Segmenting Overseas Golf Tourists by the Concept of Specialization

REFERENCES

• An , M. and Sage , G. H. 1992 . The golf boom in South Korea: Serving hegemonic interests. . Sociology of Sport Journal , 9 (4) : 372 – 384 .
   Google Scholar
• Blunden , J. 2003 . Open for play, open for business. . Australian Leisure Management , 37 : 14 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Bricker , K. S. and Kerstetter , D. L. 2000 . Level of specialization and place attachment: An exploratory study of whitewater recreationists. . Leisure Sciences , 22 (4) : 233 – 257 .
   Google Scholar
• Bryan , H. 1977 . Leisure value systems and recreational specialization: The case of trout fisherman. . Journal of Leisure Research , 9 (3) : 174 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan , H. 1979 . Conflict in the great outdoors: Toward understanding and managing for diverse sportsmen's preferences , Birmingham : Bureau of Public Administration, University of Alabama .
   Google Scholar
• Choi , M. 2007 . The number of users of golf courses reaches 20 million in 2006! . Munhwa Ilbo. , Retrieved February 10, 2007, from http://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=2007021001030133010002
   Google Scholar
• Choi , S. , Loomis , D. K. and Ditton , R. B. 1994 . Effect of social group, activity, and specialization on recreation substitution decisions. . Leisure Science , 16 (3) : 143 – 159 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , E. 1972 . Toward a sociology of international tourism. . Social Research , 39 (1) : 164 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditton , R. B. , Loomis , D. K. and Choi , S. 1992 . Recreation specialization: Reconceptualization from a social world's perspective. . Journal of Leisure Research , 24 (1) : 33 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnell , M. D. , Vaske , J. J. and Graefe , A. R. 1986 . Degree and range of recreation specialization: Toward a typology of boating related activities. . Journal of Leisure Research , 18 (2) : 81 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Geissler , G. L. 2005 . An examination of the golf vacation package‐purchase decision: A case study in the US Gulf Coast Region. . Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing , 13 (1) : 65 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Gelan , A. 2003 . Local economic impacts: The British Open. . Annals of Tourism Research , 30 (2) : 406 – 425 .
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , H. J. 1998 . Active sport tourism: Who participates? . Leisure Studies , 12 (2) : 155 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , H. J. , Attle , S. P. and Yiannakis , A. 1998 . Segmenting the active sport tourist market: A life‐span perspective. . Journal of Vacation Marketing , 4 (1) : 52 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , H. J. and Pennington‐Gray , L. 2005 . Insights from Role Theory: Understanding golf tourism. . European Sport Management Quarterly , 5 (4) : 443 – 468 .
   Google Scholar
• Golfonomics: Asia in the rough . 1997 . Economist , 345 (8048) : 103 – 105 .
   Google Scholar
• Gursoy , D. and Chen , J. S. 2000 . Competitive analysis of cross cultural information search behavior. . Tourism Management , 21 (6) : 583 – 590 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair , J. F. , Black , W. C. , Babin , B. J. , Anderson , R. E. and Tatham , P. L. 2006 . Multivariate data analysis , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Pearson Education, Inc . (6th ed.)
   Google Scholar
• Hall , C. M. 1992 . “ Adventure, sports and health tourism. ” . In Special interest tourism , Edited by: Hall , C. M and Weiler , B . 141 – 158 . London : Belhaven Press .
   Google Scholar
• International Association of Golf Tour Operators . 2004 . Golf tourism to the Czech Republic worth €20 million in 3 years Retrieved February 25, 2005, from http://www.iagto.com/News/PressRelease.asp?id = 120
   Google Scholar
• Jang , S. , Morrison , A. M. and O'Leary , J. T. 2004 . The tourism efficient frontier: An approach to selecting the most efficient travel segment mixes. . Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing , 16 (4) : 33 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Jones Lang LaSalle Hotels . 2000, September . Investment in Specialist Tourism Assets 1 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Kashyap , R. and Bojanic , D. C. 2000 . A structural analysis of value, quality and price perceptions of business and leisure travelers. . Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing , 39 (1) : 45 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Kerstetter , D. L. , Confer , J. J. and Graefe , A. R. 2001 . An exploration of the specialization concept within the context of heritage tourism. . Journal of Travel Research , 39 (2) : 267 – 274 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , S. , Chun , H. and Petrick , J. F. 2005 . Positioning analysis of overseas golf tour destinations by Korean golf tourists. . Tourism Management , 26 (6) : 905 – 917 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , S. , Clemenz , C. and Weaver , P. 2002 . Segmenting golfers by their attitudes toward food and beverage service available during play. . Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing , 9 (3/4) : 67 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , S. , Scott , D. and Crompton , J. L. 1997 . An exploration of the relationships among social psychological involvement, behavioral involvement, commitment, and future intentions in the context of birdwatching. . Journal of Leisure Research , 29 (3) : 320 – 341 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuentzel , W. F. and Heberlein , T. A. 1992 . Does specialization affect behavioral choices and quality judgments among hunters? . Leisure Sciences , 14 (3) : 211 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuentzel , W. F. and McDonald , G. 1992 . Differential effects of past experience, commitment, and lifestyle dimensions on river use specialization. . Journal of Leisure Research , 24 (3) : 269 – 287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , J.‐H. and Scott , D. 2004 . Measuring birding specialization: A confirmatory factor analysis. . Leisure Sciences , 26 (3) : 245 – 260 .
   Google Scholar
• Malhotra , N. K. 1996 . Marketing research: An applied orientation , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice‐Hall . (2nd ed.)
   Google Scholar
• McFarlane , B. L. 1994 . Specialization and motivations of birdwatchers. . Wildlife Society Bulletin , 22 (3) : 361 – 370 .
   Google Scholar
• McFarlane , B. L. 1996 . Socialization influences of specialization among birdwatchers. . Human Dimensions of Wildlife , 1 (1) : 35 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• McFarlane , B. L. , Boxall , P. C. and Watson , D. O. 1998 . Past experience and behavioral choice among wilderness users. . Journal of Leisure Research , 30 (2) : 195 – 213 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre , N. 1989 . The personal meaning of participation: Enduring involvement. . Journal of Leisure Research , 21 (2) : 167 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre , N. and Pigram , J. J. 1992 . Recreation specialization re‐examined: The case of vehicle‐based campers. . Leisure Sciences , 14 (1) : 3 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Nam , H. 2005, November . Golf & business. . Monthly Finance , : 58 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Norusis , M. J. 1994 . SPSS 6.1 Base System users' guide , Chicago : SPSS, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Nunnally , J. C. 1978 . Psychometric theory , New York : McGraw‐Hall . (2nd ed.)
   Google Scholar
• Palmer , C. 2004 . “ More than just a game: The consequences of golf tourism. ” . In Sport tourism: Interrelationships, impacts and issues , Edited by: Ritchie , B. W and Adair , D . 117 – 134 . Clevedon, , England : Channel View Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Park , E.‐K . 2004, October 25 . Malaysia's new golf program for Korean golfers. . Korea No 1 Travel News , Retrieved February 27, 2007, from http://www.traveltimes.co.kr
   Google Scholar
• Petrick , J. F. 2002 . An examination of golf vacationers' novelty. . Annals of Travel Research , 29 (2) : 384 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrick , J. F. and Backman , S. J. 2002 . An examination of the construct of perceived value for the prediction of golf travelers' intentions to revisit. . Journal of Travel Research , 41 (1) : 38 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Petrick , J. F. , Backman , S. J. and Bixler , R. D. 2000 . An investigation of selected factors on golfer attachment. . Visions in Leisure and Business , 18 (3/4) : 44 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Petrick , J. F. , Backman , S. J. , Bixler , R. and Norman , W. 2001 . Analysis of golfer motivation and constraints by experience. . Journal of Leisure Research , 33 (1) : 56 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priestley , G. K. 1995 . “ Sports tourism: The case of golf. ” . In Tourism and spatial transformations , Edited by: Ashworth , G. J and Dietvorst , A. G. J . 205 – 223 . Wallingford, , London : CAB International .
   Google Scholar
• Readman , M. 2003 . “ Golf tourism. ” . In Sport and adventure tourism , Edited by: Hudson , S . 165 – 201 . Binghamton, NY : Haworth Hospitality Press .
   Google Scholar
• Richard , M. D. and Faircloth , J. B. 1994 . A factor/regression model of public golf course choice intentions. . Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing , 2 (4) : 37 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie , B. R. and Adair , D. 2004 . “ Sport tourism: An introduction and overview. ” . In Sport tourism: Interrelationships, impacts and issues , Edited by: Ritchie , B. W and Adair , D . 1 – 29 . Clevedon, , UK : Channel View Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , T. and Gammon , S. 2004 . A question of primary and secondary motives: Revisiting and applying the sport tourism framework. . Journal of Sport Tourism , 9 (3) : 221 – 233 .
   Google Scholar
• Schreyer , R. and Beaulier , J. T. 1986 . Attribute preference for wildlife recreation settings. . Journal of Leisure Research , 18 (4) : 231 – 247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreyer , R. and Lime , D. 1984 . A novice isn't necessarily a novice: Theory and empirical support. . Leisure Sciences , 10 (1) : 27 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , D. and Godbey , G. 1994 . Recreation specialization in the social world of contract bridge. . Journal of Leisure Research , 26 (3) : 275 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , D. and Shafer , C. S. 2001 . Recreational specialization: A critical look at the construct. . Journal of Leisure Research , 33 (3) : 319 – 343 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo , C.‐B. 2007 . Figures of Korean overseas golf tourists and their expenditures. . Chosun Ilbo. , Retrieved February 13, 2007, from http://spn.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2007/02/13/2007021300343.html
   Google Scholar
• Shafer , C. S. and Hammitt , W. 1995 . Purism revisited: Specifying recreational conditions of concern according to resource intent. . Leisure Sciences , 17 (1) : 15 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Shin , E.‐H. and Nam , E. A. 2004 . Culture, gender roles, and sport: The case of Korean players on the LPGA Tour. . Journal of Sport & Social Issue , 28 (3) : 223 – 244 .
   Google Scholar
• Siegenthaler , K. L. and O'Dell , I. 2003 . Older golfers: Serious and successful aging. . World Leisure Journal , 45 (1) : 45 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , S. G. 1993 . An investigation of motives from birdwatching along the Upper Texas Gulf Coast Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
   Google Scholar
• Spanning the globe . 2005 . Golf Digest Retrieved January 29, 2006, from http://www.golfdigest.com/courses/world/index.ssf?courses/world/gd200505planetgolf.html
   Google Scholar
• Standeven , J. and De Knop , P. 1999 . Sport tourism , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Stemerding , M. P. , Oppewal , H. , Beckers , T. A. and Timmermans , H. J. P. 1996 . Leisure market segmentation: An integrated preferences/constraints‐based approach. . Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing , 5 (3) : 161 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan , M. 1996, April . The Japanese golf holiday market. . Travel & Tourism Analyst , 2 : 58 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick , B. G. and Fidell , L. S. 1996 . Using multivariate statistics , New York : HarperCollins College Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Templeton , S. R. , Henry , M. S. , Jin , B. H. and Zilberman , D. 2002 . Economic impacts of California's golf course facilities in 2000 , Clemson, SC : Clemson University, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics . (Research Report RR 02‐01)
   Google Scholar
• Thapa , B. , Graefe , A. R. and Meyer , L. A. 2005 . Moderator and mediator effects of SCUBA diving specialization on marine‐based environmental knowledge‐behavior contingency. . The Journal of Environmental Education , 37 (1) : 53 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Tourism Authority of Thailand . 2005 . Marketing plan 2005 Retrieved February 17, 2005, from http://www.tourismthailand.org/about_tat.php?module=tat_marketingplan
   Google Scholar
• Tourism Victoria . 2003 . Victoria's tourism plan: Golf tourism 2003–2006 , Melbourne : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Virden , R. J. and Schreyer , R. M. 1988 . Recreation specialization as an indicator of environmental preference. . Environment and Behavior , 20 (6) : 721 – 739 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weed , M. E. and Bull , C. J. 2004 . Sports tourism: Participants, policy and providers , Oxford : Elsevier Butterworth‐Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Wellman , J. D. , Roggenbuck , J. W. and Smith , A. C. 1982 . Recreation specialization and norms of depreciative behavior among canoeists. . Journal of Leisure Research , 14 (4) : 323 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , D. R. 1984 . “ A developmental model of recreation choice behavior. ” . In Proceedings: Symposium on Recreation Choice Behavior , Edited by: Stankey , G. H and McCool , S. F . 31 – 37 . Washington, DC : U.S. Department of Agriculture .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , D. R. and Huffman , M. G. Recreation specialization as a factor in backcountry trail choice. Proceedings of National Wilderness Research Conference: Current Research , Edited by: Lucas , R. C . pp. 339 – 344 . Washington, DC : USDA Forest Service . (USDA Forest Service General Technical Report UNT‐212)
   Google Scholar
• Williams , D. R. , Schreyer , R. and Knopf , R. 1990 . The effect of the experience use history on multidimensional structure on motivations to participate in leisure activities. . Journal of Leisure Research , 22 (1) : 36 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , J. and Thilmany , D. 2006 . Golfers in Colorado: The role of golf in recreational and tourism lifestyle. . Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing , 20 (3/4) : 127 – 144 .
   Google Scholar