62
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

A Review of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome for Health Educators

&
Pages 231-237 | Published online: 22 Feb 2013

References

  • Abel , E. L. 1998 . Prevention of alcohol abuse-related birth defects: Public education efforts . Alcohol , 33 : 411 – 416 .
  • Abel , E. L. and Sokel , R. J. 1987 . Incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome and economic impact of FAS-related anomalies: Drug alcohol syndrome and economic impact of FAS-related anomalies . Drug and Alcohol Dependency , 19 : 51 – 70 .
  • Abel , E. L. and Sokel , R. J. 1991 . A revised conservative estimate of the incidence of FAS and its economic impact . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 15 : 514 – 524 .
  • Amatetti , S. L. 1987 . A prevention primer: Putting theory to work in the classroom . Alcohol Health & Research World , 27 : 129 – 146 .
  • Behnke , M. and Eyler , F. D. 1993 . The consequences of prenatal substance use for the developing fetus, newborn, and the young child . International Journal of the Addictions , 28 : 1341 – 1391 .
  • Bonthius , D. J. , Goodlett , C. R. and West , J. R. 1988 . Blood alcohol concentration and severity of microencephaly in neonatal rats depends on the pattern of alcohol administration . Alcohol , 5 : 209 – 214 .
  • Brown , R. T. , Coles , C. D. , Smith , I. E. , Platzman , K. A. , Silverstein , J. , Erickson , S. and Falek , A. 1991 . Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure at school age, attention and behavior . Neurotoxicology and Teratology , 13 : 369 – 376 .
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 1997 . Alcohol consumption among pregnant and childbearing-aged women—Behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 1991–1995 . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 46 ( 16 )
  • Chavez , G. F. , Corder , J. F. and Becerra , J. E. 1988 . Leading major congenital malformations among minority groups in the United States . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 37 ( ss-3 ) : 17 – 24 .
  • Clarren , S. K. and Smith , D. W. 1978 . The fetal alcohol syndrome . New England Journal of Medicine , 298 : 1063 – 1067 .
  • Coles , C. D. , Platzman , K. A. , Raskind-Hood , C. L. , Brown , R. T. , Falek , A. and Smith , I. E. 1997 . A comparison of children affected by prenatal alcohol exposure and attention deficit, hyperactivity disorder . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 21 : 150 – 161 .
  • Connor , P. D. and Streissguth , A. P. 1996 . Effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol across the life span . Alcohol Health & Research World , 20 : 170 – 175 .
  • Cordero , P. A. , Floyd , R. I. , Martin , M. I. , Davis , M. and Hymbaugh , K. J. 1994 . Tracking FAS . Alcohol Health & Research World , 18 : 82 – 85 .
  • Faden , V. B. , Graubard , B. I. and Dufour , M. 1997 . The relationship of drinking and birth outcome in a U.S. national sample of expectant mothers . Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology , 11 : 167 – 180 .
  • Famey , C. , Streissguth , A. P. and Unis , A. S. 1998 . Mental illness in adults with fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol effects . American Journal of Psychiatry , 155 : 552 – 554 .
  • Fenna , D. , Schaefer , O. , Mix , L. and Gilbert , J. A. 1971 . Ethanol metabolism in various racial groups . Canadian Medical Association Journal , 105 : 472 – 475 .
  • Fleming , M. F. , Barry , K. L. and MacDonald , R. 1991 . The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in a college sample . International Journal of Addictions , 26 : 1173 – 1185 .
  • Giberson , P. K. and Weinberg , J. 1992 . Fetal alcohol syndrome and functioning of the immune system . Alcohol Health and Research World , 16 : 29 – 38 .
  • Hankin , J. R. 1994 . FAS prevention strategies: Passive and active measures . Alcohol Health and Research World , 18 : 62 – 66 .
  • Handmaker , N. E. , Miller , W. R. and Manicke , M. 1999 . Findings of a pilot study of motivational interviewing with pregnant drinkers . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 60 : 285 – 291 .
  • Harwood , H. J. and Napolitano , D. M. 1985 . Economic implications of the fetal alcohol syndrome . Alcohol Health and Research World , 10 : 38 – 43 .
  • Ingle , D. , Owen , P. , Jones , L. , Perry , S. and Cassidy , S. 1994 . Alcohol consumption and fetal alcohol syndrome awareness—Alaska 1991 and 1993 . Journal of the American Medical Association , 271 : 422 – 423 .
  • Jacobson , J. L. and Jacobson , S. W. 1999 . Drinking moderately during pregnancy . Alcohol Health and Research World , 23 ( 11 ) : 25 – 35 .
  • Johnson , S. , Knight , R. , Marmer , D. J. and Steele . 1981 . Immune deficiency in Fetal alcohol syndrome . Pediatric Research , 15 : 908 – 911 .
  • Jones , K. L. and Smith , D. W. 1973 . Recognition of the fetal alcohol syndrome in early infancy . Lancet , 2 ( pt. 2 ) : 999 – 1001 .
  • Kaskutas , L. A. , Greenfield , T. and Lee , M. E. 1998 . Reach and effects of health messages on drinking during pregnancy . Journal of Health Education , 29 : 11 – 18 .
  • Kesby , G. , Parker , G. and Barrett , E. 1991 . Personality and coping style as influences on alcohol intake and cigarette smoking during pregnancy . Medical Journal of Australia , 155 : 229 – 233 .
  • Ma , G. X. , Toubbeh , J. , Cline , J. and Chisholm , A. 1998 . Native American adolescents' views of fetal alcohol syndrome prevention in schools . Journal of School Health , 68 : 131 – 136 .
  • MacKinnon , D. P. , Williams-Avery , R. M. and Pentz , M.A. 1995 . Youth beliefs and knowledge about the risks of drinking while pregnant . Public Health Reports , 110 : 754 – 763 .
  • March of Dimes . 1997 . March of Dimes statbook , New York : March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation .
  • Masis , K. B. and May , P. A. 1991 . A comprehensive local program for the prevention of fetal alcohol syndrome . Public Health Reports , 106 : 484 – 489 .
  • Mayfield , D. , McLeod , G. and Hall , P. 1974 . The CAGE questionnaire: Validation of a new alcoholism screening instrument . American Journal of Psychiatry , 131 : 1121 – 1123 .
  • Mills , J. L. and Graubard , B. I. 1987 . Is moderate drinking during pregnancy associated with an increased risk for malformations? . Pediatrics , 80 : 309 – 314 .
  • Identification of children with fetal alcohol syndrome and opportunity for referral of their mothers for primary prevention . 1998 . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 47 : 861 – 864 .
  • Murphy-Brennan , M. G. and Oei , T. P. S. 1999 . Is there evidence to show that fetal alcohol syndrome can be prevented? . Journal of Drug Education , 29 ( 1 ) : 5 – 24 .
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism . 1990 . Alcohol and health: Seventh special report of the U.S. Congress (DHHS Pub. no. [ADM] 90-1656) , Washington , DC : Government Printing Office .
  • Oklahoma State Department of Health . 1998 . Oklahoma fetal alcohol syndrome prevention program Author.
  • Oklahoma State Department of Health . 1991 . Alcohol consumption levels of Oklahoma mothers before and during pregnancy Author.
  • Olsen , J. , Pereira , A. C. and Olsen , S. F. 1991 . Does maternal tobacco smoking modify the effect of alcohol on fetal growth? . American Journal of Public Health , 81 : 69 – 73 .
  • Olson , H. C. , Streissguth , A. P. , Sampson , P. D. , Barr , H. M. and Bookstein , F. L. 1997 . Association of prenatal alcohol exposure with behavioral and learning problems in early adolescence . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 36 : 1187 – 1188 .
  • O'Malley , K. D. 1994 . Fetal alcohol effect and ADHD . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 33 : 1059 – 1060 .
  • Parker , R. N. , Saltz , R. F. and Hennessy , M. 1994 . The impact of alcohol beverage container warning labels on alcohol-impaired drivers, drinking drivers and the general population in northern California . Addiction , 89 : 1639 – 1651 .
  • Plaiser , K.J. 1989 . Fetal alcohol syndrome prevention in American Indian communities of Michigan's Upper Peninsula . American Indian and Alaskan Native Mental Health Research , 3 ( 1 ) : 16 – 33 .
  • Riikonen , R. , Salonen , I. and Verhi , S. 1999 . Brain perfusion SPECT and MRI in fetal alcohol syndrome . Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology , 41 : 652 – 659 .
  • Russell , M. 1985 . Alcohol abuse and alcoholism in the pregnant woman . Alcohol Health and Research World , 10 : 28 – 31 .
  • Schorling , J. B. 1993 . The prevention of prenatal alcohol use: A critical analysis of intervention studies . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 54 : 261 – 267 .
  • Selzer , M. 1981 . The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test: The quest for a new diagnostic instrument . American Journal of Psychiatry , 127 : 1653 – 1658 .
  • Serdula , M. , Williamson , S. F. , Kendrick , J. S. , Anda , R. F. and Byers , T. 1991 . Trends in alcohol consumption by pregnant woman . Journal of the American Medical Association , 265 : 876 – 879 .
  • Seward , C. A. and Barber , W. H. 1991 . Fetal alcohol syndrome: Characteristics, prevention, treatment, and long term outlook . British Columbia Journal of Special Education , 15 ( 2 ) : 164 – 176 .
  • Shaywitz , S. E. , Cohen , D. J. and Shaywitz , B.A. 1980 . Behavior and learning difficulties in children of normal intelligence born to alcoholic mothers . Journal of Pediatrics , 96 : 978 – 982 .
  • Snyder , J. , Nanson , J. , Snyder , R. and Block , G. 1997 . “ A study of stimulant medication in children with FAS ” . In The challenge of fetal alcohol syndrome: Overcoming secondary disabilities , Edited by: Streissguth , A. and Kanter , J. 64 – 77 . Seattle , WA : University of Washington Press .
  • Sokel , R. J. and Clarren , S. K. 1989 . Guidelines for use of terminology describing the impact of prenatal alcohol on the offspring . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 13 : 597 – 598 .
  • Steinhausen , H. C. , Nestler , V. and Spohr , H. L. 1982 . Development and psychopathology of children with fetal alcohol syndrome . Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics , 3 : 49 – 54 .
  • Streissguth , A. P. , Herman , C. S. and Smith , D. W. 1978 . Stability of intelligence in fetal alcohol syndrome . Journal of Pediatrics , 2 : 165 – 170 .
  • Streissguth , A. P. 1998 . Fetal Alcohol Sndrome: A guide for families and communities , Baltimore , MD : Paul H. Brooks .
  • Stewart , P. J. and Nimrod , C. 1993 . The need for a community-wide approach to promote healthy babies and prevent low birth weight . Canadian Medical Association Journal , 149 : 281 – 284 .
  • Surgeon General's advisory on alcohol and pregnancy . 1981 . FDA Drug Bulletin , 11 : 9 – 10 .
  • Thomas , J. D. and Riley , E. P. 1998 . Fetal alcohol syndrome: Does alcohol withdrawal play a role? . Alcohol Health and Research World , 22 : 47 – 53 .
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . 1991 . National household survey on drug abuse , Washington , DC : Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration .
  • Walton , F. R. , Ackiss , V. D. and Smith , S. N. 1991 . Education versus schooling: Project LEAD: High expectations . Journal of Negro Education , 60 : 441 – 453 .
  • Waterson , E. J. and Murray-Lyon , I. M. 1990 . Preventing alcohol related birth damage: A review . Social Science and Medicine , 30 : 349 – 360 .
  • Weinberg , N. Z. 1997 . Cognitive and behavioral deficits associated with parental alcohol use . Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 36 : 1177 – 1187 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.