Concocting Viral Apocalypse: Catastrophic Risk and the Production of Bio(in)security

References

• Alcabes , P. ( 2009 ). Dread: How fear and fantasy have fueled epidemics from the black death to the avian flu . New York , NY : PublicAffairs .
   Google Scholar
• Atlas , R. M. ( 2005 ). Biodefense research: An emerging conundrum . Current Opinion in Biotechnology , 16 , 239 – 242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auchincloss , H. ( 2007 ). Protecting the public health: The importance of NIH biodefense research infrastructure. Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight Investigations. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health .
   Google Scholar
• Ayotte , K. A. ( 2011 , February 20 ). Anthrax, Ebola, and the (inter)text of bioterrorism. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western States Communication Association, Monterey, CA .
   Google Scholar
• Ayotte , K. J. , Bernard , D. R. , & O'Hair , H. D. ( 2009 ). Knowing terror: On the epistemology and rhetoric of risk . In R. L. Heath & H. D. O'Hair (Eds.), Handbook of risk and crisis communication (pp. 607 – 628 ). New York , NY : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Barrett , R. ( 2006 ). Dark Winter and the spring of 1972: Deflecting the social lessons of smallpox . Medical Anthropology , 25 , 171 – 191 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baudrillard , J. ( 1983 ). Simulations (P. Foss, P. Patton, & P. Beitchman, Trans.) . New York , NY : Semiotext(e) .
   Google Scholar
• Baudrillard , J. ( 1994/2004 ). Simulacra and simulation (S. F. Glaser, Trans.) . Ann Arbor , MI : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , U. ( 1992 ). Risk society: Towards a new modernity (M. Ritter, Trans.) . London , England : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Biesecker , B. A. ( 2007 ). Forum introduction . Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies , 4 , 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Bio-terror strike ‘is inevitable.’ ( 2005 , November 21 ). BBC News Europe . Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/ 2/hi/europe/4457514.stm .
   Google Scholar
• Brummett , B. ( 1991 ). Contemporary apocalyptic rhetoric . New York , NY : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Bush , G. W. (2002). President signs Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Bill: Remarks by the President at signing of H.R. 3448, the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Response Act of 2002, July 12, 2002. Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/ releases/2002/06/print/20020612-1.html
   Google Scholar
• Bush , G. W. ( 2004 ). Presidential HSD-10: Biodefense for the 21st Century. Retrieved from http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/press_release_0399.shtm
   Google Scholar
• Carter , A. , Deutch , J. , & Zelikow , P. ( 1998a ). Catastrophic terrorism: Elements of a national policy: A report of visions of governance for the twenty-first century of the John F. Kennedy School of Government . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University .
   Google Scholar
• Carter , A. , Deutch , J. , & Zelikow , P. ( 1998b ). Catastrophic terrorism: Tackling the new danger . Foreign Affairs , 77 , 80 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Century Foundation . ( 2004 ). Breathing easier?: The report of the century foundation working group on bioterrorism preparedness . New York , NY : The Century Foundation Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , M. ( 2006 ). Pre-empting emergence: The biological turn in the War on Terror . Theory, Culture, & Society , 23 ( 4 ), 113 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , M. ( 2008 ). Life as surplus: Biotechnology and capitalism in the neoliberal era . Seattle , WA : University of Washington Press .
   Google Scholar
• Danzig , R. ( 2003 ). Catastrophic bioterrorism—What is to be done? A report of the Center for Technology and National Security Policy of the National Defense University . Washington , DC : National Defense University .
   Google Scholar
• Dean , J. ( 2007 ). Anticipating homeland security . Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies , 4 , 205 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• Dougherty , S. ( 2001 ). The biopolitics of the killer virus novel . Cultural Critique , 48 , 1 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Drogin , B. ( 2005 , January 17 ). Smallpox exercise poses big question: Is anyone ready? Los Angeles Times , p. A1 .
   Google Scholar
• Enemark , C. ( 2005 ). United States biodefense, international law, and the problem of intent . Politics and the Life Sciences , 24 ( 1 ), 32 – 42 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Enserink , M. ( 2002 ). On biowarfare's frontline . Science , 296 , 1954 – 1956 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enserink , M. , & Kaiser , J. ( 2005 ). Has biodefense gone overboard? Science , 307 , 1396 – 1398 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson , C. W. , & Barratt , B. A. ( 2004 ). Prudence or panic? Preparedness exercises, counterterror mobilization, and mass media coverage—Dark Winter, TOPOFF 1 and 2 . Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management , 1 . Retrieved from www.bepress.com/jhsem/vol1/iss4/413
   Google Scholar
• Erickson , D. ( 2009 , July 24 ). Strengthening biosecurity: Improving security at U.S. Biolabs and facilities is a key priority . Security Technology Executive . Retrieved from http://www.securityinfowatch.com/Columns/strengthening-biosecurity-0
   Google Scholar
• Falkenrath , R. ( 2006 , March 16 ). Testimony to U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, Hearing on Enhancing Public and Mental Health Preparedness: Reauthorization of the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act .
   Google Scholar
• Foer , F. ( 2005 , May 21 ). The source of the trouble . New York Magazine . Retrieved from http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/media/features/9226/
   Google Scholar
• Franco , C. ( 2008 ). Billions for biodefense funding, FY 2008-FY2009 . Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science , 6 , 131 – 146 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franco , C. , & Deitch , S. ( 2007 ). Billions for biodefense funding, FY 2007-FY2008 . Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science , 5 , 117 – 133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrett , L. ( 1994/1995 ). The coming plague: Newly emerging diseases in a world out of balance . New York , NY : Penguin Books .
   Google Scholar
• Garrett , L. ( 2001 ). The nightmare of bioterrorism . Foreign Affairs , 80 , 76 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• et al. . (Producer) , & Lawrence , F. (Director) . ( 2007 ). I am legend [Motion picture] . United States : Warner Brothers .
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein , A. ( 2003 , December 9 ). Bioterror hysteria: The new “Star Wars.” Salon . Retrieved from http://dir.salon.com/story/tech/feature/2003/12/09/bioterror_funding/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Guillemin , J. (2005). Biological weapons: From the invention of state-sponsored programs to contemporary bioterrorism . New York , NY : Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gunn , J. , & Beard , D. E. ( 2000 ). On the apocalyptic sublime . Southern Communication Journal , 64 ( 4 ), 268 – 286 .
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton , D. , & O'Toole , T. ( 2005 , January 31 ). Facing up to the bioterror threat . International Herald Tribune . Retrieved from http://www.iht.com
   Google Scholar
• Hartnett , S. J. , & Goodale , G. ( 2009 ). Debating ‘the means of apocalypse': The Defense Science Board, the military-industrial complex, and the production of imperial propaganda . In McDorman , T. F. , & Timmerman , D. (Eds.), Rhetoric & democracy: Pedagogical and political practices (pp. 181 – 224 ). East Lansing , MI : Michigan State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hartnett , S. J. , & Stengrim , L. ( 2006 ). Globalization and empire: The U.S. invasion of Iraq, free markets, and the twilight of democracy . Tuscaloosa , AL : University of Alabama Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hay , J. , & Andrejevic , M. ( 2006 ). Introduction: Toward an analytic of governmental experiments in these times: Homeland security as the new social security . Cultural Studies , 20 , 331 – 348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hearne , S. A. ( 2004 , February 12 ). Moving toward ‘all-hazards’ public health preparedness . Testimony before the House Committee on Government Reform, Trust for America's Health, Washington, D.C. Retrieved from http://healthyamericans.org/policy/testimony/Hearne021204.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Henretig , F. ( 2001 ). Biological and chemical terrorism defense: A view from the ‘front lines’ of public health . American Journal of Public Health, 91 , 5 , 718 – 720 .
   Google Scholar
• Hernandez , N. ( 2008 , October 23 ). Huge new biodefense lab is dedicated at Fort Detrick . The Washington Post . Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2008/10/22/AR2008102203082.html
   Google Scholar
• Inglesby , T. ( 2001 , Supplement 2 ). Observations from the TOPOFF exercise . American Journal of Public Health , 116 , 65 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Inglesby , T. , Grossman , R. , & O'Toole , T. ( 2001 ). A plague on your city: Observations from TOPOFF . Confronting Biological Weapons , 32 , 436 – 445 .
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine . ( 2009 ). Preventing medication errors . Retrieved from http://www.iom.edu/? id = 35961
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan , D. C. ( 2001 ). Aum Shinrikyo (1995) . In J. B. Tucker (Ed.), Toxic terror: Assessing terrorist use of chemical and biological weapons (pp. 207 – 226 ). Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Keränen , L. ( 2008 ). Bio(in)security: Rhetoric, scientists, and citizens in the age of bioterrorism . In D. Zarefsky & E. Benacka (Eds.), Sizing up rhetoric (pp. 227 – 249 ). Long Grove , IL : Waveland .
   Google Scholar
• Keränen , L. ( 2011a ). Addressing the epidemic of epidemics: Germs, security, and call for biocriticism (Review Essay) . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 97 ( 2 ), 224 – 244 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keränen , L. ( 2011b ). How does a pathogen become a terrorist? The collective transformation of risk into bio(in)security . In J. Leach & D. Dysart-Gale (Eds.), Rhetorical questions of health and medicine (pp. 85 – 120 ). New York , NY : Lexington Books .
   Google Scholar
• Klotz , L. C. , & Sylvester , E. J. ( 2009 ). Breeding bio insecurity: How U.S. biodefense is exploiting fear, globalizing risk, and making us all less safe . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kwik , G. , Fitzgerald , J. , Inglesby , T. V. , & O'Toole , T. ( 2003 ). Biosecurity: Responsible stewardship of bioscience in an age of catastrophic terrorism . Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science , 1 , 1 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lakoff , A. ( 2008 ). From population to vital system: National security and the changing object of public health . In A. Lakoff & S. J. Collier (Eds.), Biosecurity interventions: Global security and health in question (pp. 33 – 60 ). New York , NY : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Laqueur , W. ( 1996 ). Postmodern terrorism . Foreign Affairs , 75 , 24 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leitenberg , M. ( 2005 , December ). Assessing the biological weapons, & bioterrorism threat . Carlisle , PA : Strategic Studies Institute, U. S. Army War College . Retrieved from http://www.strategicstudies institute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub639.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lillibridge , S. R. (2001 , October 10). HHS bioterrorism preparedness. Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce. Washington, DC: U.S. House of Representatives.
   Google Scholar
• et al. (Producers) , & Fresnadillo , J. C. (Director) . ( 2007 ). 28 weeks later [Motion picture] . United Kingdom : Fox Atomic .
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald , A. (Producer) , & Boyle , D. (Director) . ( 2002 ). 28 days later [Motion picture]. United Kingdom : Fox Searchlight Pictures .
   Google Scholar
• Markusova , V. A. , Wilson , C. , & Davis , M. ( 2002 ). From bioweapon to biodefense: The collaborative literature of biodefense in the 1990s . Scientometrics , 53 , 21 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer , R. ( 2007 ). Virus discourse: The rhetoric of threat and terrorism in the biothriller . Cultural Critique , 66 , 1 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• McGee , M. C. ( 1990 ). Text, context, and the fragmentation of contemporary culture . Western Journal of Speech , 54 , 274 – 289 .
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie , F. E. ( 2004 ). Smallpox models as policy tools . Emerging Infectious Disease , 10 , 2044 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mead , P. S. , Slutsker , L. , Dietz , V. , McCaig , L. F. , Bresee , J. S. , et al. . ( 1999 ). Food-related illness and death in the United States . Emerging Infectious Disease , 5 , 607 – 625 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , J. , Engleberg , S. , & Broad , W. ( 2002 ). Germs: Biological weapons and America's secret war . New York , NY : Simon and Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Morse , S. S. ( 2003 ). Biological and chemical terrorism . Technology in Society , 25 , 557 – 563 .
   Google Scholar
• O'Leary , S. D. ( 1994 ). Arguing the apocalypse: A theory of millennial rhetoric . New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Office of Science and Technology Policy [OSTP] . ( 1996 , June 12 ). Fact sheet: Addressing the threat of emerging infectious diseases . Washington , DC : U.S. White House .
   Google Scholar
• Palmquist , M. ( 2008 , May 19 ). Bioterror in context . Miller-McClune . Retrieved from www.miller-mcclure.com/culture-society/bioterror-in-context-4548/
   Google Scholar
• Pappas , G. , Seitaridis , S. , Akritidis , & Tsianos , E. ( 2003 ). Infectious disease in cinema: Virus hunters and killer microbes . Clinical Infectious Disease , 37 , 939 – 942 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parris , T. ( 2001 , July ). Local perspectives on bioterrorism: Efforts of the Dallas–Fort Worth Hospital Council to prepare for bioterrorism . Proceedings of the Baylor University Medical Center , 14 ( 3 ), 235 – 236 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pendergrast , M. ( 2010 ). Inside the outbreaks: The elite medical detectives of the Epidemic Intelligence Service . New York , NY : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt .
   Google Scholar
• Powell , C. ( 2003 , February 5 ). Address to the United Nations Security Council . Retrieved from http://www. americanrhetoric.com/speeches/wariniraq/ colinpowellunsecuritycouncil.htm
   Google Scholar
• Preston , R. ( 1994 ). The hot zone: A terrifying true story . New York , NY : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Preston , R. ( 1997 ). The cobra event . New York , NY : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Preston , R. ( 2002 ). The demon in the freezer: A true story . New York , NY : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Preston , R. ( 2009 ). About Richard Preston . Retrieved from http://www.richardpreston.net/about.html
   Google Scholar
• Reppert , B. ( 2005 , April ). The biodefense buildup: Fallout for other research areas? . Washington Watch . Retrieved from http://www.aibs.org/washingtonwatch/washington_watch_2005_04.html
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds , A. ( 2005 , April 10 ). WMD doomsday distractions . Retrieved from http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=4235
   Google Scholar
• Richtel , M. ( 2009 , July 18 ). Driven to distraction: Drivers and legislators dismiss cell phone risks . Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
   Google Scholar
• Rothkopf , D. J. ( 2002 , May/June ). Business versus terror . Foreign Policy , 56 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Sauer , B. ( 2003 ). Rhetoric of risk: Technical documentation in hazardous environments . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Schell , H. ( 1997 ). Outburst! A chilling true story about emerging-virus narratives and pandemic social change . Configurations: A Journal of Literature, Science, and Technology , 5 ( 1 ), 93 – 133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schell , H. (2002). The sexist gene: Science fiction and the germ theory of history. American Literary History , 14(4): 805–827.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoch-Spana , M. ( 2004 ). Bioterrorism: US public health and a secular apocalypse . Anthropology Today , 20 , 8 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Schuler , A. ( 2004 ). Billions for biodefense: Federal agency biodefense funding, FY2001-FY2005 . Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science , 2 , 86 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , J. B. ( 2006 ). Kairos as indeterminate risk management: The pharmaceutical industry's response to bioterrorism . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 92 , 115 – 143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons , L. M. ( 2002 , November ). Weapons of mass destruction online extra . National Geographic . Retrieved from http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0211/feature1/fulltext.html
   Google Scholar
• Smith , B. T. , Inglesby , T. V. , Brimmer , E. , Borio , L. , Franco , C. , et al. . ( 2005 ). After action report: Navigating the storm: Report and recommendations from the Atlantic Storm Exercise . Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science , 3 , 256 – 267 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Center for Biosecurity . ( 2009 , January 21 ). The Center for Biosecurity commends the new Obama Administration's commitment to strengthening biosecurity . Retrieved from http://www.upmcbiosecurity.org/website/center/newsroom/ index.html
   Google Scholar
• U.S. White House ( 2004 , April ). HHS fact sheet: Biodefense preparedness public health emergency preparedness ‘transforming America's capacity to respond.’ Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/04/20040428-4.html
   Google Scholar
• Van Loon , J. ( 2002 ). Risk and technological culture: Towards a sociology of virulence . New York , NY : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Vogel , K. ( 2008 ). ‘Iraqi Winnebagos™ of death': Imagined and realized futures of U.S. bioweapons threat assessment . Science and Public Policy , 35 ( 8 ), 561 – 573 .
   Google Scholar
• Wald , P. ( 2008 ). Contagious: Cultures, carriers and the outbreak narrative . Durham , NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Warrick , J. ( 2006 , July 30 ). The secretive fight against bioterror . Washington Post , p. A1 .
   Google Scholar
• Warrick , J. ( 2008 , October 27 ). Trail of odd anthrax cells led FBI to army scientist . Washington Post , p. A1 .
   Google Scholar
• Weldon , R. A. ( 2001 ). An ‘urban legend’ of global proportion: An analysis of nonfiction accounts of the Ebola virus . Journal of Health Communication , 6 ( 3 ), 281 – 294 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willyard , C. ( 2007 ). Lack of training in biodefense research leading to dangerous leaks . Nature Medicine , 13 , 1004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , S. , & Ketcham , S. ( 1990 ). The problem of interpreting the U.S. biological defense research program . In S. Wright (Ed.), Preventing a biological arms race (pp. 243 – 266 ). Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar