How does the metaverse transform festival tourism? A Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS) theory

References

• Alegre, J., & Cladera, M. (2009). Analysing the effect of satisfaction and previous visits on tourist intentions to return. European Journal of Marketing, 43(5/6), 670–685. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560910946990
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ampong, G. O. A., Mensah, A., Adu, A. S. Y., Addae, J. A., Omoregie, O. K., & Ofori, K. S. (2018). Examining self-disclosure on social networking sites: A flow theory and privacy perspective. Behavioral Sciences, 8(6), 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs8060058
   Google Scholar
• An, S., Choi, Y., & Lee, C. K. (2021). Virtual travel experience and destination marketing: Effects of sense and information quality on flow and visit intention. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 19, 100492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100492
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ante, L., Wazinski, F. P., & Saggu, A. (2023). Digital real estate in the metaverse: An empirical analysis of retail investor motivations. Finance Research Letters, 58(Part A), 104299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2023.104299
   Google Scholar
• Arghashi, V., & Yuksel, C. A. (2022). Interactivity, inspiration, and perceived usefulness! How retailers’ AR-apps improve consumer engagement through flow. Journal of Retailing & Consumer Services, 64, 102756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102756
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ariza-Montes, A., Quan, W., Radic, A., Yu, J., & Han, H. (2023). Human values and traveler behaviors: Metaverse for conferences and meetings. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 40(6), 490–511. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2023.2263766
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber, L. K., & Santuzzi, A. M. (2015). Please respond ASAP: Workplace telepressure and employee recovery. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 20(2), 172–189. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrera, K. G., & Shah, D. (2023). Marketing in the metaverse: Conceptual understanding, framework, and research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 155, 113420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113420
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, A. E., Donne, K., Fallon, P., & Sharpley, R. (2019). From headliners to hangovers: Digital media communication in the British rock music festival experience. Tourist Studies, 20(1), 75–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797619885954
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhalis, D., & Karatay, N. (2022). Mixed reality (MR) for generation Z in cultural heritage tourism towards metaverse. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2022: Proceedings of the ENTER 2022 eTourism Conference, January 11–14, 2022, Tianjin, China (pp. 16–27). Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Buhalis, D., Leung, D., & Lin, M. (2023). Metaverse as a disruptive technology revolutionising tourism management and marketing. Tourism Management, 97, 104724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2023.104724
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C., & Li, X. (2020). The effect of online shopping festival promotion strategies on consumer participation intention. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 120(12), 2375–2395. https://doi.org/10.1108/imds-11-2019-0628
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, S., Chan, I. C. C., Xu, S., Law, R., & Zhang, M. (2023). Metaverse in tourism: Drivers and hindrances from stakeholders’ perspective. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 40(2), 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2023.2227872
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, X., Xue, T., Yang, B., & Ma, B. (2023). A digital transformation approach in hospitality and tourism research. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(8), 2944–2967. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-06-2022-0679
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinelato, F. B., Oliveira, A. S. D., & Souki, G. Q. (2023). Do satisfied customers recommend restaurants? The moderating effect of engagement on social networks on the relationship between satisfaction and eWOM. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing & Logistics, 35(11), 2765–2784. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-02-2022-0153
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, D., Lee, H. K., & Kim, D. Y. (2023). Mood management through metaverse enhances life satisfaction. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 47(4), 1533–1543. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12934
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, M., Azzaoui, A. E., Singh, S. K., Salim, M. M., Jeremiah, S. R., & Park, J. H. (2022). The future of metaverse: Security issues, requirements, and solutions. Human-Centric Computing and Information Sciences, 12(60), 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Choi, M., Choi, Y., Nosrati, S., Hailu, T. B., & Kim, S. (2023). Psychological dynamics in the metaverse: Evaluating perceived values, attitude, and behavioral intention in metaverse events. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 40(7), 602–618. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2023.2276435
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chua, B. L., Kim, S., Hailu, T. B., Yu, J., Moon, H., & Han, H. (2023). Emerging armchair travel: Investigation of authentic armchair travel experiences and their effect on armchair travel stickiness. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 40(3), 203–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2023.2236652
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan, K., & Ketron, S. (2019). A dual model of product involvement for effective virtual reality: The roles of imagination, co-creation, telepresence, and interactivity. Journal of Business Research, 100, 483–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.10.063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Csikzentmihaly, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience (Vol. 1990, p. 1). Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Dash, G., & Paul, J. (2021). CB-SEM vs PLS-SEM methods for research in social sciences and technology forecasting. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 173, 121092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dionisio, J. D. N., Iii, W. G. B., & Gilbert, R. (2013). 3D virtual worlds and the metaverse: Current status and future possibilities. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 45(3), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1145/2480741.2480751
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixit, S. K., Lee, K. H., & Loo, P. T. (2021). Consumer behavior in hospitality and tourism. In Saurabh Kumar Dixit, Kuan-Huei Lee, & Poh Theng Loo (Eds.), Consumer behaviour in hospitality and tourism (pp. 1–9). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Dong, J., Dubois, L. E., Joppe, M., & Foti, L. (2021). How do video games induce Us to travel? Exploring the drivers, mechanisms, and limits of video game-induced tourism. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6410-6_8
   Google Scholar
• Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Pandey, N., Pandey, N., & Mishra, A. (2021). Mapping the electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) research: A systematic review and bibliometric analysis. Journal of Business Research, 135, 758–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.07.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwivedi, Y. K., Hughes, L., Baabdullah, A. M., Ribeiro-Navarrete, S., Giannakis, M., Al-Debei, M. M., Dennehy, D., Metri, B., Buhalis, D., Cheung, C. M. K., Conboy, K., Doyle, R., Dubey, R., Dutot, V., Felix, R., Goyal, D. P., Gustafsson, A., Hinsch, C., Jebabli, I., & Viglia, G.… Wamba, S. F. (2022). Metaverse beyond the hype: Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 66, 102542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frieder, R. E., Wang, G., & Oh, I. S. (2018). Linking job-relevant personality traits, transformational leadership, and job performance via perceived meaningfulness at work: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(3), 324. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, X., Kang, J., & Tasci, A. (2017). Self-congruity and flow as antecedents of attitude and loyalty towards a theme park brand. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34(9), 1261–1273. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2017.1343704
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil de Zúñiga, H., Weeks, B., & Ardèvol-Abreu, A. (2017). Effects of the news-finds-me perception in communication: Social media use implications for news seeking and learning about politics. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 22(3), 105–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gim, G., Bae, H., & Kang, S. (2022, August). Metaverse learning: The relationship among quality of VR-based education, self-determination, and learner satisfaction. 2022 IEEE/ACIS 7th International Conference on Big Data, Cloud Computing, and Data Science (BCD), Danang, Vietnam (pp. 279–284). IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Glover, G. (2022, February). Bank of America shares how to invest in the metaverse and 13 other disruptive technologies that could transform our lives and become a market worth over $6 trillion by 2030. https://www.businessinsider.com/investing-strategy-tech-6g-metaverse-flying-cars-ai-moonshots-2021-9
   Google Scholar
• Goh, T. T., & Yang, B. (2021). The role of e-engagement and flow on the continuance with a learning management system in a blended learning environment. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00285-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunwell, S., & “Steve” Ha, I. (2007). Film festivals: An empirical study of factors for success. Event Management, 11(4), 201–210. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599508785899893
   Google Scholar
