Fentanyl and Propofol Exposure in the Operating Room: Sensitization Hypotheses and Further Data

REFERENCES

• Hughes , P H , Brandenburg , N , Baldwin , D C Jr , Storr , C L , Williams , K M , Anthony , J C and Sheehan , D V . 1992 . Prevalence of substance use among US Physicians . JAMA , 267 ( 17 ) : 2333 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor , P G and Spickard , A . 1997 . Physician impairment by substance abuse . Med Clin North Am , 81 ( 4 ) : 1037 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , D E , Giovino , G A , Emont , S L , Brackbill , R , Cameron , L L , Peddicord , J and Mowery , P D . 1994 . Trends in cigarette smoking among US physicians and nurses . JAMA , 271 ( 16 ) : 1273 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patkar , A A , Hill , K , Batra , V , Vergare , M J and Leone , F T . 2003 . A comparison of smoking habits among medical and nursing students . Chest , 124 ( 4 ) : 1415 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAMHSA . 2006 . Results from the 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National findings Rockville, MD Officejust of Applied Studies NSDUH Series H-30 2006; DHHS Publication No SMA 06-4194
   Google Scholar
• Follette , J W and Farley , W J . 1992 . Anesthesiologist addicted to propofol . Anesthesiol , 77 : 817 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwersen-Bergmann , S , Rosner , P , Kuhnau , H C , Junge , M and Schmoldt , A . 2001 . Death after excessive propofol abuse . Int J Legal Med , 114 ( 4 ) : 248 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luck , S and Hedrick , J . 2004 . The alarming trend of substance abuse in anesthesia providers . J Peri Anesth Nurs , 19 ( 5 ) : 308 – 11 . doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2004.06.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gallegos , K V , Browne , C H , Veit , F W and Talbott , G D . 1988 . Addiction in anesthesiologists: drug access and patterns of substance abuse . QRB Qual Rev Bull , 14 ( 4 ) : 116 – 22 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McAuliffe , P F , Gold , M S , Bajpai , L , Merves , M , Frost-Pineda , K , Pomm , R , Goldberger , B , Melker , R and Cendán , J . 2006 . Secondhand exposure to aerosolized intravenous anesthetics propofol and fentanyl may cause sensitization and subsequent opiate addiction among anesthesiologists and surgeons . Med Hypotheses , 66 ( 5 ) : 874 – 82 . doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2005.10.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mensch , B and Kanel , D . 1988 . Do job conditions influence the use of drugs? . J Soc Behav , 29 : 169 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansky , P . 1999 . Issues in the recovery of physicians from addictive illnesses . Psych Quart , 70 ( 2 ) : 107 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reimer , C , Jurkat , H , Maeculen , B and Stetter , F . 2001 . Quality of life and health behavior of physicians with and without substance abuse . Psychotherapeut , 46 ( 6 ) : 376 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richman , J A . 1992 . Occupational stress, psychological vulnerability, and alochol-related problems over time in future physicians . Alcohol Clin Exper Res , 16 : 166 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verghese , A . 2002 . Physicians and addiction . N Engl J Med , 346 ( 20 ) : 1510 – 1 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baird , W L and Morgan , M . 2000 . Substance misuse amongst anaesthesiologists . Anaesthesia , 55 ( 10 ) : 943 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacny , J P and Galinkin , J L . 1999 . Psychotropic drugs used in anesthesia practice: abuse liability and epidemiology of abuse . Anesthesiology , 90 : 269 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters , J . Director of National Drug Control Policy Personal communication. In; 7/26/2006
   Google Scholar
• Kleber , H D . 1984 . The impaired physician: changes from the traditional view . J Subst Abuse Treat , 1 ( 2 ) : 137 – 40 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Storr , C L , Trinkoff , A and Hughes , P H . 2000 . Similarities of substance use between medical and nursing specialties . Subst Use Misuse , 35 ( 10 ) : 1443 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennet , J and O'Donovan , D . 2001 . Substance misuse by doctors, nurses and other healthcare workers . Current Opin Psychiat , 14 ( 3 ) : 195 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christie , J , Rosen , I M , Bellini , L M , Inglesby , T V , Lindsay , J , Alpar , A and Asch , D A . 1998 . Presciption drug use and self-prescription among resident physicians . JAMA , 280 : 1253 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutsky , I , Hopwood , M , Abram , S E , Jacobson , G R , Haddox , J D and Kampine , J P . 1993 . Psychoactive substance use among American anesthesiologists: a 30-year retrospective study . Can J Anaesth , 40 ( 10 ) : 915 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold , M S , Byars , J A and Frost-Pineda , K . 2004 . Occupational exposure and addictions for physicians: case studies and theoretical implications . Psych Clin North Am , 27 ( 4 ) : 745 – 53 . doi:10.1016/j.psc.2004.07.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold , M S , Melker , R J , Dennis , D M , Morey , T E , Bajpai , L K , Pomm , R and Frost-Pineda , K . 2006 . Fentanyl abuse and dependence: further evidence for second hand exposure hypothesis . J Addict Dis , 25 ( 1 ) : 15 – 21 . doi: 10.1300/J069v25n01_04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polomano , R C , Gelnett , C M , Heffner , S M , Lindenmuth , J , Brehm , B A , French , D and Reck , D L . 2001 . Evidence for opioid variability, Part I: a biological perspective . Semin Periop Nurs , 10 ( 3–16 )
   Google Scholar
• Glass , P SA , Shafer , S L , Jacobs , J R and Revés , J G . 2000 . “ Intravenous drug delivery systems ” . In Anesthesia. , 5th Edition , Edited by: Miller , R D . Philadelphia : Churchill Livingstone .
   Google Scholar
• Ikeda , K , Ide , S , Han , W , Hayashida , M , Uhl , G R and Sora , I . 2005 . How individual sensitivity to opiates can be predicted by gene analyses . TRENDS Pharmacol Sci , 26 ( 6 ) : 311 – 7 . doi:10.1016/j.tips.2005.04.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacny , J P , Lichtor , J L , Thompson , W and Apfelbaum , J L . 1993 . Propofol at a subanesthetic dose may have abuse potential in healthy volunteers . Anesth Analg , 77 : 544 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogil , J S . 1999 . The genetic mediation of individual differences in sensitivity to pain and its inhibition . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 96 : 7744 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogil , J S , Yu , L and Basbaum , A I . 2000 . Pain genes? Natural variation and transgenic mutants . Annu Rev Neuosci , 23 : 777 – 811 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , H , Neubert , J K , San Miguel , A , Xu , K , Krishnaraju , R K , Iadanla , M J , Goldman , D and Dionne , R A . 2004 . Genetic influence on variability in human acute experimental pain sensitivity associated with gender, ethnicity and psychological temperament . Pain , 109 : 488 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhl , G R , Sora , I and Wang , Z . 1999 . The mu opiate receptor as a candidate gene for pain: polymorphisms, variations in expression, nociception, and opiate responses . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 96 : 7752 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koide , T , Moriwaki , K , Ikeda , K , Niki , H and Shiroshi , T . 2000 . Multi-phenotype behavioral characterization of inbred strains derived from wild stocks of Mus musculus . Mamm Genome , 11 : 664 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han , W , Ide , S , Sora , I , Yamamoto , H and Ikeda , K . 2004 . A possible genetic mechanism underlying individual and interstrain differences in opioid actions: focus on the mu opioid receptor gene . Ann New York Acad Sci , 1025 : 370 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cossu , G , Ledent , C , Fattore , L , Imperato , A , Böhme , G A , Parmentier , M and Fratta , W . 2001 . Cannabinoid CB1 receptor knockout mice fail to self-administer morphine but not other drugs of abuse . Behav Brain Res , 118 : 61 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellgren , M , Spano , S M and Hurd , Y L . 2007 . Adolescent cannabis exposure alters opiate intake and opioid limbic neuronal populations in adult rats . Neuropsychopharm , 32 ( 3 ) : 607 – 15 . doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel , S , Wohlfeil , E R , Rademacher , D J , Carrier , E J , Perry , L J , Kundu , A , Falck , J R , Nithipatikom , K , Campbell , W B and Hillard , C J . 2003 . The general anesthetic propofol increases brain N-arachindonylethanolamine (anandamide) content and inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase . Brit J Pharmacol , 139 : 1005 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodnar , R J and Hadjimarkou , M M . 2002 . Endogenous opiates and behavior . Peptides , 24 : 1241 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchinson , K E , Monti , P M , Rohsenow , D J , Swift , R M , Colby , S M , Grys , M , Nigura , R S and Sirota , A D . 1999 . Effects of naltrexone with nicotine replacement on smoking cue reactivity: preliminary results . Psychopharmacol (Berl) , 142 : 139 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Malley , S S , Cooney , J L , Krishnan-Sarin , S , Dubin , J A , McKee , S A , Cooney , N L , Blakslee , A , Meaudzija , B , Romano-Dahlgard , D , Wu , R , Makuch , R and Jatlow , P . 2006 . A controlled trial of naltrexone augmentation of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation . Arch Intern Med , 166 : 667 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarter , R E , Vanyukov , M , Kirisci , L , Reynolds , M and Clark , D B . 2006 . Predictors of marijuana use in adolescents before and after licit drug use: examination of the gateway hypothesis . Am J Psychiatry , 163 ( 12 ) : 2134 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timberlake , D S , Haberstick , B C , Hopfer , C J , Bricker , J , Sakai , J T , Lessem , J M and Hewitt , J K . 2007 . Progression from marijuana use to daily smoking and nicotine dependence in a national sample of U.S. adolescents . Drug Alcohol Depend , Epub 2006 Dec 13:doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep. 2006.11.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAMHSA . 2004 . Results from the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National findings Rockville, MD Office of Applied Studies NSDUH Series H-25 2004
   Google Scholar
• Lynskey , M T , Heath , A C , Bucholz , K K , Slutske , W S , Madden , P A , Nelson , E C , Statham , D J and Martin , N G . 2003 . Escalation of drug use in early-onset cannabis users vs co-twin controls . JAMA , 289 : 427 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agrawal , A , Neale , M C , Prescott , C A and Kendler , K S . 2004 . A twin study of early cannabis use and subsequent use and abuse/dependence of other illicit drugs . Psychol Med , 34 : 1227 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold , M S , Kolodner , D , Logan , D and Goldberger , B A . 2006 . Response by Mark Gold et al . J Addict Dis , 25 ( 4 ) : 141 – 4 . doi:10.1300/J069v25n04_17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischman , M W and Foltin , R W . 1992 . Self-administration of cocaine by humans: a laboratory perspective . CIBA Found Symp , 166 : 165 – 80 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Everitt , B J and Wolff , M E . 2002 . Psychomotor stimulant addiction: a neural systems perspective . J Neurosci , 22 : 3312 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyman , S E and Malenka , R C . 2001 . Addiction and the brain: the neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence . Nat Rev Neurosci , 2 : 695 – 703 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar