A Comparison of Two Alcohol Biomarkers in Clinical Practice: Ethyl Glucuronide Versus Ethyl Sulfate

REFERENCES

• Niemela , O . 2007 . Biomarkers in alcoholism . Clin Chim Acta , 377 ( 1–2 ) : 39 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottcher , M , Beck , O and Helander , A . 2008 . Evaluation of a new immunoassay for urinary ethyl glucuronide testing . Alcohol Alcohol , 43 : 46 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemela , O and Alatalo , P . 2010 . Biomarkers of alcohol consumption and related liver disease . Scand J Clin Lab Invest , 70 : 305 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skipper , G E , Weinmann , W Thierauf , A . 2004 . Ethyl glucuronide: a biomarker to identify alcohol use by health professionals recovering from substance use disorders . Alcohol Alcohol , 39 : 445 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helander , A , Bottcher , M , Fehr , C , Dahmen , N and Beck , O . 2009 . Detection times for urinary ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in heavy drinkers during alcohol detoxification . Alcohol Alcohol , 44 ( 1 ) : 55 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisfield , G M , Goldberger , B A Pesce , A J . 2011 . Ethyl glucuronide, ethyl sulfate, and ethanol in urine after intensive exposure to high ethanol content mouthwash . J Anal Toxicol , 35 : 264 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musshoff , F , Albermann , E and Madea , B . 2010 . Ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in urine after consumption of various beverages and foods–misleading results? . Int J Legal Med , 124 : 623 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosano , T G and Lin , J . 2008 . Ethyl glucuronide excretion in humans following oral administration of and dermal exposure to ethanol . J Anal Toxicol , 32 : 594 – 600 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jatlow , P and O’Malley , S S . 2010 . Clinical (nonforensic) application of ethyl glucuronide measurement: are we ready? . Alcohol Clin Exp Res , 34 : 968 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helander , A and Beck , O . 2005 . Ethyl sulfate: a metabolite of ethanol in humans and a potential biomarker of acute alcohol intake . J Anal Toxicol , 29 : 270 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoiseth , G , Bernard , J P Stephanson , N . 2008 . Comparison between the urinary alcohol markers EtG, EtS, and GTOL/5-HIAA in a controlled drinking experiment . Alcohol Alcohol , 43 : 187 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baranowski , S , Serr , A Thierauf , A . 2008 . In vitro study of bacterial degradation of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulphate . Int J Legal Med , 122 : 389 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thierauf , A , Gnann , H Wohlfarth , A . 2010 . Urine tested positive for ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulphate after the consumption of “non-alcoholic” beer . Forensic Sci Int , 202 ( 1–3 ) : 82 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor , T F , Biddle-Higgins , J C , Saunders , J B and Monteiro , M G . 2001 . AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: guidelines for use in primary health care , Geneva , , Switzerland : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar