REFERENCES
- Ankomah, P. K., & Crompton, J. L. (1990). Unrealized tourism potential: The case of sub-Saharan Africa. Tourism Management, 11(1), 11–28. doi:10.1016/0261-5177(90)90004-S
- Awaritefe, O. D. (2003). Destination environment quality and tourists’ spatial behaviour in Nigeria: A case study of third world tropical Africa. International Journal of Tourism Research, 5(4), 251–268. doi:10.1002/jtr.435
- Awaritefe, O. D. (2004). Destination image differences between prospective and actual tourists in Nigeria. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(3), 264–281. doi:10.1177/135676670401000306
- Barros, C. P., Butler, R., & Correia, A. (2008). Heterogeneity in destination choice: Tourism in Africa. Journal of Travel Research, 47(2), 235–246. doi:10.1177/0047287508321200
- Beh, A., & Bruyere, B. L. (2007). Segmentation by visitor motivation in three Kenyan national reserves. Tourism Management, 28(6), 1464–1471. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2007.01.010
- Bello, D., & Etzel, M. (1985). The role of novelty in the pleasure travel experience. Journal of Travel Research, 24, 20–26. doi:10.1177/004728758502400104
- Benedict, G. C., Dellaert, D. F., & Ettema, C. L. (1998). Multi-faceted tourist travel decisions: A constraint-based conceptual framework to describe tourists’ sequential choices of travel components. Tourism Management, 19(4), 313–320. doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00037-5
- Bialeschki, M. D., & Michener, S. (1994). Re-entering leisure: Transition within the role of motherhood. Journal of Leisure Research, 26, 57–74.
- Blain, C., Levy, S. E., & Brent Ritchie, J.R. (2005). Destination branding: Insights and practices from destination management organizations. Journal of Travel Research, 43, 328–338. doi:10.1177/0047287505274646
- Bornhorst, T., Ritchie, J. R. B., & Sheehan, L. (2010). Determinants of tourism success for DMOs & destinations: An empirical examination of stakeholders’ perspectives. Tourism Management, 31(5), 572–589. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2009.06.008
- Botha, C., Crompton, J. L., & Kim, S. (1999). Developing a revised competitive position for Sun/Lost City, South Africa. Journal of Travel Research, 37, 341–352.
- Brown, D. O. (2000). Political risk and other barriers to tourism promotion in Africa: Perceptions of US-based travel intermediaries. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 6(3), 197–210. doi:10.1177/135676670000600301
- Calder, B., Phillips, L. W., & Tybout, A. (1981). Designing research for application. Journal of Consumer Research, 8(2), 197–207. doi:10.1086/208856
- Carr, N. (2001). An exploratory study of gendered differences in young tourists perception of danger within London. Tourism Management, 22, 565–570. doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00014-0
- Carroll, B., & Alexandris, K. (1997). Perception of constraints and strength of motivation: Their relationship to recreational sport participation in Greece. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(3), 279–299.
- Carter, S. (1998). Tourists’ and travellers’ social construction of Africa and Asia as risky locations. Tourism Management, 19(4), 349–358. doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00032-6
- Choi, S., Lehto, X. Y., & Morrison, A. M. (2007). Destination image representation on the web: Content analysis of Macau travel related websites. Tourism Management, 28, 118–129. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2006.03.002
- Coble, T. G., Selin, S. W., & Erickson, B. B. (2003). Hiking alone: Understanding fear negotiation strategies and leisure experiences. Journal of Leisure Research, 35(1), 1–22.
- Cohen, E. (1972). Towards a sociology of international tourism. Sociological Research, 39(1), 164–182.
- Cox, C., & Wray, M. (2011). Best practice marketing for regional tourism destinations. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 28(5), 524–540. doi:10.1080/10548408.2011.588112
- Crawford, D., Jackson, E., & Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 13(4), 309–320. doi:10.1080/01490409109513147
- Crompton, J. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research, 6, 408–424. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(79)90004-5
- Dann, G. (1977). Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 4, 184–194. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(77)90037-8
- Feng, R., Morrison, A. M., & Ismail, J. A. (2004). East versus west: A comparison of online destination marketing in China and the USA. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(1), 43–56. doi. 10.1177/135676670301000105
- Fleischer, A., & Pizam, A. (2002). Tourism constraints among Israeli seniors. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 106–123. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00026-3
- Gao, J., Qi, T. F., & Zhang, Y. G. (2007). An empirical analysis on the marketing functions of local governments’ official tourism websites. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 2, 104–108.
- Govers, R., & Go, F. M. (2005). Projected destination image online: Website content analysis of pictures and text. Information Technology and Tourism, 7, 73–89. doi:10.3727/1098305054517327
- Gretzel, U., Yuan, Y., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2000). Preparing for the new economy: Advertising strategies and change in destination marketing organizations. Journal of Travel Research, 39(2), 146–156. doi:10.1177/004728750003900204
- Henderson, K. (1997). A critique of constraints theory: A response. Journal of Leisure Research, 29, 453–457.
- Hong, S., Kim, J., Jang, H., & Lee, S. (2006). The roles of categorization, affective image and constraints on destination choice: An application of the NMNL model. Tourism Management, 27(5), 750–761. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2005.11.001
- Hubbard, J., & Mannell, R. (2001). Testing competing models of the leisure constraint negotiation process in a corporate employee recreation setting. Leisure Sciences, 23, 145–163. doi:10.1080/014904001316896846
- Hudson, S. (2000). The segmentation of potential tourists: Constraint differences between men and women. Journal of Travel Research, 38, 363–368. doi:10.1177/004728750003800404
- Hung, K., & Petrick, J. F. (2010). Developing a measurement scale for constraints to cruising. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(1), 206–228. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2009.09.002
- Hurley, J. A. (1988). The hotels of Rome: Meeting the marketing challenge of terrorism. The Cornell Quarterly, 29, 71–79. doi.org/10.1177/001088048802900119
- Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1983). Towards a social psychology of recreational travel. Leisure Studies, 2(1), 45–56. doi:10.1080/02614368300390041
- James, K. (2000). You can feel them looking at you: Experiences of adolescent girls at public swimming pools. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(2), 262–280.
- Kay, T., & Jackson, G. (1991). Leisure despite constraint: The impact of leisure constraints on leisure participation. Journal of Leisure Research, 23(4), 301–313.
- Keim, C. (1999). Mistaking Africa: Curiosities and inventions of the American mind. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
- Kim, N., & Chalip, L. (2004). Why travel to the FIFA World Cup? Effects of motives, background, interest, and constraints. Tourism Management, 25(6), 695–707. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2003.08.011
- Kirk, J., & Miller, M. L. (1986). Reliability and validity in qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Kruger, M., & Saayman, M. (2010). Travel motivation of tourists to Kruger and Tsitsikamma national parks: A comparative study. South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 40(1), 93–102. doi:10.3957/056.040.0106
- Lawson, R., & Thyne, M. (2001). Destination avoidance and inept destination sets. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 7(3), 199–208. doi:10.1177/135676670100700301
- Lee, G., Cai, L. A., & O’Leary, J. T. (2006). WWW.Branding.States.US: An analysis of brand-building elements in the US state tourism websites. Tourism management, 27, 815–828. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2005.05.016
- Lee, T., & Crompton, J. (1992). Measuring novelty seeking in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 19, 732–751. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(92)90064-V
- Lepp, A., & Gibson, H. (2003). Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30, 606–624. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00024-0
- Lepp, A., & Gibson, H. (2008). Sensation seeking and tourism: Tourist role, perception of risk and destination choice. Tourism Management, 29(4), 740–750. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2007.08.002
- Lepp, A., & Gibson, H. (2011). Tourism and world cup football amidst perceptions of risk: The case of South Africa. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 11(3), 286–305. doi:10.1080/15022250.2011.593361
- Lepp, A., Gibson, H., & Lane, C. (2011). Image and perceived risk: A study of Uganda and its official tourism website. Tourism Management, 32(3), 675–684. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.05.024
- Lepp, A., & Harris, J. (2008). Tourism and national identity in Uganda. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10, 525–536. doi:10.1002/jtr.693
- Ministry of Tourism, Antiquities and Wildlife. (2013). Statutory institutions: Uganda tourism board. Retrieved May 19, 2013, from http://tourism.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=38&Itemid=259
- Namasivayam, K. (2004). Repeated measures experimentation in hospitality research: A brief overview. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 28(1), 121–129. doi:10.1177/1096348003261220
- Nyaupane, G., & Andereck, K. L. (2008). Understanding travel constraints: Application and extension of a leisure constraints model. Journal of Travel Research, 46(4), 433–439. 10.1177/0047287507308325
- Pennington-Gray, L., & Kerstetter, D. (2002). Testing a constraints model within the context of nature based tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 40(4), 416–423. doi:10.1177/0047287502040004008
- Pike, S. (2004). Destination marketing organisations. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd.
- Plog, S. (1974). Why destination areas rise and fall in popularity. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 14(4), 55–58. doi:10.1177/001088047401400409
- Raymore, L., Godbey, G., Crawford, D., & von Eye, A. (1993). Nature and process of leisure constraints: An empirical test. Leisure Sciences, 15, 99–113. doi:10.1080/01490409309513191
- Rosen, D. E., & Purinton, E. (2004). Web site design: Viewing the web as a cognitive landscape. Journal of Business Research, 57, 787–794. doi:10.1016/S0148-2963(02)00353-3
- Samdahl, D., & Jekubovich, N. (1997). A critique of leisure constraints: Comparative analyses and understandings. Journal of Leisure Research, 29, 430–452.
- So, S., & Morrison, A. M. (2003). Destination marketing organizations’ web site users and nonusers: A comparison of actual visits and revisit intentions. Information Technology & Tourism, 6(2), 129–139. 10.3727/109830503773048237
- Sönmez, S., & Graefe, A. (1998). Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 25, 112–144. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00072-8
- Sparks, B., & Pan, G. W. (2009). Chinese outbound tourists: Understanding their attitudes, constraints and use of information sources. Tourism Management, 30(4), 483–494. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2008.10.014
- Teye, V. (1988). Prospects for regional tourism cooperation in Africa. Tourism Management, 9(3), 221–234. doi:10.1016/0261-5177(88)90039-8
- Um, S., & Crompton, J. (1992). The roles of perceived inhibitors and facilitators in pleasure travel destination decisions. Journal of Travel Research, 30(3), 18–25. doi:10.1177/004728759203000303
- UNWTO. (2012). Tourism highlights. Retrieved October 22, 2012, from http://www2.unwto.org/
- Visit Uganda. (2013). Uganda tourism board: Visitor statistics report 2010/11. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://www.visituganda.com/information-centre/research/?about=Stats
- Wahlers, R., & Etzel, M. (1985). Vacation preference as a manifestation of optimal stimulation and lifestyle experience. Journal of Leisure Research, 17, 283–295.
- Whyte, L., & Shaw, S. (1994). Women’s leisure: An exploratory study of fear of violence as a leisure constraint. Journal of Applied Recreation Research, 19, 5–21.
- Witt, P., & Goodale, T. (1981). The relationships between barriers to leisure enjoyment and family stages. Leisure Sciences, 4, 29–49. doi:10.1080/01490408109512948
- Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation seeking: Beyond the optimal level of arousal. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.