Anxiety Sensitivity and Cognitive-Based Smoking Processes: Testing the Mediating Role of Emotion Dysregulation Among Treatment-Seeking Daily Smokers

REFERENCES

• McNally , R J . 2002 . Anxiety sensitivity and panic disorder . Biol Psychiatry , 52 : 938 – 46 . doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01475-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiss , S and McNally , R J . “ Expectancy model of fear. In Reiss S, Bootzin RR, eds. Theoretical issues in behavior therapy ” . 107 – 21 . San Diego : Academic Press . 1985
   Google Scholar
• Reiss , S and Havercamp , S H . 1996 . The sensitivity theory of motivation: implications for psychopathology.Beh Res Ther . 34 : 621 – 32 . doi:10.1016/0005-7967(96)00041-1
   Google Scholar
• Hayward , C , Killen , J D , Kraemer , H C and Taylor , C B . 2000 . Predictors of panic attacks in adolescents . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry , 39 : 207 – 14 . doi:10.1097/00004583-200002000-00021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , W and Zinbarg , R E . 2007 . Anxiety sensitivity and panic attacks: a 1-year longitudinal study . Behav Modif , 31 : 145 – 61 . doi: 10.1177/0145445506296969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maller , R G and Reiss , S . 1992 . Anxiety sensitivity in 1984 and panic attacks in 1987 . J Anxiety Disord , 6 : 241 – 47 . doi:10.1016/0887-6185(92)90036-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , G N , Miles , J NV and Stewart , S H . 2010 . Anxiety sensitivity and PTSD symptom severity are reciprocally related: evidence from a longitudinal study of physical trauma survivors . J Abnorm Psychol , 119 : 143 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , N B , Keough , M E Mitchell , M A . 2010 . Anxiety sensitivity: prospective prediction of anxiety among early adolescents . J Anxiety Disord , : 503 – 8 . doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.03.007 24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , N B , Lerew , D R and Jackson , R J . 1997 . The role of anxiety sensitivity in the pathogenesis of panic: prospective evaluation of spontaneous panic attacks during acute stress . J Abnorm Psychol , 106 : 355 – 64 . doi:10.1037//0021-843X.106.3.355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , N B , Lerew , D R and Jackson , R J . 1999 . Prospective evaluation of anxiety sensitivity in the pathogenesis of panic: Replication and extension . J Abnorm Psychol , 108 : 532 – 37 . doi:10.1037//0021-843X.108.3.532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , N B , Zvolensky , M J and Maner , J K . 2006 . Anxiety sensitivity: prospective prediction of panic attacks and Axis I pathology . J Psychiatr Res , 40 : 691 – 99 . doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lejuez , C W , Paulson , A , Daughters , S B , Bornovalova , M A and Zvolensky , M J . 2006 . The association between heroin use and anxiety sensitivity among inner-city individuals in residential drug use treatment . Beh Res Ther , 44 : 667 – 77 . doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.04.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton , G R , Rockman , G E , Luy , B and Marion , T . 1993 . Suicide, chemical abuse, and panic attacks: a preliminary report . Behav Res Ther , 31 : 37 – 40 . doi:10.1016/0005-7967(93)90040-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , S H , Karp , J , Pihl , R O and Peterson , R A . 1997 . Anxiety sensitivity and self-reported reasons for drug use . J Subst Abuse , 9 : 223 – 24 . doi:10.1016/S0899-3289(97)90018-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stewart , S H and Kushner , M G . 2001 . Introduction to the special issue on “anxiety sensitivity and addictive behaviors . Addict Behav , 26 : 775 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zvolensky , M J and Bernstein , A . 2005 . Cigarette smoking and panic psychopathology . Curr Dir Psychol Sci , 14 : 301 – 5 . doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00386.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zvolensky , M J , Bonn-Miller , M O , Bernstein , A and Marshall , E . 2006 . Anxiety sensitivity and abstinence duration to smoking . Journal of Mental Health , 15 : 659 – 70 . doi:10.1080/09638230600998888
   Google Scholar
• Zvolensky , M J , Stewart , S H , Vujanovic , A A , Gavric , D and Steeves , D . 2009 . Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the prediction of early smoking lapse and relapse during smoking cessation treatment . Nicotine Tob Res , 11 : 323 – 31 . doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntn037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battista , S R , Stewart , S H , Fulton , H G , Steeves , D , Darredeau , C and Gavric , D . 2008 . A further investigation of the relations of anxiety sensitivity to smoking motives . Addict Behav , 22 : 1402 – 08 . doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.06.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comeau , N , Stewart , S H and Loba , P . 2001 . The relations of trait anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and sensation seeking to adolescents’ motivations for alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use . Addict Behav , 26 : 803 – 25 . doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(01)00238-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyro , T M , Zvolensky , M J , Vujanovic , A and Bernstein , A . 2008 . Anxiety sensitivity and smoking motives and outcome expectancies among adult daily smokers: replication and extension . Nicotine Tob Res , 10 : 985 – 94 . doi:10.1080/ 14622200802097555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novak , A , Burgess , E S , Clark , M , Zvolensky , M J and Brown , R A . 2003 . Anxiety sensitivity, self-reported motives for alcohol and nicotine use and level of consumption . J Anxiety Disord , 17 : 165 – 80 . doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00175-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , R A , Kahler , C W , Zvolensky , M J , Lejuez , C W and Ramsey , S E . 2001 . Anxiety sensitivity: relationship to negative affect smoking and smoking cessation in smokers with past major depressive disorder . Addict Behav , 26 : 887 – 99 . doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(01)00241-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregor , K L , Zvolensky , M J , McLeish , A C , Bernstein , A and Morissette , S . 2008 . Anxiety sensitivity and perceived control over anxiety-related events: associations with smoking outcome expectancies and perceived cessation barriers among daily smokers . Nicotine Tob Res , 10 : 627 – 35 . doi:10.1080/14622200801978706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zvolensky , M J , Bernstein , A , Cardenas , S J , Colotla , V A , Marshall , E C and Feldner , M T . 2007 . Anxiety sensitivity and early relapse to smoking: a test among Mexican daily, low-level smokers . Nicotine Tob Res , 9 : 483 – 91 . doi:10.1080/14622200701239621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow , D H , Allen , L B and Choate , M L . 2004 . Toward unified treatment for emotional disorders . Behav Ther , 35 : 205 – 30 . doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80036-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonn-Miller , M O , Vujanovic , A A and Zvolensky , M J . 2008 . Emotional dysregulation: association with coping-oriented marijuana use motives among current marijuana users . Subst Use Misuse , 43 : 1656 – 68 . doi:10.1080/10826080802241292
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashdan , T B and Steger , M . 2006 . Expanding the topography of social anxiety: An experience sampling assessment of positive emotions and events, and emotion suppression . Psychol Sci , 17 : 120 – 128 . doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01674.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orsillo , S M and Roemer , L . Acceptance and mindfulness-based approaches to anxiety: Conceptualization and Treatment , New York : Springer . 2005
   Google Scholar
• Gratz , K L and Roemer , L . 2004 . Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment , 36 : 41 – 54 . doi:10.1023/ B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vujanovic , A A , Zvolensky , M J and Bernstein , A . 2008 . The interactive effects of anxiety sensitivity and emotion dysregulation in predicting anxiety-related cognitive and affective symptoms . 32 : 803 – 17 . Cognitive Therapy and Research doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9148-8
   Google Scholar
• Feldner , M T , Zvolensky , M J , Stickle , T R , Bonn-Miller , M O and Leen-Feldner , E W . 2006 . Anxiety sensitivity-physical concerns as a moderator of the emotional consequences of emotion suppression during biological challenge: an experimental test using individual growth curve analysis . Behav Res Ther , 44 : 249 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashdan , T B , Zvolensky , M J and McLeish , A C . 2008 . Anxiety sensitivity and affect regulatory strategies: individual and interactive risk factors for anxiety-related symptoms . J Anxiety Disord , 22 : 429 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , K A , Zvolensky , M J , Marshall , E C , Gonzalez , A , Abrams , K and Vujanovic , A A . 2008 . Linkages between cigarette smoking outcome expectancies and negative emotional vulnerability . Addict Behav , 33 : 1416 – 24 . doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez , A , Zvolensky , M J , Vujanovic , A A , Leyro , T M and Marshall , E C . 2008 . An evaluation of anxiety sensitivity, emotional dysregulation, and negative affectivity among daily cigarette smokers: relation to smoking motives and barriers to quitting . J Psychiatr Res , 43 : 138 – 47 . doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraemer , H C , Stice , E , Kazdin , A , Offord , D and Kupfer , D . 2001 . How do risk factors work together? Mediators, moderators, and independent, overlapping, and proxy risk factors . Am J Psychiatry , 158 : 848 – 56 . doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.6.848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , R M and Kenny , D A . 1986 . The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychology research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations . J Pers Soc Psychol , 51 : 1173 – 82 . doi:10.1037// 0022-3514.51.6.1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heatherton , T F , Kozlowski , L T , Frecker , R C and Fagerstrom , K O . 1991 . The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire . Br J Addict , 86 : 1119 – 27 . doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• First , M B , Spitzer , R L , Gibbon , M and Williams , J BW . 1994 . Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Patient Edition (SCID-N/P), Version 2.0 , New York : Biometrics ResearchNew York State Psychiatric Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Lobbestael , J , Leurgans , M and Arntz , A . 2011 . Inter-rater reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID I) and Axis II Disorders (SCID II) . Clin Psychol Psychother , 18 : 75 – 9 . doi:10.1002/cpp.693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shear , M K , Greeno , C Kang , J . 2000 . Diagnosis of nonpsychotic patients in community clinics . Am J Psychiatry , 157 : 581 – 87 . doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.4.581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , R A , Lejuez , C W , Kahler , C W and Strong , D R . 2002 . Distress tolerance and duration of past smoking cessation attempts . J Abnorm Psychol , 111 : 180 – 85 . doi:10.1037//0021-843X.111.1.180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zvolensky , M J , Lejuez , C W , Kahler , C W and Brown , R A . 2004 . Panic attack history and smoking cessation: an initial examination . Addict Behav , 29 : 825 – 830 . doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.02.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne , T J , Smith , P O McCracken , L M . 1994 . Assessing nicotine dependence: a comparison of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ) with the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) in a clinical sample . Addict Behav , 19 : 307 – 17 . doi: 10.1016/0306-4603(94)90032-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomerleau , C S , Carton , S M , Lutzke , M L , Flessland , K A and Pomerleau , O F . 1994 . Reliability of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence . Addict Behav , 19 : 33 – 9 . doi:10.1016/0306-4603(94)90049-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cocores , J . 1993 . Nicotine dependence: diagnosis and treatment . Recent Advances in Addictive Disorders , 16 : 49 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Babor , T F , de la Fuente , J R , Saunders , J and Grant , M . AUDIT: the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for use in primary health care, revision, WHO Document No. WHO/PSA/92.4 , Geneva , , Switzerland : World Health Organization . 1992
   Google Scholar
• Saunders , J B , Aasland , O G , Babor , T F , de la Fuente , J R and Grant , M . 1993 . Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons With Harmful Alcohol Consumption-II . Addiction , 88 : 791 – 804 . doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , S H , Zvolensky , M J and Eifert , G H . 2001 . Negative-reinforcement drinking motives mediate the relation between anxiety sensitivity and increased drinking behavior . Personality and Individual Differences , 31 : 157 – 71 . doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.07.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonn-Miller , M O and Zvolensky , M J . 2009 . An evaluation of the nature of marijuana use and its motives among young adult active users . Am J Addict , 18 : 409 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonn-Miller , M O , Zvolensky , M J , Leen-Feldner , E W , Feldner , M T and Yartz , A R . 2005 . Marijuana use among daily tobacco smokers: relationship to anxiety related factors . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment , 27 : 279 – 89 . doi:10.1007/s10862-005-2408-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , S , Zvolensky , M J Cox , B J . 2007 . Robust dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: development and initial validation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 . Psychol Assess , 19 : 176 – 88 . doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.19.2.176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiss , S , Peterson , R A , Gursky , M and McNally , R J . 1986 . Anxiety, sensitivity, anxiety frequency, and the prediction of fearfulness . Behav Res Ther , 24 : 1 – 8 . doi:10.1016/0005-7967(86)90143-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , S and Cox , B J . 1998 . An expanded anxiety sensitivity index: evidence for a hierarchical structure in a clinical sample . J Anxiety Disord , 12 : 463 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteside , U S , Chen , E Y , Neighbors , C , Hunter , D A , Lo , T and Larimer , M E . 2007 . Binge eating and emotion regulation: do binge eaters have fewer skills to modulate and tolerate negative affect? . Eat Behav , 8 : 162 – 69 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brandon , T H and Baker , T B . 1991 . The smoking consequences questionnaire: the subjective expected utility of smoking in college students . Psychol Assess , 3 : 484 – 91 . doi:10.1037//1040-3590.3.3.484
   Google Scholar
• Buckley , T C , Kamholz , B W Mozley , S L . 2005 . A psychometric evaluation of the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire–adult in smokers with psychiatric conditions . Nicotine Tob Res , 7 : 739 – 45 . doi: 10.1080/14622200500259788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downey , K K and Kilbey , M M . 1995 . Relationship between nicotine and alcohol expectancies and substance dependence . Exp Clin Psychopharmacol , 3 : 174 – 82 . doi: 10.1037/1064-1297.3.2.174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikard , F F , Green , D E and Horn , D . 1969 . A scale to differentiate between types of smoking as related to the management of affect . The International Journal of the Addictions , 4 : 649 – 59 . doi:10.3109/10826086909062040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiffman , S . 1993 . Assessing smoking patterns and motives . J Consult Clin Psychol , 61 : 732 – 42 . doi:10.1037//0022-006X.61.5.732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macnee , C L and Talsma , A . 1995a . Development and testing of the barriers to cessation scale . Nurs Res , 44 : 214 – 9 . doi: 10.1097/00006199-199507000-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macnee , C L and Talsma , A . 1995 . Predictors of progress in smoking cessation . Public Health Nurs , 12 : 242 – 48 . doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1446.1995.tb00143.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J and Cohen , P . “ Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed) ” . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum . 1983
   Google Scholar
• Haynes , S N and Lench , H . 2003 . Incremental validity of new clinical assessment measures . Psychol Assess , 15 : 456 – 66 . doi:10.1037/1040-3590.15.4.456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher , K J and Hayes , A F . 2004 . SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediator models . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers , 26 : 717 – 31 . doi:10.3758/BF03206553
   Google Scholar
• Sobel , M E . 1982 . “ Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models ” . In Sociological methodology , Edited by: Leinhart , S . 290 – 312 . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass . doi:10.2307/270723
   Google Scholar
• Sheets , V and Braver , S L . 1999 . Organizational status and perceived sexual harassment: detecting the mediators of a null effect . Pers Soc Psychol Bull , 25 : 1159 – 71 . doi:10.1177/01461672992512009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrout , P E and Bolger , N . 2002 . Mediation in experimental and non-experimental studies: new procedures and recommendations . Psychol Methods , 7 : 422 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J . Statistical power for the behavioral sciences , 2nd ed. , Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence-Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Levy , D T and Friend , K . 2002 . A simulation model of policies directed at treating tobacco use and dependence . Med Decis Making , 22 : 6 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moolchan , E T , Berlin , I , Robinson , M L and Cadet , J L . 2000 . African-American teen smokers: issues to consider for cessation treatment . J Natl Med Assoc , 92 : 558 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder , J R and Moolchan , E T . 2007 . Ethnic differences among adolescents seeking smoking cessation treatment: a structural analysis of responses on the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence . Nicotine Tob Res , 9 : 137 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar