Factors Affecting Group-Oriented Travel Intention to Major Events

REFERENCES

• Angus & Associates. (2010). Regional visitor monitor—Quarterly focus: Leisure events (Benchmark Report prepared for Ministry of Economic Development). Wellington, NZ: Author. http://www.med.govt.nz/sectors-industries/tourism/pdf-docs-library/tourism-research-and-data/other-research-and-reports/research-projects-and-reports/regional-visitor-monitor/Tour.0060%20-%20Regional%20Visitor%20Monitor%20Benchmark%20Report%20Quarter%204.pdf (http://www.med.govt.nz/sectors-industries/tourism/pdf-docs-library/tourism-research-and-data/other-research-and-reports/research-projects-and-reports/regional-visitor-monitor/Tour.0060%20-%20Regional%20Visitor%20Monitor%20Benchmark%20Report%20Quarter%204.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Allen , J. , O'Toole , W. , Harris , R. and McDonnell , I. 2011 . Festival & special event management , 5th , Milton, QLD , , Australia : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Alpert , F. , Kamins , M. , Sakano , T. , Onzo , N. and Graham , J. 2001 . Retail buyer beliefs, attitude, and behaviour toward pioneer and me-too follower brands . International Marketing Review , 18 ( 2 ) : 160 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baloglu , S. 1999 . A path analytic model of visitation intention involving information sources, socio-psychological motivations, and destination image . Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing , 8 ( 3 ) : 81 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Baloglu , S. and Brinberg , D. 1997 . Affective images of tourism destinations . Journal of Travel Research , 35 ( 4 ) : 11 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Baloglu , S. and McCleary , K. 1999 . A model of destination image formation . Annals of Tourism Research , 35 ( 4 ) : 868 – 897 .
   Google Scholar
• Basala , S. and Klenosky , D. 2001 . Travel style preferences for visiting a novel destination: A conjoint investigation across the novelty-familiarity continuum . Journal of Travel Research , 40 ( 2 ) : 172 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• Beard , J. and Ragheb , M. 1983 . Measuring leisure motivation . Journal of Tourism and Leisure Research , 15 ( 3 ) : 219 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beerli , A. and Martín , J. 2004 . Factors influencing destination image . Annals of Tourism Research , 31 ( 3 ) : 657 – 681 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergmann , T. and Grahn , J. 1997 . The credibility of using students as surrogates in empirical research: A new perspective on an old issue . Journal of Marketing Management , 7 ( 2 ) : 106 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Bigné , J. , Sánchez , M. and Sánchez , J. 2001 . Tourism image, evaluation variables and after purchase behaviour: Inter-relationship . Tourism Management , 22 ( 6 ) : 607 – 616 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloch , P. and Bruce , G. 1984 . “ Product involvement as leisure behavior ” . In Advances in Consumer Research , Edited by: Kinnear , T. 197 – 202 . Provo , UT : Association for Consumer Research .
   Google Scholar
• Boo , S. and Jones , D. L. 2009 . Using a validation process to develop market segmentation based on travel motivation for major metropolitan areas . Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing , 26 ( 1 ) : 60 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bramwell , B. 1997 . Strategic planning before and after a mega-event . Tourism Management , 18 ( 3 ) : 167 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , G. , Chalip , L. , Jago , L. and Mules , T. 2002 . “ The Sydney Olympics and brand Australia ” . In Destination branding: Creating the unique destination proposition , Edited by: Morgan , N. , Pritchard , A. and Pride , R. 163 – 185 . Oxford , , United Kingdom : Butterworth .
   Google Scholar
• Calder , B. , Phillips , L. and Tybout , A. 1981 . Designing research for application . Journal of Consumer Research , 8 ( 2 ) : 197 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campo-Martinez , S. , Goran-Vodell , J. and Martinez , M. 2010 . Factors influencing repeat visits to a destination: The influence of group composition . Tourism Management , 31 ( 6 ) : 862 – 870 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson , J. and O'Cass , A. 2010 . Exploring the relationships between e-service quality, satisfaction, attitudes and behaviors in content-driven e-service websites . Journal of Services Marketing , 24 ( 2 ) : 112 – 127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson , J. and O'Cass , A. 2011 . Developing a framework for understanding e-service quality, its antecedents, consequences, and mediators . Managing Service Quality , 21 ( 3 ) : 264 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carneiro , M. and Crompton , J. 2010 . The influence of involvement, familiarity, and constraints on the search for information about destinations . Journal of Travel Research , 49 ( 4 ) : 451 – 470 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chacko , H. and Schaffer , J. 1993 . The evolution of a festival: Creole Christmas in New Orleans . Tourism Management , 14 ( 6 ) : 475 – 482 .
   Google Scholar
• Chadwick , P. 1987 . “ Concepts, definitions and measures used in travel research ” . In Travel tourism and hospitality research , Edited by: Ritchie , J. R. B. and Goeldner , C. R. New York , NY : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Chalip , L. , Green , B. and Hill , B. 2003 . Effects of sport event media on destination image and intention to visit . Journal of Sport Management , 17 ( 3 ) : 214 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , C. and Tsai , D. 2007 . How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioural intentions? . Tourism Management , 28 ( 5 ) : 1115 – 1122 .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , P. and Kerstetter , L. 1999 . International students' image of rural Pennsylvania as a travel destination . Journal of Travel Research , 37 ( 2 ) : 256 – 266 .
   Google Scholar
• Chin , W. 1998 . “ The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling ” . In Modern methods for business research , Edited by: Marcoulides , G. 295 – 336 . Mahwah , NJ : Laurence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , 2nd , Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Coshall , J. 2000 . Spectral analysis of overseas tourists' expenditures in the United Kingdom . Journal of Travel Research , 38 ( 3 ) : 292 – 298 .
   Google Scholar
• Crompton , J. 1979 . Motivations for pleasure vacation . Annals of Tourism Research , 6 ( 4 ) : 408 – 424 .
   Google Scholar
• Crompton , J. and McKay , S. 1997 . Motives of visitors attending festival events . Annals of Tourism Research , 24 ( 2 ) : 425 – 439 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham , W. , Anderson , T. and Murphy , J. 1974 . Are students real people? . Journal of Business , 40 ( 3 ) : 399 – 409 .
   Google Scholar
• Curtin , S. 2010 . Managing the wildlife tourism experience: The importance of tour leaders . International Journal of Tourism Research , 12 ( 3 ) : 219 – 236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellaert , B. , Ettema , D. and Lindh , C. 1998 . Multi-faceted tourist travel decisions: A constraint-based conceptual framework to describe tourists' sequential choices of travel components . Tourism Management , 19 ( 4 ) : 313 – 320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunne , G. , Flanagan , S. and Buckley , J. 2011 . Towards a decision making model for city break travel . International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research , 5 ( 2 ) : 158 – 172 .
   Google Scholar
• Duxbury , L. and Higgins , C. 1991 . Gender differences in work-family conflict . Journal of Applied Psychology , 76 ( 1 ) : 60 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer , L. , Forsyth , P. and Spurr , R. 2005 . Estimating the impacts of special events on an economy . Journal of Travel Research , 43 ( 4 ) : 351 – 359 .
   Google Scholar
• East , R. and Uncles , M. 2008 . In praise of retrospective surveys . Journal of Marketing Management , 24 ( 9 ) : 929 – 944 .
   Google Scholar
• Falk , R. and Miller , N. 1992 . A primer for soft modeling , Akron , OH : University of Akron Press .
   Google Scholar
• Field , A. 1999 . The college student market segment: A comparative study of travel behaviors of international and domestic students at a southeastern university . Journal of Travel Research , 37 ( 4 ) : 342 – 375 .
   Google Scholar
• Fluker , M. and Turner , L. 2000 . Needs, motivations, and expectations of a commercial whitewater rafting experience . Journal of Travel Research , 38 ( 4 ) : 380 – 389 .
   Google Scholar
• Fodness , D. 1994 . Measuring tourist motivation . Annals of Tourism Research , 21 ( 3 ) : 555 – 581 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell , C. and Cha , J. 1994 . “ Partial least squares ” . In Advanced methods of marketing research , Edited by: Bagozzi , R. Oxford , , United Kingdom : Basil Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Fornell , C. and Larcker , D. 1981 . Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error . Journal of Marketing Research , 18 ( 1 ) : 39 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fourie , J. and Santana-Gallego , M. 2011 . The impact of mega-sport events on tourist arrivals . Tourism Management , 32 : 1364 – 1370 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk , D. , Alexandris , K. and Ping , Y. 2009 . To go or stay home and watch: Exploring motives and perceived constraints for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games . International Journal of Tourism Research , 11 ( 1 ) : 41 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallarza , M. and Saura , I. 2006 . Value dimensions, perceived value, satisfaction and loyalty: An investigation of university students' travel behaviour . Tourism Management , 27 ( 3 ) : 437 – 452 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaski , J. and Nevin , J. 1985 . The differential effects of exercised and unexercised power sources in marketing channels . Journal of Marketing Research , 22 ( 2 ) : 130 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Getz , D. 2008 . Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research . Tourism Management , 29 ( 3 ) : 403 – 428 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson , H. J. , Qi , C. X. and Zhang , J. J. 2008 . Destination image and intent to visit China and the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games . Journal of Sport Management , 22 ( 4 ) : 427 – 450 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gnoth , J. 1997 . Tourism motivation and expectation formation . Annals of Tourism Research , 24 ( 2 ) : 283 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair , J. F. , Ringle , C. M. and Sarstedt , M. 2011a . PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet . Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice , 19 ( 2 ) : 139 – 151 .
   Google Scholar
• Hair , J. , Sarstedt , M. , Ringle , C. and Mena , J. 2011b . An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research . Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science , Advance online publication. doi: 10.1007/s11747-011-0261-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanqin , Z. Q. and Lam , T. 1999 . An analysis of mainland Chinese visitors' motivations to visit Hong Kong . Tourism Management , 20 ( 5 ) : 587 – 594 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havitz , M. and Dimanche , F. 1997 . Leisure involvement revisited: Measurement advances and conceptual conundrums . Journal of Leisure Research , 29 ( 3 ) : 245 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havitz , M. and Dimanche , F. 1999 . Leisure involvement revisited: Drive properties and paradoxes . Journal of Leisure Research , 31 ( 2 ) : 122 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heung , V. , Qu , H. and Chu , R. 2001 . The relationship between vacation factors and socio-demographic and travelling characteristics: The case of Japanese leisure travellers . Tourism Management , 22 ( 3 ) : 259 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , B. and Green , C. 2000 . Repeat attendance as a function of involvement, loyalty, and the sportscape across three football contexts . Sport Management Review , 3 ( 2 ) : 145 – 162 .
   Google Scholar
• Hosany , S. , Ekinci , Y. and Uysal , M. 2007 . Destination image and destination personality . International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research , 1 ( 1 ) : 62 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoye , R. and Lillis , K. 2008 . Travel motivations of Australian Football League fans: An exploratory study . Managing Leisure , 13 ( 1 ) : 13 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Hsu , C. , Killion , L. , Brown , G. , Gross , M. and Huang , S. 2008 . Tourism marketing: An Asia-Pacific perspective , Milford, QLD , , Australia : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Hsu , T. , Tsai , Y. and Wu , H. 2009 . The preference analysis for tourist choice of destination: A case study of Taiwan . Tourism Management , 30 ( 2 ) : 288 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung , K. and Petrick , J. 2011 . Why do you cruise? Exploring the motivations for taking cruise holidays, and the construction of a cruising motivation scale . Tourism Management , 32 ( 2 ) : 386 – 393 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis , C. , Mackensie , S. and Podsakoff , P. 2003 . A critical review of construct indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer research . Journal of Consumer Research , 30 ( 2 ) : 199 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadipasaoglu , S. , Peixoto , J. and Khumawala , B. 1999 . Global manufacturing practices: An empirical evaluation . Industrial Management & Data Systems , 99 ( 3 ) : 101 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplanidou , K. and Gibson , H. 2010 . Predicting behavioral intentions of active event sport tourists: The case of a small-scale recurring sports event . Journal of Sport & Tourism , 15 ( 2 ) : 163 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Kaplanidou , K. and Vogt , C. 2007 . The interrelationship between sport event and destination image and sport tourists' behaviors . Journal of Sport & Tourism , 12 ( 3–4 ) : 183 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , D. and Purdue , R. 2011 . The influence of image on destination attractiveness . Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing , 28 ( 3 ) : 225 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , J. 2010 . Determining the factors affecting the memorable nature of travel experiences . Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing , 27 ( 8 ) : 780 – 796 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , K. 2007 . Travel motivations and satisfaction: A case of national cultural festival-goers in Korea . Tourism Review International , 11 ( 4 ) : 395 – 406 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , K. and Beck , J. 2009 . Exploring leisure trip behaviors of university women students: An investigation of push and pull motivational models . Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management , 18 ( 4 ) : 386 – 405 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , N. and Chalip , L. 2004 . Why travel to the FIFA World Cup? Effects of motives, background, interest, and constraints . Tourism Management , 25 ( 6 ) : 695 – 707 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozak , M. 2002 . Comparative analysis of tourist motivations by nationality and destinations . Tourism Management , 23 ( 3 ) : 221 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb , C. and Stern , D. 1979 . “ An evaluation of students as surrogates in marketing studies ” . In Advances in consumer research , Edited by: Olson , J. 796 – 799 . Ann Arbor , MI : Association for Consumer Research .
   Google Scholar
• Laurent , G. and Kapferer , J. 1985 . Measuring consumer involvement profiles . Journal of Marketing Research , 22 : 41 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laverie , D. and Arnett , D. 2000 . Factors affecting fan attendance: The influence of satisfaction and identity salience . Journal of Leisure Research , 32 ( 2 ) : 225 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Light , D. 1996 . Characteristics of the audience for “events” at a heritage site . Tourism Management , 17 ( 3 ) : 183 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , M. , Cai , L. , Lehto , X. and Huang , J. 2010 . A missing link in understanding revisit intention—The role of motivation and image . Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing , 27 : 335 – 348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , C. H. , Morais , D. , Kerstetter , D. and Hou , J. S. 2007 . Examining the role of cognitive and affective image in predicting choice across natural, developed, and theme-park destinations . Journal of Travel Research , 46 ( 2 ) : 183 – 194 .
   Google Scholar
• Lohmoller , J. 1989 . Latent variable path modelling with partial least squares , Heidelberg , , Germany : Physica .
   Google Scholar
• Mackellar , J. 2009 . Dabblers, fans and fanatics: Exploring behavioural segmentation at a special-interest event . Journal of Vacation Marketing , 15 ( 1 ) : 5 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie , S. , Podsakoff , P. and Jarvis , C. 2005 . The problem of measurement model misspecification in behavioral and organizational research and some recommended solutions . Journal of Applied Psychology , 90 ( 4 ) : 710 – 730 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhotra , N. , Hall , J. , Shaw , M. and Oppenheim , P. 2006 . “ Marketing research: An applied orientation ” . In Frenchs Forest , 3rd , NSW , , Australia : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• March , R. and Woodside , A. 2005 . Testing theory of planned versus realized tourism behavior . Annals of Tourism Research , 32 ( 4 ) : 905 – 924 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martín , H. and del Bosque , I. 2008 . Exploring the cognitive-affective nature of destination image and the role of psychological factors in its formation . Tourism Management , 29 ( 2 ) : 263 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masters , R. 2009 . Taming the tiger: Why Melbourne beat Sydney . The Sydney Morning Herald , March 30 : 18
   Google Scholar
• Mattila , A. , Apostolopoulos , Y. , Sonmez , S. , Yu , L. and Sasidharan , V. 2001 . The impact of gender and religion on college students' spring-break behavior . Journal of Travel Research , 40 ( 2 ) : 193 – 200 .
   Google Scholar
• McCartney , G. and Osti , L. 2007 . From cultural events to sport events: A case study of cultural authenticity in the dragon boat races . Journal of Sport Tourism , 12 ( 1 ) : 25 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Meng , F. and Uysal , M. 2008 . Effects of gender differences on perceptions of destination attributes, motivations, and travel values: An examination of a nature-based resort destination . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 16 ( 4 ) : 445 – 466 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Economic Development. (2011). Regional visitor monitor (Results to 31 March 2011). Wellington, NZ: Ministry of Economic Development, Tourism Strategy Group. http://www.med.govt.nz/sectors-industries/tourism/pdf-docs-library/tourism-research-and-data/other-research-and-reports/research-projects-and-reports/regional-visitor-monitor-archive-pdfs/march-11-rvm-benchmark-report.pdf (http://www.med.govt.nz/sectors-industries/tourism/pdf-docs-library/tourism-research-and-data/other-research-and-reports/research-projects-and-reports/regional-visitor-monitor-archive-pdfs/march-11-rvm-benchmark-report.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , R. and Hunt , S. 1994 . The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing . Journal of Marketing , 58 ( 3 ) : 20 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally , J. 1978 . Psychometric theory , New York , NY : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• O'Cass , A. 2000 . An assessment of consumers' product, purchase decision, advertising and consumption involvement in fashion clothing . Journal of Economic Psychology , 21 ( 5 ) : 545 – 576 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Cass , A. 2002 . Political advertising believability and information source value during elections . Journal of Advertising , 31 ( 1 ) : 63 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Reagan, M. (Presenter). (2005). The Barmy Army and other fanatics [Radio series episode]. In A. Davies (Producer), The Sports Factor program. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Australian Broadcasting Corporation Radio National. http://www.abc.net.au/rn/sportsfactor/stories/2005/1381695.htm (http://www.abc.net.au/rn/sportsfactor/stories/2005/1381695.htm)
   Google Scholar
• Park , K. , Reisinger , Y. and Kang , H. 2008 . Visitors' motivation for attending the South Beach Wine and Food Festival, Miami Beach, Florida . Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing , 25 ( 2 ) : 161 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , M. , Yang , X. , Lee , B. , Jang , H. and Stokowski , P. 2002 . Segmenting casino gamblers by involvement profiles: A Colorado example . Tourism Management , 23 ( 1 ) : 55 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkes Elvis Festival . 2011 . 2011 CountryLink Parkes Elvis festival visitors survey , Parkes, NSW , , Australia : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Pike , S. and Ryan , C. 2004 . Destination positioning analysis through a comparison of cognitive, affective, and conative perceptions . Journal of Travel Research , 42 ( 4 ) : 333 – 342 .
   Google Scholar
• Podsakoff , P. , MacKenzie , S. , Lee , J. and Podsakoff , N. 2003 . Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies . Journal of Applied Psychology , 88 ( 5 ) : 879 – 903 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prayag , G. 2009 . Tourists' evaluations of destination image, satisfaction, and future behavioral intentions—The case of Mauritius . Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing , 26 ( 8 ) : 836 – 853 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie , J. 1984 . Assessing the impact of hallmark events: Conceptual and research issues . Journal of Travel Research , 23 ( 1 ) : 2 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Rittichainuwat , B. , Qu , H. and Leong , J. 2003 . The collective impacts of a bundle of travel determinants on repeat visitation . Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research , 27 ( 2 ) : 217 – 236 .
   Google Scholar
• Roche , M. 1994 . Mega-events and urban policy . Annals of Tourism Research , 21 ( 1 ) : 1 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , G. F. 1998 . The psychology of tourism , 2nd , Melbourne , , Australia : Hospitality Press .
   Google Scholar
• Salancik , G. and Pfeffer , J. 1977 . An examination of need-satisfaction models of job attitudes . Administrative Science Quarterly , 22 ( 3 ) : 427 – 456 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senewiratne, H. (2008, March 13). Tourism recovers from earlier slump. Daily News. http://www.dailynews.lk/2008/03/13/bus32.asp (http://www.dailynews.lk/2008/03/13/bus32.asp)
   Google Scholar
• Sirakaya , E. and Woodside , A. 2005 . Building and testing theories of decision making by travelers . Tourism Management , 26 ( 6 ) : 815 – 832 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , J. and Bristor , J. 1994 . Uncertainty orientation: Explaining differences in purchase involvement search . Psychology and Marketing , 11 ( 6 ) : 587 – 607 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sönmez , S. and Sirakaya , E. 2002 . A distorted destination image? The case of Turkey . Journal of Travel Research , 41 ( 2 ) : 185 – 196 .
   Google Scholar
• Sport and Recreation Victoria. (2007). 12th FINA world championships summary report. Melbourne, VIC, Australia: Author. https://secure.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/304060/12thFINASwimming.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Tourism NSW. (2007, April 27). The Army went barmy—On spending. Insights Newsletter. http://www.ret.gov.au/tourism/Documents/tra/Snapshots%20and%20Factsheets/Cultural_09_FINAL.pdf (http://www.ret.gov.au/tourism/Documents/tra/Snapshots%20and%20Factsheets/Cultural_09_FINAL.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Tourism Research Australia. (2010). Snapshots 2009: Cultural and heritage tourism in Australia. Canberra, Australia: Author. http://www.ret.gov.au/tourism/Documents/tra/Snapshots%20and%20Factsheets/Cultural_09_FINAL.pdf (http://www.ret.gov.au/tourism/Documents/tra/Snapshots%20and%20Factsheets/Cultural_09_FINAL.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Trail , G. and James , J. 2001 . The Motivation Scale for Sport Consumption: Assessment of the scale's psychometric properties . Journal of Sport Behavior , 24 ( 1 ) : 108 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Tran , X. and Ralston , L. 2006 . Tourist preferences: Influence of unconscious needs . Annals of Tourism Research , 33 ( 2 ) : 424 – 441 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK Sport. (2007). Measuring success 3: The economic impact of six major sports events supported by the world class events programme in 2005 & 2006. London, United Kingdom: Author. http://www.uksport.gov.uk/publications/measuring-success-3 (http://www.uksport.gov.uk/publications/measuring-success-3)
   Google Scholar
• Um , S. and Crompton , J. L. 1992 . The roles of perceived inhibitors and facilitators in pleasure travel destination decisions . Journal of Travel Research , 30 ( 3 ) : 18 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• URS. (2007). Economic impact of the 2006/07 3 mobile Ashes Test and Commonwealth Bank One Day International Series on the Australian economy. http://testcms.cricket.com.au/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_B8DDE375781AC7009B35307922CC88CC98F60300/filename/00000207-source.pdf (http://testcms.cricket.com.au/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_B8DDE375781AC7009B35307922CC88CC98F60300/filename/00000207-source.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• van den Berg , L. , Braun , E. and Otgaar , A. 2000 . Sports and city marketing in European cities , Rotterdam , , The Netherlands : Euricur .
   Google Scholar
• Wann , D. , Ensor , C. and Bilyeu , J. 2001 . Intrinsic and extrinsic motives for following a sport team and team identification . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 93 ( 2 ) : 451 – 454 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weed, M. (2006). Sports tourism and the development of sports events. http://www.idrottsforum.org/articles/weed/weed061213.pdf (http://www.idrottsforum.org/articles/weed/weed061213.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Weiler , B. , Truong , M. and Griffiths , M. May, 2004 2004 . “ Visitor profiles and motivations for visiting an Australian wine festival ” . In International Wine Tourism Research. Proceedings of the International Wine Tourism Conference, Margaret River, Western Australia , Edited by: Carlsen , J. and Charters , S. May, 2004 , Perth, WA , , Australia : Vineyard Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Wold , H. 1981 . The fix-point approach to interdependent systems , Amsterdam , , The Netherlands : North Holland .
   Google Scholar
• Wolfinbarger , M. and Gilly , M. 2003 . eTailQ: Dimensionalizing, measuring and predicting e-tail quality . Journal of Retailing , 79 ( 3 ) : 183 – 198 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodside , A. and Dubelaar , C. 2002 . A general theory of tourism consumption systems: A conceptual framework and an empirical exploration . Journal of Travel Research , 41 ( 2 ) : 120 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Woodside , A. and King , R. 2001 . An updated model of travel and tourism purchase-consumption systems . Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing , 10 ( 1 ) : 3 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Woodside , A. G. , MacDonald , R. and Burford , M. 2004 . Grounded theory of leisure travel . Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing , 17 ( 1 ) : 2 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Wu , L. , Zhang , J. and Fujiwara , A. 2011 . Representing tourists' heterogeneous choices of destination and travel party with an integrated latent class and nested logit model . Tourism Management , 32 ( 6 ) : 1407 – 1413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarnal , C. and Kerstetter , D. 2005 . Casting off: An exploration of cruise ship space, group tour behavior, and social interaction . Journal of Travel Research , 43 ( 4 ) : 368 – 390 .
   Google Scholar
• Yuan , J. , Cai , L. , Morrison , A. and Linton , S. 2005 . An analysis of wine festival attendees' motivations: A synergy of wine, travel and special events? . Journal of Vacation Marketing , 11 ( 1 ) : 41 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Zaichkowsky , J. 1985 . Measuring the involvement construct . Journal of Consumer Research , 12 ( 3 ) : 341 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar