388
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Consumer protective behaviors at wellbeing tourism destinations: the function of norm activation model and reasoned action theory

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, & show all
Pages 512-531 | Received 01 Jun 2023, Accepted 22 Sep 2023, Published online: 11 Oct 2023

References

  • Abidin, Z., Handayani, W., Zaky, E. A., & Faturrahman, A. D. (2022). Perceived risk and attitude’s mediating role between tourism knowledge and visit intention during the COVID-19 pandemic: Implementation for coastal-ecotourism management. Heliyon, 8(10), e10724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10724
  • Ackermann, C. L., Sun, H., Teichert, T., Tercia, C., & Trivedi, R. (2021). Mask wearing as a prosocial consumption behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic: An application of the theory of reasoned action. Journal of Marketing Management, 37(17–18), 1840–1865. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2021.2005665
  • Afonso, C., Silva, G. M., Gonçalves, H. M., & Duarte, M. (2018). The role of motivations and involvement in wine tourists’ intention to return: SEM and fsQCA findings. Journal of Business Research, 89, 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.11.042
  • Ahmed, A., Rehman, U., Rizwan, M., Rafiq, M. Q., Nawaz, M., & Mumtaz, A. (2013). Moderating role of perceived risk and innovativeness between online shopping attitude and intention. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 3(11), 310–323.
  • Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl & J. Beskmann (Eds.), Action control: From cognition to behavior (pp. 11–39). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2
  • Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Prentice-Hall Inc.
  • Alicea-Planas, J., Trudeau, J. M., & Vásquez Mazariegos, W. F. (2021). COVID-19 risk perceptions and social distancing practice in Latin America. Hispanic Health Care International, 19(4), 254–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/1540415320985141
  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
  • Aylward, B., & Liang, W. (2020). Report of the WHO-China joint mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID–19). Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/report-of-the-who-china-joint-mission-on-coronavirus-disease-2019-(covid-19).
  • Bamberg, S., Hunecke, M., & Blöbaum, A. (2007). Social context, personal norms and the use of public transportation: Two field studies. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27(3), 190–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.04.001
  • Bhalla, R., Chowdhary, N., & Ranjan, A. (2021). Spiritual tourism for psychotherapeutic healing post COVID-19. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 38(8), 769–781. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.1930630
  • Bian, J., Zhong, S., Towne, S. D., Lee, C., Ory, M. G., & Li, W. (2022). Perceived risks of transit use during COVID-19: Correlates and strategies from a case study in El Paso, Texas. Journal of Transport & Health, 27, 101491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2022.101491
  • Bouman, T., Steg, L., & Dietz, T. (2021). Insights from early COVID-19 responses about promoting sustainable action. Nature Sustainability, 4(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00626-x
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). How to protect yourself and others. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html.
  • Chen, S., Liu, J., & Hu, H. (2021a). A norm-based conditional process model of the negative impact of optimistic bias on self-protection behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic in three Chinese cities. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 659218. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.659218
  • Chen, Y. L., Lin, Y. J., Chang, Y. P., Chou, W. J., & Yen, C. F. (2021b). Differences in the protection motivation theory constructs between people with various latent classes of motivation for vaccination and preventive behaviors against COVID-19 in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 7042. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137042
  • Chen, M., & Tung, P. (2014). Developing an extended theory of planned behavior model to predict consumers’ intention to visit green hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 36, 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.09.006
  • Cheung, C., Takashima, M., Choi, H., Yang, H., & Tung, V. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological needs of tourists: Implications for the travel and tourism industry. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 38(2), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.1887055
  • Chi, C., Cai, G., & Han, H. (2021). Festival travellers’ pro-social and protective behaviours against COVID-19 in the time of pandemic. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(22), 3256–3270. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1908968
  • Chiou, J. S. (1998). The effects of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control on consumers’ purchase intentions: The moderating effects of product knowledge and attention to social comparison information. Proceedings of the National Science Council, Republic of China, Part C, 9(2), 298–308.
  • Chuah, S. H. W., Sujanto, R. Y., Sulistiawan, J., & Aw, E. C. X. (2022). What is holding customers back? Assessing the moderating roles of personal and social norms on CSR’S routes to Airbnb repurchase intention in the COVID-19 era. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Management, 50, 67–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.12.007
  • Commodari, E. (2017). The role of sociodemographic and psychological variables on risk perception of the flu. SAGE Open, 7(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017718890
  • De Vos, J. (2020). The effect of COVID-19 and subsequent social distancing on travel behavior. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 5, 100121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100121
  • Duren, M., Ehsani, J., Michael, J., & Pollack Porter, K. (2022). Association between perceived risk of COVID-19 and support for transportation policies. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 10(3), 1898–1903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2022.08.003
  • Fakfare, P., Lee, J. S., & Han, H. (2022). Thailand tourism: A systematic review. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 39(2), 188–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2022.2061674
  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Addision-Wesley.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
  • Global Wellness Institute (GWI). (2015). The global wellness tourism economy report 2013 & 2014. Global Wellness Institute.
  • Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
  • Hair, J. F., Jr., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Gudergan, S. P. (2017). Advanced issues in partial least squares structural equation modeling. saGe publications. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05542-8_15-1
  • Han, H. (2014). The norm activation model and theory-broadening: Individuals’ decision-making on environmentally-responsible convention attendance. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 462–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.10.006
  • Han, H., Al-Ansi, A., Chua, B. L., Tariq, B., Radic, A., & Park, S. H. (2020a). The post-coronavirus world in the international tourism industry: Application of the theory of planned behavior to safer destination choices in the case of US outbound tourism. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6485. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186485
  • Han, H., Kiatkawsin, K., Koo, B., & Kim, W. (2020b). Thai wellness tourism and quality: Comparison between Chinese and American visitors’ behaviors. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 25(4), 424–440. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2020.1737551
  • Han, H., Hwang, J., Lee, M. J., & Kim, J. (2019). Word-of-mouth, buying, and sacrifice intentions for eco-cruises: Exploring the function of norm activation and value-attitude-behavior. Tourism Management, 70, 430–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.006
  • Han, H., Hwang, J., & Woods, D. P. (2014). Choosing virtual – rather than real – leisure activities: An examination of the decision-making process in screen-golf participants. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(4), 428–450. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2013.764333
  • Han, H., & Hyun, S. S. (2017). Drivers of customer decision to visit an environmentally responsible museum: Merging the theory of planned behavior and norm activation theory. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34(9), 1155–1168. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2017.1304317
  • Han, H., Meng, B., & Kim, W. (2017). Emerging bicycle tourism and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(2), 292–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1202955
  • Hao, F., Xiao, Q., & Chon, K. (2020). COVID-19 and China’s hotel industry: Impacts, a disaster management framework, and post-pandemic agenda. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 90, 102636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102636
  • Holguin, A., Lampton, L., Mann, R., Peters, M., Ramirez, E., & Wang, F. (2022). US summer travel 2022. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/travel-logistics-and-infrastructure/our-insights/us-summer-travel-2022
  • Humagain, P., & Singleton, P. A. (2021). Examining relationships between COVID-19 destination practices, value, satisfaction and behavioral intentions for tourists’ outdoor recreation trips. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 22, 100665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100665
  • Javid, M. A., Abdullah, M., Ali, N., & Dias, C. (2021). Structural equation modeling of public transport use with COVID-19 precautions: An extension of the norm activation model. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 12, 100474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100474
  • Jhawar, A., Kumar, P., & Israel, D. (2023). Impact of materialism on tourists’ green purchase behavior: Extended norm activation model perspective. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 13567667231178328, 135676672311783. https://doi.org/10.1177/13567667231178328
  • Jing, P., Huang, H., Ran, B., Zhan, F., & Shi, Y. (2019). Exploring the factors affecting mode choice intention of autonomous vehicle based on an extended theory of planned behavior—a case study in China. Sustainability, 11(4), 1155. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041155
  • Juvan, E., & Dolnicar, S. (2016). Measuring environmentally sustainable tourist behaviour. Annals of Tourism Research, 59, 30–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.03.006
  • Karim, S. S. A., & Karim, Q. A. (2021). Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: A new chapter in the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet, 398(10317), 2126–2128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02758-6
  • Ketter, E., & Avraham, E. (2021). # StayHome today so we can# TravelTomorrow: Tourism destinations’ digital marketing strategies during the covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 38(8), 819–832. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.1921670
  • Kim, J. J., & Han, H. (2022). Redefining in-room amenities for hotel staycationers in the new era of tourism: A deep dive into guest well-being and intentions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 102, 103168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103168
  • Kim, J. J., Han, H., & Ariza-Montes, A. (2021). The impact of hotel attributes, well-being perception, and attitudes on brand loyalty: Examining the moderating role of COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 62, 102634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102634
  • Kim, N. L., & Kim, T. H. (2022). Why buy used clothing during the pandemic? Examining the impact of COVID-19 on consumers’ secondhand fashion consumption motivations. The International Review of Retail, Distribution & Consumer Research, 32(2), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593969.2022.2047759
  • Klöckner, C. A. (2013). A comprehensive model of the psychology of environmental behaviour—A meta-analysis. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1028–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.014
  • Kormos, C., & Gifford, R. (2014). The validity of self-report measures of proenvironmental behavior: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 359–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.09.003
  • Lai, J. C., Hamid, P. N., & Cheng, S. T. (2000). Health beliefs and optimism as predictors of preventive health decisions in Hong Kong Chinese. Psychological Reports, 86(3_suppl), 1059–1070. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.86.3c.1059
  • Lao, C. K., Li, X., Zhao, N., Gou, M., & Zhou, G. (2021). Using the health action process approach to predict facemask use and hand washing in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Current Psychology, 42, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01985-0
  • Liao, Cowling, B. J., Lam, W. W. T., Fielding, R., & Liao, Q. (2011). The influence of social-cognitive factors on personal hygiene practices to protect against influenzas: Using modelling to compare avian A/H5N1 and 2009 pandemic A/H1N1 influenzas in Hong Kong. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 18(2), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-010-9123-8
  • Li, X., Gong, J., Gao, B., & Yuan, P. (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 on tourists’ destination preferences: Evidence from China. Annals of Tourism Research, 90, 103258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103258
  • Liu, B., Li, Y., Kralj, A., Moyle, B., & He, M. (2022). Inspiration and wellness tourism: The role of cognitive appraisal. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 39(2), 173–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2022.2061676
  • Liu, A., Ma, E., Wei, W., & Qu, H. (2023). From bystanders to actioners: A tri-theoretical exploration of residents’ roles in tourist PEBs. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 28, 100778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2023.100778
  • Liu, J., Zhao, Y., & Jang, S. C. (2021). Understanding beach tourists’ environmentally responsible behaviors: An extended value-attitude-behavior model. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 38(7), 696–709. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.1985036
  • Li, Z., Zhao, Q., Huo, T., Shao, Y., & Hu, Z. (2022). COVID-19: Management focus of reopened tourist destinations. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(1), 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1863926
  • Lu, C. Y., Yeh, W. J., & Chen, B. T. (2016). The study of international students’ behavior intention for leisure participation: Using perceived risk as a moderator. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 17(2), 224–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2015.1115267
  • Manosuthi, N., Lee, J.-S., & Han, H. (2020). Predicting the revisit intention of volunteer tourists using the merged model between the theory of planned behavior and norm activation model. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 37(4), 510–532. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2020.1784364
  • Mao, F., & Wang, F. (2022). China ends covid quarantine for travellers in January. BBC News, Adopted from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-64097497
  • Ma, L., Zhang, X., Xu, F., & Yu, P. (2022). How to improve consumers’ travel intentions under the COVID-19 pandemic: An empirical study in China. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 17, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2022.2045651
  • Medical Tourism Magazine. Wellness Travel Will Be the Focus in the Post-Pandemic Era. Wellness travel and tourism. Available from: https://www.magazine.medicaltourism.com/article/wellness-travel-will-be-the-focus-in-the-post-pandemic-era
  • Meng, B., Chua, B. L., Ryu, H. B., & Han, H. (2020). Volunteer tourism (VT) traveler behavior: Merging norm activation model and theory of planned behavior. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(12), 1947–1969. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1778010
  • Merdin-Uygur, E., & Ozturkcan, S. (2023). Consumers and service robots: Power relationships amid COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 70, 103174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.103174
  • Moon, H., Yoon, H., & Han, H. (2016). Role of airport physical environment in the satisfaction generation process: Mediating the impact of traveler emotion. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21, 193–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2015.1048260
  • Mya, K. S., A, S. M., Hlaing, W. A., Hlaing, S. S., Aung, T., Lwin, S. M. M., E, S. U., Tun, T., Lwin, K. S., & Win, H. H. (2020). Awareness, perceived risk and protective behaviours of Myanmar adults on COVID-19. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 7(5), 1627–1636. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20201530
  • Nakai, A. (2021). Strategies of Forbes five-star hotels for attracting guests in Japan amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Travel and Tourism Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally, 72. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2608&context=ttra
  • Nazneen, S., Hong, X., & Ud Din, N. (2020). COVID-19 crises and tourist travel risk perceptions. Available at SSRN 3592321. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3592321
  • Nguyen-Phuoc, D. Q., Oviedo-Trespalacios, O., Nguyen, M. H., Dinh, M. T. T., & Su, D. N. (2022). Intentions to use ride-sourcing services in Vietnam: What happens after three months without COVID-19 infections? Cities, 126, 103691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103691
  • Nguyen-Phuoc, D. Q., Su, D. N., Dinh, M. T. T., Newton, J. D. A., & Oviedo-Trespalacios, O. (2023). Passengers’ self-protective intentions while using ride-hailing services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Safety Science, 157, 105920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105920
  • Ning, L., Niu, J., Bi, X., Yang, C., Liu, Z., Wu, Q., Liu, Z., Ning, N., Liang, L., Liu, A., Hao, Y., Gao, L., & Liu, C. (2020). The impacts of knowledge, risk perception, emotion and information on citizens’ protective behaviors during the outbreak of COVID-19: A cross-sectional study in China. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09892-y
  • Nong, W., Ye, J. H., Chen, P., & Lee, Y. S. (2023). A study on the blended learning effects on students majoring in preschool education in the post-pandemic era: An example of a research-method course in a Chinese university. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 962707. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.962707
  • Pang, Z., Zhao, C., & Xue, L. (2022). What drives people’s protective behaviors during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.781279
  • Papas, N. (2023). Came or gone? A longitudinal study of the effects of COVID-19 on tourism purchasing intentions. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 72, 103269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103269
  • Ping, W., Cao, W., Tan, H., Guo, C., Dou, Z., Yang, J., & Puebla, I. (2018). Health protective behavior scale: Development and psychometric evaluation. PloS ONE, 13(1), 0190390. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190390
  • Polizzi, C., Lynn, S. J., & Perry, A. (2020). Stress and coping in the time of covid-19: Pathways to resilience and recovery. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17(2), 59. https://doi.org/10.36131/CN20200204
  • Porras-Bueno, N., Haldon Hermoso, J. M., & Plaza-Mejia, M. A. (2023). Modeling residents’ WOM behavior toward tourism through altruism and the theory of reasoned action. Leisure Sciences, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2023.2178559
  • Prentice-Dunn, S., & Rogers, R. W. (1986). Protection motivation theory and preventive health: Beyond the health belief model. Health Education Research, 1(3), 153–161. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/1.3.153
  • Prue, C. E., Williams, P. N., Joseph, H. A., Johnson, M., Wojno, A. E., Zulkiewicz, B. A., Macom, J., Alexander, J. P., Ray, S. E., & Southwell, B. G. (2019). Factors that mattered in helping travelers from countries with Ebola outbreaks participate in post-arrival monitoring during the 2014-2016 Ebola epidemic. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, & Financing, 56, 004695801989479. https://doi.org/10.1177/0046958019894795
  • Pu, B., Du, F., Zhang, L., & Qiu, Y. (2021). Subjective knowledge and health consciousness influences on health tourism intention after the COVID-19 pandemic: A prospective study. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 31(2), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2021.1903181
  • Qin, N., Shi, S., Ma, G., Li, X., Duan, Y., Shen, Z., Luo, A., & Zhong, Z. (2022). Associations of COVID-19 risk perception, eHealth literacy, and Protective Behaviors Among Chinese College students following vaccination: A cross-sectional study. Front. Public Health, 3(9), 776829. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.776829
  • Radic, A., Koo, B., Gil-Cordero, E., Cabrera-Sánchez, J. P., & Han, H. (2021). Intention to take COVID-19 vaccine as a precondition for international travel: Application of extended norm-activation model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 3104. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063104
  • Radic, A., Koo, B., Kim, J. J., & Han, H. (2022). No jab, no international travel? Linking TRA, mass media, motivation, and experience. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 13567667221095587(3), 365–385. https://doi.org/10.1177/13567667221095587
  • Radic, A., Lück, M., Al-Ansi, A., Chua, B.-L., Seeler, S., Raposo, A., Kim, J. J., & Han, H. (2021). To dine, or not to dine on a cruise ship in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic: The tripartite approach towards an understanding of behavioral intentions among female passengers. Sustainability, 13(5), 2516. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052516
  • Rimal, R. N. (2001). Perceived risk and self-efficacy as motivators: Understanding individuals’ long-term use of health information. Journal of Communications, 51, 633–654. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2001.tb02900.x
  • Ritchie, B. W., Prideaux, B., Thompson, M., & Demeter, C. (2022). Understanding tourists’ attitudes toward interventions for the great barrier reef: An extension of the norm activation model. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(6), 1364–1383. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1948048
  • Roy, D., Tripathy, S., Kar, S. K., Sharma, N., Verma, S. K., & Kaushal, V. (2020). Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083
  • Ruan, W. Q., Yang, T. T., & Zhang, S. N. (2022). Restoration path of small tourism enterprise managers’ confidence in the COVID-19 period. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 39(2), 137–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2022.2061675
  • Rui, J. R., Yang, K., & Chen, J. (2021). Information sources, risk perception, and efficacy appraisal’s prediction of engagement in protective behaviors against COVID-19 in China: Repeated cross-sectional survey. JMIR Human Factors, 8(1), e23232. https://doi.org/10.2196/23232
  • Schiffer, A. A., O’Dea, C. J., & Saucier, D. A. (2021). Moral decision-making and support for safety procedures amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 175, 110714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110714
  • Schneider, S. H., Eger, J., Bruder, M., Faust, J., & Wieler, L. H. (2021). Does the COVID-19 pandemic threaten global solidarity? Evidence from Germany. World Development, 140, 105356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105356
  • Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative influences on altruism. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 221–279). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60358-5
  • Shin, Y. H., Im, J., Jung, S. E., & Severt, K. (2018). The theory of planned behavior and the norm activation model approach to consumer behavior regarding organic menus. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 69, 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.10.011
  • Shin, H. W., & Kang, J. (2021). What motivates your environmentally sustainable stay? Exploration of the underlying mechanism of consumers’ intentions to use green peer-to-peer accommodations. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 38(4), 413–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.1921672
  • Shi, D., Yi, B., Shi, F., & Satta, S. (2022). Motivation configuration of bluxury tourism behavior: An FsQCA application. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 63(1), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/19389655211014472
  • Siddiqi, U. I., Akhtar, N., & Islam, T. (2022). Restaurant hygiene attributes and consumers’ fear of COVID-19: Does psychological distress matter? Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 67, 102972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.102972
  • Sriring, O., Heinrich, M., Thepgumpanat, P., & Staporncharnchai, S. (2023). Thailand expects 5 mln Chinese tourists this year in post-COVID rebound. Reuters, Adopted from https://www.reuters.com/article/thailand-economy-tourism/thailand-expects-5-mln-chinese-tourists-this-year-in-post-covid-rebound-idUSL4N33O1KS
  • Stevis-Gridneff, M. (2023). E.U. Urges nations to require negative covid tests for travelers from China. The New York Times. Adopted from: https://www.nytimes.com/subscription?campaignId=78R87
  • Thai Embassy (2023). Travel to Thailand from China. Thai embassy. Adopted from: https://www.thaiembassy.com/travel-to-thailand/travel-to-thailand-from-china
  • Untaru, E., & Han, H. (2021). Protective measures against COVID-19 and the business strategies of the retail enterprises: Differences in gender, age, education, and income among shoppers. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 60, 102446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102446
  • Untaru, E.-N., Ispas, A., Candrea, A. N., Luca, M., & Epuran, G. (2016). Predictors of individuals’ intention to conserve water in a lodging context: The application of an extended theory of reasoned action. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 59, 50–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.09.001
  • Vada, S., Prentice, C., & Hsiao, A. (2019). The influence of tourism experience and well-being on place attachment. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 47, 322–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2018.12.007
  • Vis, B. (2012). The comparative advantages of fsQCA and regression analysis for moderately large-N analyses. Sociological Methods & Research, 41(1), 168–198. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124112442142
  • Wang, G., Ren, L., Qiu, H., & Yao, Y. (2022). Salient health goal, salient restoration? A transformative model of wellness tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 39(7–9), 591–608. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2023.2184443
  • Wang, J., & Xia, L. (2021). Revenge travel: Nostalgia and desire for leisure travel post COVID-19. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 38(9), 935–955. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.2006858
  • Wattanacharoensil, W., Lee, J. S., Fakfare, P., & Manosuthi, N. (2023). The multi-method approach to analyzing motivations and perceived travel risks: Impacts on domestic tourists’ adaptive behaviors and tourism destination advocacy. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 40(2), 109–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2023.2215266
  • Wen, J., Kozak, M., Yang, S., & Liu, F. (2020). COVID-19: Potential effects on Chinese citizens’ lifestyle and travel. Tourism Review, 76(1), 74–87. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-03-2020-0110
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Statement on the second meeting of the International health regulations (2005) emergency committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCov). Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Coronavirus. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2023). Weekly Epidemiological Update on COVID-19 - 22 February 2023, Edition 131. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19—22-february-2023
  • Xu, T., & Wu, X. (2022). Risk perception, media, and ordinary people’s intention to engage in self-protective behaviors in the early stage of COVID-19 pandemic in China. Volume 15, 1459–1471. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S374889
  • Ye, R., Wu, Y., Sun, C., Wang, Q., Mao, Y., Chang, W., & Zhou, H. (2022). What prompted the adoption of self-protective behaviors in response to COVID-19? Evidence from women living in the rural areas of western China. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 2322. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.756933
  • Yu, J., Gorman, B. S., & Springer, C. M. (2022). Source of information on intentions to adopt protective behaviours during COVID-19 in China. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, & Financing, 59, 00469580221090411. https://doi.org/10.1177/00469580221090411
  • Zenker, S., Braun, E., & Gyimothy, S. (2021). Too afraid to travel? Development of a pandemic (COVID-19) anxiety travel scale (PATS). Tourism Management, 84, 104286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104286
  • Zhang, N., Liu, X., Jin, T., Zhao, P., Miao, D., Lei, H., Su, B., Xue, P., Xie, J., & Li, Y. (2021). Weakening personal protective behavior by Chinese university students after COVID-19 vaccination. Building and Environment, 206, 108367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108367
  • Zhang, N., Yang, H., Hong, D., Huang, X., & Wang, L. (2022). Risk perception, self-efficacy, lay theories of health, and engagement in health-protective behaviors among hospital pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29(2), 247–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-021-10004-2
  • Zhao, T. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 awareness on protective behaviors during the off-peak period: Sex differences among Chinese undergraduates. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(20), 13483. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013483
  • Zheng, D., Luo, Q., & Ritchie, B. W. (2021). Afraid to travel after COVID-19? self-protection, coping and resilience against pandemic ‘travel fear’. Tourism Management, 83, 104261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104261

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.