., Busby, D. R., Eisenberg, D., Zheng, K., Pistorello, J., Albucher, R., Coreyell, W., Favorite, T., Walloch, J. C., & King, C. A. (2020). Variation in suicide risk among subgroups of sexual and gender minority college students. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 50(5), 1041–1053. doi:10.1111/sltb.12637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson, K. D., & Romanelli, M. (2020). “We are powerful people”: Health-promoting strengths of LGBTQ communities of color. Qualitative Health Research, 30(8), 1156–1170. doi:10.1177/1049732319837572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes, C. L. M. (1998). Social well-being. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61(2), 121–140. doi:10.2307/2787065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S. L. T., … Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 959–976. doi:10.1017/s0033291702006074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2004). The world mental health (WMH) survey initiative version of the world health organization (WHO) composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 13(2), 93–121. doi:10.1002/mpr.168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207–222. doi:10.2307/3090197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes, C. L. M. (2009). The Black-White paradox in health: Flourishing in the face of social inequality and discrimination. Journal of Personality, 77(6), 1677–1706. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00597.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, M., Semlyen, J., Tai, S. S., Killaspy, H., Osborn, D., Popelyuk, D., & Nazareth, I. (2008). A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry, 8(1), 70. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-8-70
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konik, J., & Crawford, M. (2004). Exploring normative creativity: Testing the relationship between cognitive flexibility and sexual identity. Sex Roles, 51(3/4), 249–253. doi:10.1023/B:SERS.0000037885.22789.83
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koo, M., Algoe, S. B., Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2008). It's a wonderful life: Mentally subtracting positive events improves people's affective states, contrary to their affective forecasts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1217–1224. doi:10.1037/a0013316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon, P. (2002). Hope, defense mechanisms, and adjustment: Implications for false hope and defensive hopelessness. Journal of Personality, 70(2), 207–231. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.05003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landrine, H., & Klonoff, E. A. (1996). The schedule of racist events: A measure of racial discrimination and a study of its negative physical and mental health consequences. Journal of Black Psychology, 22(2), 144–168. doi:10.1177/00957984960222002
   Google Scholar
• Lavy, S., & Littman-Ovadia, H. (2011). All you need is love? Strengths mediate the negative associations between attachment orientations and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(7), 1050–1055. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.01.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littman-Ovadia, H., & Lavy, S. (2012). Differential ratings and associations with well-being of character strengths in two communities. Health Sociology Review, 21(3), 299–312. doi:10.5172/hesr.2012.21.3.299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez, S. J., Prosser, E. C., Edwards, L. M., Magyar-Moe, J. L., Neufeld, J. E., & Rasmussen, H. N. (2002). Putting positive psychology in a multicultural context. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology (pp. 700–714). New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lytle, M. C., Vaughan, M. D., Rodriguez, E. M., & Shmerler, D. L. (2014). Working with LGBT individuals: Incorporating positive psychology into training and practice. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(4), 335–347. doi:10.1037/sgd0000064
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maikranz, J. M., Steele, R. G., Dreyer, M. L., Stratman, A. C., & Bovaird, J. A. (2007). The relationship of hope and illness-related uncertainty to emotional adjustment and adherence among pediatric renal and liver transplant recipients. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32(5), 571–581. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsl046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76(2), 623–626. doi:10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.623
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Martí, M. L., Hernández-Lloreda, M. J., & Avia, M. D. (2016). Appreciation of beauty and excellence: Relationship with personality, prosociality and well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(6), 2613–2634. doi:10.1007/s10902-015-9709-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matlin, M. W. (2010). Writing (and rewriting) about the psychology of women. Sex Roles, 62(3-4), 166–172. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9741-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough, M. E. (2000). Forgiveness as human strength: Theory, measurement, and links to well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 43–55. doi:10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.43
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath, R. E. (2014). Scale- and item-level factor analyses of the VIA inventory of strengths. Assessment, 21(1), 4–14. doi:10.1177/1073191112450612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath, R. E. (2015). Integrating psychological and cultural perspectives on virtue: The hierarchical structure of character strengths. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(5), 407–424. doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.994222
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath, R. E., & Wallace, N. (2021). Cross-validation of the VIA Inventory of Strengths-Revised and its Short forms. Journal of Personality Assessment, 103(1), 120–131. doi:10.1080/00223891.2019.1705465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (2014). Minority stress and positive psychology: Convergences and divergences to understanding LGBT health. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(4), 348–349. doi:10.1037/sgd0000070
   Google Scholar
• Mohr, J. J., & Kendra, M. S. (2011). Revision and extension of a multidimensional measure of sexual minority identity: The Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identity Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(2), 234– 245. doi:10.1037/a0022858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller, A. (2012). Virtual communities and translation into physical reality in the ‘It Gets Better’ project. Journal of Media Practice, 12(3), 269–277. doi:10.1037/a0022858
   Google Scholar
• Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(5), 603–619. doi:10.1521/jscp.23.5.603.50748
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons, J. T., Antebi-Gruszka, N., Millar, B. M., Cain, D., & Gurung, S. (2018). Syndemic conditions, HIV transmission risk behavior, and transactional sex among transgender women. AIDS and Behavior, 22(7), 2056–2067. doi:10.1007/s10461-018-2100-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, C., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. (2006). Greater strengths of character and recovery from illness. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(1), 17–26. doi:10.1080/17439760500372739
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, C., Ruch, W., Beermann, U., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2007). Strengths of character, orientations to happiness, and life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(3), 149–156. doi:10.1080/17439760701228938
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center, (2017). Tech adoption climbs among older adults. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2017/05/17/technology-use-among-seniors/.
   Google Scholar
• Proyer, R. T., Ruch, W., & Buschor, C. (2013). Testing strengths-based interventions: A preliminary study on the effectiveness of a program targeting curiosity, gratitude, hope, humor, and zest for enhancing life satisfaction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(1), 275–292. doi:10.1007/s10902-012-9331-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quoidbach, J., & Dunn, E. W. (2013). Give it up: A strategy for combating hedonic adaptation. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(5), 563–568. doi:10.1177/1948550612473489
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao, M. A., & Donaldson, S. I. (2015). Expanding opportunities for diversity in positive psychology: An examination of gender, race, and ethnicity. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 56(3), 271–282. doi:10.1037/cap0000036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, W. M. (1982). Development of reliable and valid short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38(1), 119–125. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198201)38:1<119::AID-JCLP2270380118>3.0.CO;2-I
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandage, S. J., & Hill, P. C. (2001). The virtues of positive psychology: The rapprochement and challenges of an affirmative postmodern perspective. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 31(3), 241–260. doi:10.1111/1468-5914.00157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheer, J. R., & Antebi-Gruszka, N. (2019). A psychosocial risk model of potentially traumatic events and sexual risk behavior among LGBTQ individuals. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 20(5), 603–618. doi:10.1080/15299732.2019.1597815
   Google Scholar
• Schrank, B., Stanghellini, G., & Slade, M. (2008). Hope in psychiatry: A review of the literature. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 118(6), 421–433. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01271.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology. An introduction. The American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. doi:10.1037//0003-066x.55.1.5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senf, K., & Liau, A. K. (2013). The effects of positive interventions on happiness and depressive symptoms, with an examination of personality as a moderator. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(2), 591–612. doi:10.1007/s10902-012-9344-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, D. N., Chandler, J., & Mueller, P. A. (2013). Using mechanical Turk to study clinical populations. Clinical Psychological Science, 1(2), 213–220. doi:10.1177/2167702612469015
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro, S. L., & Schwartz, G. E. (2000). The role of intention in self-regulation: Toward intentional systemic mindfulness. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of Self-Regulation (pp. 253–273). New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shilo, G., Antebi, N., & Mor, Z. (2015). Individual and community resilience factors among lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer and questioning youth and adults in Israel. American Journal of Community Psychology, 55(1-2), 215–227.
   Google Scholar
• Shimai, S., Otake, K., Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2006). Convergence of character strengths in American and Japanese young adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7(3), 311–322. doi:10.1007/s10902-005-3647-7
   Google Scholar
• Short, M. M., Mazmanian, D., Oinonen, K., & Mushquash, C. J. (2016). Executive function and self-regulation mediate dispositional mindfulness and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 97–103. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R. (2000). The past and possible futures of hope. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 11–28. doi:10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valle, M. F., Huebner, E. S., & Suldo, S. M. (2006). An analysis of hope as a psychological strength. Journal of School Psychology, 44(5), 393–406. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2006.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan, M. D., & Rodriguez, E. M. (2014). LGBT strengths: Incorporating positive psychology into theory, research, training, and practice. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(4), 325–334. doi:10.1037/sgd0000053
   Google Scholar
• VIA Institute on Character (2017). 24 Character strength alphas VIA survey-72 (3 Items). http://www.viacharacter.org/www/Research-Old2/24-Character-Strength-Alphas-VIA-Survey-72 on September 2, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Warren, M. A., Donaldson, S. I., & Donaldson, S. I. (2017). Evaluating scientific progress in positive psychology. In M. A. Warren & S. I. Donaldson (Eds.), Scientific Advances in Positive Psychology (pp. 1–17). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, P. A., Meyer, I. H., Antebi‐Gruszka, N., Boone, M. R., Cook, S. H., & Cherenack, E. M. (2016). Profiles of resilience and psychosocial outcomes among young Black gay and bisexual men. American Journal of Community Psychology, 57(1–2), 144–157. doi:10.1002/ajcp.12018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 890–905. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yalçın, İ., & Malkoç, A. (2015). The relationship between meaning in life and subjective well-being: Forgiveness and hope as mediators. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(4), 915–929. doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9540-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar