References
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Naltrexone. [accessed 2022 November 20]. https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/naltrexone.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Buprenorphine; [accessed 2022 November 20]. https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/buprenorphine.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Methadone; [accessed 2022 November 20]. https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/methadone.
- Degenhardt L, Larney S, Kimber J, Farrell M, Hall W. Excess mortality among opioid-using patients treated with oral naltrexone in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2015;34(1):90–6. doi:10.1111/dar.12205.
- Gibson AE, Degenhardt LJ. Mortality related to pharmacotherapies for opioid dependence: a comparative analysis of coronial records. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2007;26(4):405–10. doi:10.1080/09595230701373834.
- Kelty E, Hulse G. Examination of mortality rates in a retrospective cohort of patients treated with oral or implant naltrexone for problematic opiate use. Addiction. 2012;107(10):1817–24. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03910.
- Nunes EV, Rothenberg JL, Sullivan MA, Carpenter KM, Kleber HD. Behavioral therapy to augment oral naltrexone for opioid dependence: a ceiling on effectiveness? Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2006;32(4):503–17. doi:10.1080/00952990600918973.
- Nunes EV, Krupitsky E, Ling W, Zummo J, Memisoglu A, Silverman BL, Gastfriend DR. Treating opioid dependence with injectable extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX): who will respond? J Addict Med. 2015;9(3):238–43. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000125.
- Mattick RP, Ali R, White JM, O'Brien S, Wolk S, Danz C. Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance therapy: a randomized double-blind trial with 405 opioid-dependent patients. Addiction. 2003;98(4):441–52. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00335.
- Bell J, Trinh L, Butler B, Randall D, Rubin G. Comparing retention in treatment and mortality in people after initial entry to methadone and buprenorphine treatment. Addiction. 2009;104(7):1193–200. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02627.
- Connock M, Juarez-Garcia A, Jowett S, Frew E, Liu Z, Taylor RJ, Fry-Smith A, Day E, Lintzeris N, Roberts T, et al. Methadone and buprenorphine for the management of opioid dependence: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2007;11(9):1–171 iii–iv. doi:10.3310/hta11090.
- Hser YI, Saxon AJ, Huang D, Hasson A, Thomas C, Hillhouse M, Jacobs P, Teruya C, McLaughlin P, Wiest K, et al. Treatment retention among patients randomized to buprenorphine/naloxone compared to methadone in a multi-site trial. Addiction. 2014;109(1):79–87. doi:10.1111/add.12333.
- Mattick RP, Breen C, Kimber J, Davoli M. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;6(2):CD002207. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002207.pub4.
- Zhang P, Tossone K, Ashmead R, Bickert T, Bailey E, Doogan NJ, Mack A, Schmidt S, Bonny AE. Examining differences in retention on medication for opioid use disorder: an analysis of Ohio Medicaid data. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2022;136:108686. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108686.
- Kumar R, Viswanath O, & Saadabadi A. Buprenorphine 2021; [accessed 2022 November 20]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459126/.
- National Academies of Sciences. The effectiveness of medication-based treatment for opioid use disorder; [accessed 2022 November 20]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541393/.
- Amiri S, Hirchak K, McDonell MG, Denney JT, Buchwald D, Amram O. Access to medication-assisted treatment in the United States: comparison of travel time to opioid treatment programs and office-based buprenorphine treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;224:108727. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108727.
- National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services. 2019 state profiles. 2019; [accessed 2022 November 20]. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2019-n-ssats-state-profiles.
- U.S. Census. When to use 1-year or 5-year estimates; [accessed 2202 November 20]. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/guidance/estimates.html.
- SAMHSA. Substance Abuse Treatment Locator; [accessed 2022 November 20]. https://findtreatment.samhsa.gov/locator.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture. Rural-urban commuting area codes; [accessed 2022 November 20]. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/rural-urban-commuting-area-codes.aspx.
- UDS Mapper. Zip code to ZCTA crosswalk; [accessed 2022 November 20]. https://udsmapper.org/zip-code-to-zcta-crosswalk/.
- McBournie A, Duncan A, Connolly E, Rising J. Methadone barriers persis, despite decades of evidence. 2019; [accessed 2022 November 20]. .
- Hansen HB, Siegel CE, Case BG, Bertollo DN, DiRocco D, Galanter M. Variation in use of buprenorphine and methadone treatment by racial, ethnic, and income characteristics of residential social areas in New York City. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2013;40(3):367–77. doi:10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3.
- Pear VA, Ponicki WR, Gaidus A, Keyes KM, Martins SS, Fink DS, Rivera-Aguirre A, Gruenewald PJ, Cerdá M. Urban-rural variation in the socioeconomic determinants of opioid overdose. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;195:66–73. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.11.024.
- Beardsley K, Wish ED, Fitzelle DB, O'Grady K, Arria AM. Distance traveled to outpatient drug treatment and client retention. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2003;25(4):279–85. doi:10.1016/s0740-5472(03)00188-0.
- Schmitt SK, Phibbs CS, Piette JD. The influence of distance on utilization of outpatient mental health aftercare following inpatient substance abuse treatment. Addict Behav. 2003;28(6):1183–92. doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(02)00218-6.
- Magura S, Rosenblum A. Leaving methadone treatment: lessons learned, lessons forgotten, lessons ignored. Mt Sinai J Med. 2001;68(1):62–74.
- Neighborhood Equity Atlas. Neighborhood poverty; [accessed 2022 November 20]. https://nationalequityatlas.org/indicators/Neighborhood_poverty#/.
- Sigmon SC. Access to treatment for opioid dependence in rural America: challenges and future directions. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(4):359–60. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4450.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture. Rural Economy and Population; [accessed 2022 November 20]. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/chart-gallery/gallery/chartdetail/?chartId=99538.
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Opioid-related hospital use; [accessed 2022 November 20]. https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/faststats/OpioidUseServlet?location1=US&characteristic1=05&setting1=IP&location2=US&characteristic2=05&setting2=ED&expansionInfoState=hide&dataTablesState=hide&definitionsState=hide&exportState=hide.
- Jones CM, Campopiano M, Baldwin G, McCance-Katz E. National and state treatment need and capacity for opioid agonist medication-assisted treatment. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(8):e55–e63. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302664.
- Jackson JR, Harle CA, Silverman RD, Simon K, Menachemi N. Characterizing variability in state-level regulations governing opioid treatment programs. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2020;115:108008. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108008.
- The Pew Trusts. Improved opioid treatment programs would expand access to quality care; [accessed 2022 November 20]. https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2022/02/improved-opioid-treatment-programs-would-expand-access-to-quality-care.
- The Network for Public Health Law. Cross-sector approach to removing legal and policy barriers to opioid agonist treatment; [accessed July November 20]. https://www.networkforphl.org/resources/cross-sector-approach-to-removing-legal-and-policy-barriers-to-opioid-agonist-treatment//.
- Brill L, Jaffe JH. The relevancy of some newer American treatment approaches to England. Br. J. Addict. 1967;62:375–86. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1967.tb05372.x.
- Bowden CL, Maddux JF, Esquivel M. Methadone dispensing by community pharmacies. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1976;3(2):243–54. doi:10.3109/00952997609077194.
- Wu LT, John WS, Morse ED, Adkins S, Pippin J, Brooner RK, Schwartz RP. Opioid treatment program and community pharmacy collaboration for methadone maintenance treatment: results from a feasibility clinical trial. Addiction. 2022;117(2):444–56. doi:10.1111/add.15641.
- Brooner RK, Stoller KB, Patel P, Wu LT, Yan H, Kidorf M. Opioid treatment program prescribing of methadone with community pharmacy dispensing: pilot study of feasibility and acceptability. Drug Alcohol Depend Rep. 2022;3:100067. Epub 2022 May 16. PMID: 35757566; PMCID: doi:10.1016/j.dadr.2022.100067.
- Joudrey PJ, Chadi N, Roy P, Morford KL, Bach P, Kimmel S, Wang EA, Calcaterra SL. Pharmacy-based methadone dispensing and drive time to methadone treatment in five states within the United States: a cross-sectional study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;211:107968. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107968.
- Morris NP, Kleinman RA. Overdose reversals save lives-period. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77(4):339–40. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4000.
- Greenfield L, Brady JV, Besteman KJ, De Smet A. Patient retention in mobile and fixed-site methadone maintenance treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1996;42(2):125–31. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(96)01273-2.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. COVID-19 Emergency; [accessed 2022 November 20]. https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/faqs-for-oud-prescribing-and-dispensing.pdf.
- Abraham AJ, Andrews CM, Yingling ME, Shannon J. Geographic disparities in availability of opioid use disorder treatment for medicaid enrollees. Health Serv Res. 2018;53(1):389–404. doi:10.1111/1475-6773.12686.