• Gursoy, D., Malodia, S., & Dhir, A. (2022). The metaverse in the hospitality and tourism industry: An overview of current trends and future research directions. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 31(5), 527–534. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2022.2072504
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Gabriel, M., & Patel, V. (2014). Modelagem de Equações Estruturais Baseada em Covariância (CB-SEM) com o AMOS: Orientações sobre a sua aplicação como uma Ferramenta de Pesquisa de Marketing. Brazilian Journal of Marketing, 13(2), 44–55. https://doi.org/10.5585/remark.v13i2.2718
   Google Scholar
• Han, S. L., An, M., Han, J. J., & Lee, J. (2020). Telepresence, time distortion, and consumer traits of virtual reality shopping. Journal of Business Research, 118, 311–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennig-Thurau, T., Gwinner, K. P., Walsh, G., & Gremler, D. D. (2004). Electronic word-of-mouth via consumer-opinion platforms: What motivates consumers to articulate themselves on the internet? Journal of Interactive Marketing, 18(1), 38–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/dir.10073
   Google Scholar
• Heslin, P. A., Keating, L. A., & Minbashian, A. (2019). How situational cues and mindset dynamics shape personality effects on career outcomes. Journal of Management, 45(5), 2101–2131. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206318755302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Y., Liu, X., & Huang, Z. (2018). Understanding the relationship between tourist satisfaction and electronic word-of-mouth intention: A study of Chinese tourists visiting theme parks. Journal of Travel Research, 57(4), 441–455.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, H. C., Pham, T. T. L., Wong, M. K., Chiu, H. Y., Yang, Y. H., & Teng, C. I. (2018). How to create flow experience in exergames? Perspective of flow theory. Telematics and Informatics, 35(5), 1288–1296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jafar, R. M. S., & Ahmad, W. (2023). Tourist loyalty in the metaverse: The role of immersive tourism experience and cognitive perceptions. Tourism Review, 79(2), 321–336. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-11-2022-0552
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jafar, R. M. S., Ahmad, W., & Sun, Y. (2023). Unfolding the impacts of metaverse aspects on telepresence, product knowledge, and purchase intentions in the metaverse stores. Technology in Society, 74, 102265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeon, H. J., Youn, H. C., Ko, S. M., & Kim, T. H. (2022). Blockchain and AI meet in the metaverse. Advances in the Convergence of Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence, 73(10.5772), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99114
   Google Scholar
• Joe, S., Kim, J., & Zemke, D. M. V. (2022). Effects of social influence and perceived enjoyment on kiosk acceptance: A moderating role of gender. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 23(2), 289–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2020.1746217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, T., Tom Dieck, M. C., Rauschnabel, P., Ascenção, M., Tuominen, P., & Moilanen, T. (2018). Functional, Hedonic or Social? Exploring Antecedents and Consequences of Virtual Reality Rollercoaster Usage. In T. Jung & M. Claudia tom Dieck (Eds.), Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality: Empowering Human, Place and Business, 247–258.
   Google Scholar
• Kazancoglu, I., & Demir, B. (2021). Analysing flow experience on repurchase intention in e-retailing during COVID-19. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 49(11), 1571–1593. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-10-2020-0429
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, D., & Ko, Y. J. (2019). The impact of virtual reality (VR) technology on sport spectators’ flow experience and satisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 93, 346–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2008). Persuasive design of destination websites: An analysis of first impression. Journal of Travel Research, 47(1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507312405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H., Kim, S. E., Park, K., & Tennessee, S. (2023). Exploring the role of flow experience and telepresence in virtual reality (VR) concerts. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 40(7), 568–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2023.2276437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H., Oh, C. O., Lee, S., & Lee, S. (2018). Assessing the economic values of world heritage sites and the effects of perceived authenticity on their values. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(1), 126–136. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, W., Jun, H. M., Walker, M., & Drane, D. (2015). Evaluating the perceived social impacts of hosting large-scale sport tourism events: Scale development and validation. Tourism Management, 48, 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.10.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. H., & Kim, H. (2019). Effects of destination image, satisfaction, and loyalty on electronic word-of-mouth: A case study of Korean cultural heritage sites. Sustainability, 11(9), 2529.
   Google Scholar
• Koo, C., Kwon, J., Chung, N., & Kim, J. (2023). Metaverse tourism: Conceptual framework and research propositions. Current Issues in Tourism, 26(20), 3268–3274. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2022.2122781
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, H., & Srivastava, R. (2022). Exploring the role of augmented reality in online impulse behaviour. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 50(10), 1281–1301. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-11-2021-0535
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunz, R. E., & Santomier, J. P. (2019). Sport content and virtual reality technology acceptance. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 10(1), 83–103. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-11-2018-0095
   Google Scholar
• Lai, I. K. W., & Wong, J. W. C. (2024). Comparing the effects of tourists’ perceptions of residents’ emotional solidarity and tourists’ emotional solidarity on trip satisfaction and word-of-mouth intentions. Journal of Travel Research, 63(1), 136–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875221143504
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H., & Hwang, Y. (2022). Technology-enhanced Education through VR-Making and metaverse-linking to foster Teacher readiness and sustainable learning. Sustainability, 14(8), 4786. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084786
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, L.-H., Braud, T., Zhou, P., Wang, L., Xu, D., Lin, Z., Kumar A., Bermejo C., & Hui, P. (2021). All one needs to know about metaverse: A complete survey on technological singularity, virtual ecosystem, and research agenda. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.05352.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Y.-K., Lee, C.-K., Lee, S.-K., & Babin, B. J. (2008). Festivalscapes and patrons’ emotions, satisfaction, and loyalty. Journal of Business Research, 61(1), 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.05.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., Yu, G., & Basile, V. (2023). Constructing the festival tourist attraction from the perspective of peircean semiotics: The case of Guangzhou, China. PLoS One, 18(2), e0282102. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., He, J., Vijayakumar, P., Zhang, X., & Chang, V. (2021). A verifiable privacy-preserving machine learning prediction scheme for edge-enhanced hcpss. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 18(8), 5494–5503. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2021.3110808
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, X., Huo, Y., & Luo, P. (2024). What drives impulsive travel intention in tourism live streaming? A chain mediation model based on SOR framework. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 41(2), 169–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2024.2310175
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, F., & Ryu, K. (2023). How product design affects repurchase intention, eWOM, and museum visit intention: Museum mystery boxes in China. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 40(5), 434–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2023.2258154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litvin, S. W., Goldsmith, R. E., & Pan, B. (2008). Electronic word-of-mouth in hospitality and tourism management. Tourism Management, 29(3), 458–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.05.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loureiro, S. M. C., Guerreiro, J., & Ali, F. (2020). 20 years of research on virtual reality and augmented reality in tourism context: A text-mining approach. Tourism Management, 77, 104028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundmark, P. (2022). The real future of the metaverse is not for consumers. The Financial Times.
   Google Scholar
• MacKay, K., Barbe, D., Van Winkle, C. M., & Halpenny, E. (2017). Social media activity in a festival context: Temporal and content analysis. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(2), 669–689. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-10-2015-0618
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magni, M., Palmi, P., & Salvemini, S. 2018. Under pressure! Team innovative climate and individual attitudes in shaping individual improvisation. European Management Journal, 36(4), 474–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2017.07.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrotra, A., Agarwal, R., Khalil, A., Alzeiby, E. A., & Agarwal, V. (2024). Nitty-gritties of customer experience in metaverse retailing. Journal of Retailing & Consumer Services, 79, 103876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.103876
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review, 102(2), 246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.102.2.246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moliner-Velázquez, B., Fuentes-Blasco, M., & Gil-Saura, I. (2019). The role of ICT, eWOM and guest characteristics in loyalty. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Technology, 10(2), 153–168. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-11-2017-0120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulik, S., Srivastava, M., Yajnik, N., & Taras, V. (2020). Antecedents and outcomes of flow experience of MOOC users. Journal of International Education in Business, 13(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIEB-10-2018-0049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2009). Flow theory and research. Handbook of Positive Psychology, 195, 206. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-05143-018
   Google Scholar
• Ning, H., Wang, H., Lin, Y., Wang, W., Dhelim, S., Farha, F., Ding J., & Daneshmand, M. (2023). A survey on the metaverse: The state-of-the-art, technologies, applications, and challenges. IEEE Internet of Things Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 57(1), 2132–2136. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2023.3278329
   Google Scholar
• Oh, Y. K., Yi, J., & Kim, J. (2023). What enhances or worsens the user-generated metaverse experience? An application of BERTopic to Roblox user eWOM. Internet Research.
   Google Scholar
• Park, Y., Ko, E., & Do, B. (2023). The perceived value of digital fashion product and purchase intention: The mediating role of the flow experience in metaverse platforms. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing & Logistics, 35(11), 2645–2665. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-11-2022-0945
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce, P. L., & Lee, U. I. (2005). Developing the travel career approach to tourist motivation. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 226–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504272020
   Google Scholar
• Pfister, R. (2002). Flow im Alltag: Untersuchungen zum Quadrantenmodell des Flow-Erlebens und zum Konzept der autotelischen Persönlichkeit mit der experience sampling method (ESM). Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Procci, K., James, N., & Bowers, C. (2013). The effects of gender, age, and experience on game engagement. Proceedings, 57(1), 2132–2136. Sage CA: Los Angeles.
   Google Scholar
• Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Seyfi, S., Hall, C. M., & Hatamifar, P. (2021). Understanding memorable tourism experiences and behavioural intentions of heritage tourists. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 21, 100621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100621
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauschnabel, P. A., Felix, R., Hinsch, C., Shahab, H., & Alt, F. (2022). What is XR? Towards a framework for augmented and virtual reality. Computers in Human Behavior, 133, 107289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, L., Yang, F., Gu, C., Sun, J., & Liu, Y. (2022). A study of factors influencing Chinese college students’ intention of using metaverse technology for basketball learning: Extending the technology acceptance model. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1049972. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1049972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter, N. F., Cepeda, G., Roldan, J. L., & Ringle, C. M. (2016). European management research using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (editorial). European Management Journal, 34(6), 589–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2016.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Ardura, I., & Meseguer-Artola, A. (2018). Immersive Experiences in Online Higher Education: Virtual Presence and Flow”. In A. Visvizi, M. D. Lytras, & L. Daniela (Eds.), The Future of Innovation and Technology in Education: Policies and Practices for Teaching and Learning Excellence (Emerald Studies in Higher Education, Innovation and Technology) (pp. 187–202). Leeds: Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78756-555-520181014
   Google Scholar
• Roy, S. K., Singh, G., Hope, M., Nguyen, B., & Harrigan, P. (2019). The rise of smart consumers: Role of smart servicescape and smart consumer experience co-creation. Journal of Marketing Management, 35(15–16), 1480–1513. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2019.1680569
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruan, W.-Q., Yang, T.-T., Zhang, S.-N., Liu, C.-H., & Li, Y.-Q. (2021). How to create tourists’ enjoyment? Critical factors and strategic configurations for cultural and creative tourists’ enjoyment. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 38(6), 554–567. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.1969318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Alba, J. L., Abou-Foul, M., Nazarian, A., & Foroudi, P. (2022). Digital platforms: Customer satisfaction, eWOM and the moderating role of perceived technological innovativeness. Information Technology & People, 35(7), 2470–2499. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-07-2021-0572
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, W. G., Fenton, A., Ahmed, W., & Scarf, P. (2020). Recognizing events 4.0: The digital maturity of events. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 11(1), 47–68. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEFM-12-2019-0060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleh, M. I. (2024). From tourism in the darkverse to tourism with digital detox: Designing responsible metaverse tourism experiences. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2024.2322694
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salo, M., Pirkkalainen, H., Chua, C. E. H., & Koskelainen, T. (2022). Formation and mitigation of technostress in the personal use of it. MIS Quarterly, 46(2), 1073–1108. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2022/14950
   Google Scholar
• Serravalle, F., Vanheems, R., & Viassone, M. (2023). Does product involvement drive consumer flow state in the AR environment? A study on behavioural responses. Journal of Retailing & Consumer Services, 72, 103279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103279
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sina. (2022). Guangfu temple fair metaverse debut. https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1724883369380328225&wfr=spider&for=pc
   Google Scholar
• Smart, J., Cascio, J., Paffendorf, J., Bridges, C., Hummel, J., Hursthouse, J., & Moss, R. (2007). A cross-industry public foresight project. Proc Metaverse Roadmap Pathways 3dweb, 1–28. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/1141403/7zwf0isqom1hx7.pdf?1425074800=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DA_Metaverse_Roadmap_Pathways_to_the_3D_W.pdf&Expires=1720783814&Signature=PMVvNXHZFg-KbxjQkQXHzYX-gFjAHAMRJtrSXk6dQjx9ER0tC2BJWN69c9lOYLZKITu~DEwA82OvcJxkZVHTyma4ZKpWjqMZvaXKdh9Q9co1Pg46kwXbV3K0SAoU3UvNw80hcmwVJasUnDUXChfZw0nIzXrgMgdH1PhfKDjlNbblamKCdYlS93dUHmlPaJ6FvGBSTva2872T~0jUiLGudDSoLmHLxnIRPTD5iw-KlOoW7xWKM7uRb9e0WSD~unJ8XWW9LacWPdk96LY6kZhTTjPqFx1b8SmhSghFoFZoG91~53YA79hyb8QSdmjPyV5L4gG3iosVygsT~Z5enP97Ig__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
   Google Scholar
• Sohn, K., & Kwon, O. (2020). Technology acceptance theories and factors influencing artificial intelligence-based intelligent products. Telematics and Informatics, 47, 101324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2019.101324
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, J. (1996). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (3rd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Suh, A., & Prophet, J. (2018). The state of immersive technology research: A literature analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 86, 77–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, Z. (2022). 1.5 million people visited the “guangfu temple fair metaverse”. https://news.ycwb.com/2022-02/23/content_40594123.htm
   Google Scholar
• Tarafdar, M., Cooper, C. L., & Stich, J. F. (2019). The technostress trifecta‐techno eustress, techno distress and design: Theoretical directions and an agenda for research. Information Systems Journal, 29(1), 6–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran, G. A., & Strutton, D. (2020). Comparing email and SNS users: Investigating e-servicescape, customer reviews, trust, loyalty and E-WOM. Journal of Retailing & Consumer Services, 53, 101782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.03.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, C. T. (2016). Memorable tourist experiences and place attachment when consuming local food. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(6), 536–548. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tse, D. C., Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2022). Flow experiences across adulthood: Preliminary findings on the continuity hypothesis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 23(6), 2517–2540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-022-00514-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Schaik, P., Martin, S., & Vallance, M. (2012). Measuring flow experience in an immersive virtual environment for collaborative learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 28(4), 350–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2011.00455.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma, S., & Yadav, N. (2021). Past, present, and future of electronic word of mouth (EWOM). Journal of Interactive Marketing, 53(1), 111–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2020.07.001
   Google Scholar
• Wang, A., Gao, Z., Lee, L. H., Braud, T., & Hui, P. (2022, November). Decentralized, not dehumanized in the metaverse: Bringing utility to NFTs through multimodal interaction. Proceedings of the 2022 international conference on multimodal interaction, Bengaluru India (pp. 662–667).
   Google Scholar
• Wang, B. (2016). A comparative study of values between post-80 and post-90s.Renmin. University of China Education Journal, 6(4), 124–137.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, T. L., Tran, P. T. K., & Tran, V. T. (2017). Destination perceived quality, tourist satisfaction and word-of-mouth. Tourism Review, 72(4), 392–410. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-06-2017-0103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., Su, Z., Zhang, N., Xing, R., Liu, D., Luan, T. H., & Shen, X. (2022). A survey on metaverse: Fundamentals, security, and privacy, 25(1), 319–352. https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.19255058.v1
   Google Scholar
• Wei, G. (2023). young people celebrate the New Year in the Yuan universe. http://k.sina.com.cn/article_5918992542_160cca89e0190115ic.html
   Google Scholar
• Xu, T., & Lu, C. (2023). Does tourism mental fatigue inhibit tourist citizenship behavior? The role of psychological contract breach and boundary conditions. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 55, 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, S. (2023). Storytelling and user experience in the cultural metaverse. Heliyon, 9(4), e14759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Y., Park, S., & Hu, X. (2018). Electronic word of mouth and hotel performance: A meta-analysis. Tourism Management, 67, 248–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.01.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen, W. C., & Lin, H. H. (2022). Investigating the effect of flow experience on learning performance and entrepreneurial self-efficacy in a business simulation systems context. Interactive Learning Environments, 30(9), 1593–1608. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1734624
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen, Y. C., Hou, H. T., & Chang, K. E. (2015). Applying role-playing strategy to enhance learners’ writing and speaking skills in EFL courses using Facebook and skype as learning tools: A case study in Taiwan. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 28(5), 383–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2013.839568
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, Y.-S., Lee, J.-S., & Lee, C.-K. (2010). Measuring festival quality and value affecting visitors’ satisfaction and loyalty using a structural approach. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(2), 335–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, M. (2022). When Guangfu Temple Fair meets the “metaverse”. https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1731045077992326531&wfr=spider&for=pc
   Google Scholar
• Zalan, T., & Barbesino, P. (2023). Making the metaverse real. Digital Business, 3(2), 100059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.digbus.2023.100059
   Google Scholar
• Zayas, V., Shoda, Y., & Ayduk, O. N. (2002). Personality in context: An interpersonal systems perspective. Journal of Personality, 70(6), 851–900. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.05026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, S. N., Li, Y. Q., Liu, C. H., & Ruan, W. Q. (2019). How does authenticity enhance flow experience through perceived value and involvement: The moderating roles of innovation and cultural identity. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 36(6), 710–728. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2019.1625846
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, F., Zhang, N., Wang, N., & Mou, J. (2023). Design affordance in VR and customization intention: Is customer inspiration a missing link? Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 192, 122594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122594
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar