References
- Adler , P. A. , & Adler , P. ( 1988 ). Intense loyalty in organizations: A case study of college athletics . Administrative Science Quarterly , 33 , 401 – 417 . doi: 10.2307/2392716
- Albrecht , T. L. , Burleson , B. R. , & Sarason , I. ( 1992 ). Meaning and methods in the study of communication and social support: An introduction . Communication Research , 19 , 149 – 153 . doi: 10.1177/009365092019002001
- Albrecht , T. L. , & Goldsmith , D. J. ( 2003 ). Social support, social networks, and health . In T. L. Thompson , A. M. Dorsey , K. I. Miller , & R. Parrott (Eds.), Handbook of health communication (pp. 263 – 284 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
- Alford , C. F. ( 1999 ). Whistle-blowers: How much can we learn from them depends on how much we can give up . American Behavioral Scientist , 43 , 264 – 277 . doi: 10.1177/00027649921955254
- Allen , D. G. , Shore , L. M. , & Griffeth , R. W. ( 2003 ). The role of perceived organizational support and supportive human resource practices in the turnover process . Journal of Management , 29 , 99 – 118 . doi: 10.1177/014920630302900107
- Amason , P. , Allen , M. W. , & Holmes , S. A. ( 1999 ). Social support and acculturative stress in the multicultural workplace . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 27 , 310 – 334 . doi: 10.1080/00909889909365543
- Arnold , L. B. ( 2005 ). Don't you know what causes that? Advice, celebration, and justification in a large families bulletin board . Communication Studies , 56 , 331 – 351 . doi: 10.1080/10510970500319401
- Ashforth , B. E. , & Kreiner , G. E. ( 1999 ). “How can you do it?”: Dirty work and the challenge of constructing a positive identity . Academy of Management Review , 24 , 413 – 434 . doi: 10.2307/259134
- Bergman , M. E. , & Chalkley , K. M. ( 2007 ). “Ex” marks a spot: The stickiness of dirty work and other removed stigmas . Journal of Organizational Health Psychology , 12 , 251 – 265 . doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.12.3.251
- Berkman , L. F. , Glass , T. , Brissette , I. , & Seeman , T. E. ( 2000 ). From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium . Social Science and Medicine , 51 , 843 – 857 . doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00065-4
- Bingham , C. , & Gansler , L. L. ( 2002 ). Class action: The story of Lois Jenson and the landmark case that changed sexual harassment law . New York , NY : Doubleday .
- Chappell , B. ( 2012 , June 21 ). Penn State abuse scandal: A guide and timeline . Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2011/11/08/142111804/penn-state-abuse-scandal-a-guide-and-timeline
- Charmaz , K. ( 2006 ). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
- Cho , S. , Johanson , M. M. , & Guchait , P. ( 2009 ). Employees intent to leave: A comparison of determinants of intent to leave versus intent to stay . International Journal of Hospitality Management , 28 , 274 – 381 . doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2008.10.007
- Christian , A. ( 2005 ). Contesting the myth of the ‘wicked stepmother’: Narrative analysis of the online stepfamily support group . Western Journal of Communication , 69 , 27 – 47 . doi: 10.1080/10570310500034030
- Creswell , J. ( 1998 ). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
- Dowling , W. C. ( 2001 ). Big-time sports as academic prostitution . Academic Questions , 14 , 82 – 91 . doi: 10.1007/s12129-001-1042-3
- Eichhorn , K. C. (2008). Soliciting and providing social support over the Internet: An investigation of online eating disorder support groups. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 14, 67–78. doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.01431.x
- Eisenberger , R. , Fasolo , P. , & Davis-LaMastro , V. ( 1990 ). Perceived organizational support and employee diligence, commitment, and innovation . Journal of Applied Psychology , 82 , 812 – 820 . doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.75.1.51
- Eisenberger , R. , Huntington , R. , Hutchison , S. , & Sowa , D. ( 1986 ). Perceived organizational support . Journal of Applied Psychology , 71 , 500 – 507 . doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500
- Eisenberger , R. , Stinglhamber , F. , Vandenverghe , C. , Sucharski , I. , & Rhoades , L. ( 2002 ). Perceived supervisor support: Contributions to perceived organizational support and employee retention . Journal of Applied Psychology , 87 , 565 – 573 . doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.565
- Eriksson , C. B. , Bjorck , J. P. , Larson , L. C. , Walling , S. M. , Trice , G. A. , Fawcett , J. , … Foy , D. W. ( 2009 ). Social support, organizational support, and religious support in relation to burnout in expatriate humanitarian aid workers . Mental Health, Religion & Culture , 12 , 671 – 686 . doi: 10.1080/13674670903029146
- Ethics Resource Center . ( 2009 , November ). 2009 National Business Ethics Survey: Ethics in the recession . Retrieved from http://www.ethics.org/files/u5/nbes-final.pdf
- Feeley , T. H. , Moon , S. , Kozey , R. S. , & Slowe , A. S. ( 2010 ). An erosion model of employee turnover based on network centrality . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 38 , 167 – 188 . doi: 10.1080/00909881003639544
- Forward , G. L. ( 1999 ). Encountering the nonprofit organization: Clergy uncertainty and information-seeking during organizational entry . The Journal of Communication and Religion , 22 , 190 – 213 .
- Fraczek , A. ( 1996 ). Violence and aggression in children and youth: A socio-psychological perspective . European Review , 4 , 75 – 90 . doi: 10.1017/S1062798700001769
- Fuller , J. B. , Barnett , T. , Hester , K. , & Relyea , C. ( 2003 ). A social identity perspective on the relationship between perceived organizational support and organizational commitment . The Journal of Social Psychology , 143 , 789 – 791 . doi: 10.1080/00224540309600432
- Glaser , B. G. , & Strauss , A L. ( 1967 ). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research . Chicago , IL : Aldine Publishing .
- Goffman , E. ( 1963 ). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall .
- Goldsmith , D. J. ( 2004 ). Communicating social support . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press .
- Grant , C. ( 2002 ). Whistle-blowers: Saints of secular culture . Journal of Business Ethics , 39 , 391 – 399 . doi: 10.1023/A:1019771212846
- Greenberger , D. B. , Miceli , M. P. , & Cohen , D. J. ( 1987 ). Oppositionists and group norms: The reciprocal influence of whistle-blowers and co-workers . Journal of Business Ethics , 6 , 527 – 542 . doi: 10.1007/BF00383744
- Gundlach , M. J. , Douglas , S. C. , & Martinko , M. J. ( 2003 ). The decision to blow the whistle: A social information processing framework . Academy of Management Review , 28 , 107 – 123 . doi: 10.2307/30040692
- Gundlach , M. J. , Martinko , M. J. , & Douglas , S. C. ( 2008 ). A new approach to examining whistle-blowing: The influence of cognitions and anger . SAM Advanced Management Journal , 73 , 40 – 50 .
- Haas , S. M. ( 2002 ). Social support as relationship maintenance in gay male couples coping with HIV or AIDS . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 19 , 87 – 111 . doi: 10.1177/0265407502191005
- Hays , R. , Turner , H. , & Coates , T. ( 1992 ). Social support, AIDS-related symptoms, and depression among gay men . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 60 , 463 – 469 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.60.3.463
- Henik , E. (2008). Mad as hell or scared stiff? The effects of value conflict and emotions on potential whistle-blowers? Journal of Business Ethics , 80, 111–119. doi: 10.1007/s10551-007-9441-1
- Hochwarter , W. A. , Witt , L. A. , Treadway , D. C. , & Ferris , G. R. ( 2006 ). The interaction of social skill and organizational support on job performance . Journal of Applied Psychology , 91 , 482 – 489 . doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.482
- Hunter , S. C. , & Borg , M. G. ( 2006 ). The influence of emotional reaction on help seeking by victims of school bullying . Educational Psychology , 26 , 813 – 826 . doi: 10.1080/01443410600941946
- Hutchison , S. ( 1997 ). A path model of perceived organizational support . Journal of Social Behavior & Personality , 12 , 159 – 174 .
- Janevic , M. R. , Janz , N. K. , Dodge , J. A. , Wang , Y. , Lin , X. , & Clark , N. M. ( 2004 ). Longitudinal effects of social support on the health and functioning of older women and heart disease . International Journal of Aging and Human Development , 59 , 153 – 175 . doi: 10.2190/BY6D-LMK8-P8HT-DMP9
- Johnson , R. A. ( 2003 ). Whistleblowing: When it works and why . Boulder , CO : Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc .
- Jones , E. E. , Farina , A. , Hastorf , A. H. , Markus , H. , Miller , D. T. , & Scott , R. A. ( 1984 ). Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships . New York , NY : W.H. Freeman and Company .
- Jones , S. M. , & Wirtz , J. G. ( 2006 ). How does the comforting process work? An empirical test of an appraisal-based model of comforting . Human Communication Research , 32 , 217 – 243 . doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2006.00274.x
- Jubb , P. B. ( 1999 ). Whistleblowing: A restrictive definition and interpretation . Journal of Business Ethics , 21 , 77 – 94 . doi: 10.1023/A:1005922701763
- Kassing , J. W. ( 2011 ). Stressing out about dissent: Examining the relationship between coping strategies and dissent expression . Communication Research Reports , 28 , 225 – 234 . doi: 10.1080/08824096.2011.586075
- Keenan , J. P. ( 2002 ). Comparing Indian and American managers on whistleblowing . Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal , 74 , 79 – 89 . doi: 10.1023/A:1021171520620
- Kessler , R. C. , Foster , C. , Joseph , J. , Ostrow , D. , Wortman , C. , Phair , J. , & Chmiel , J. ( 1991 ). Stressful live events and symptom onset in HIV infection . American Journal of Psychiatry , 148 , 733 – 738 .
- Koo , H. ( 2008 ). Victimization in Korean schools: The nature, incidence, and distinctive features of Korean bullying or “Wang-Ta” . Journal of School Violence , 7 , 119 – 139 . doi: 10.1080/15388220801974084
- Lesserman , J. , Petitto , J. M. , Golden , R. N. , Gaynes , B. N. , Gu , H. , Perkins , D. O. , … Evans , D. L. ( 2000 ). Impact of stressful life events, depression, social support, coping, and cortisol on progression to AIDS . American Journal of Psychiatry , 157 , 1221 – 1228 . doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1221
- Lin , C. ( 2006 ). Culture shock and social support: An investigation of a Chinese student organization on a US campus . Journal of Intercultural Communication Research , 35 , 117 – 137 . doi: 10.1080/17475750600909279
- Maas , P. ( 1973 ). Serpico . New York , NY : Bantam Books , Inc .
- Mahdavi , J. , & Smith , P. K. ( 2007 ). Individual risk factors or group dynamics? An investigation of the scapegoat hypothesis of victimization in school classes . European Journal of Developmental Psychology , 4 , 353 – 371 . doi: 10.1080/17405620701512196
- Manne , S. , Ostroff , J. , Sherman , M. , Glassman , M. , Ross , S. , Goldstein , L. , & Fox , K. ( 2003 ). Buffering effects of family and friend support on associations between partner unsupportive behaviors and coping among women with breast cancer . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 20 , 771 – 792 . doi: 10.1177/0265407503206004
- Meisenbach , R. J. ( 2010 ). Stigma management communication: A theory and agenda for applied research on how individuals manage moments of stigmatized identify . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 38 , 268 – 292 . doi: 10.1080/00909882.2010.490841
- Miceli , M. P. , & Near , J. P. (1992). Blowing the whistle: The organizational and legal implications for companies and employees . New York , NY : Lexington Books.
- Miceli , M. P. , & Near , J. P. ( 1994 ). Relationships among value congruence, perceived victimization, and retaliation against whistle-blowers . Journal of Management , 20 , 773 – 794 . doi: 10.1177/014920639402000405
- Miceli , M. P. , Near , J. P. , & Dworkin , T. M. ( 2008 ). Whistle-blowing in organizations . New York , NY : Routledge .
- Miller , K. I. , Stiff , J. B. , & Ellis , B. H. ( 1988 ). Communication and empathy as precursors to burnout among human service workers . Communication Monographs , 55 , 250 – 265 . doi: 10.1080/03637758809376171
- NCAA.org . ( 2013 ). On the mark . Retrieved from http://www.ncaa.org/wps/wcm/connect/public/NCAA/NCAA+President/On+the+Mark
- Near , J. P. , & Miceli , M. P. ( 1985 ). Organizational dissidence: The case of whistleblowing . Journal of Business Ethics , 4 , 1 – 16 . doi: 10.1007/BF00382668
- Near , J. P. , & Miceli , M. P. ( 1995 ). Effective whistle-blowing . Academy of Management Review , 20 , 679 – 708 . doi: 10.2307/258791
- Pennebaker , J. W. ( 1997 ). Opening up: The healing power of expressing emotions . New York , NY : Guilford .
- Pennebaker , J. W. , Zech , E. , & Rime , B. ( 2001 ). Disclosing and sharing emotion: Psychological, social, and health consequences . In M. S. Stroebe , R. O. Hansson , W. Stroebe , & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of Bereavement Research: Consequences, Coping, and Care (pp. 517 – 544 ). Washington , DC : American Psychological Association . doi: 10.1037/10436-022
- Peterson , J. L. ( 2009 ). “You have to be positive.”: Social support processes of an online support group for men living with HIV . Communication Studies , 60 , 526 – 541 . doi: 10.1080/10510970903260368
- Rehg , M. T. , Miceli , M. P. , Near , J. P. , & Van Scotter , J. R. ( 2008 ). Antecedents and outcomes of retaliation against whistle-blowers: Gender differences and power relationships . Organization Science , 19 , 221 – 240 . doi: 10.1287/orsc.1070.0310
- Rhoades , L. , & Eisenberger , R. ( 2002 ). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature . Journal of Applied Psychology , 87 , 698 – 714 . doi: 10.1037//0021-9010.87.4.698
- Richardson , B. K. , & McGlynn , J. ( 2011 ). Rabid fans, death threats, and dysfunctional stakeholders: The influence of organizational and industry contexts on whistle-blowing cases . Management Communication Quarterly , 25 , 121 – 150 . doi: 10.1177/0893318910380344
- Rigby , K. , & Slee , P. ( 1999 ). Suicidal ideation among adolescent school children, involvement in bully-victim problems, and perceived social support . Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior , 29 , 119 – 130 .
- Rothschild , J. , & Miethe , T. D. ( 1999 ). Whistle-blower disclosures and management retaliation: The battle to control information about organization corruption . Work and Occupations , 26 , 107 – 128 . doi: 10.1177/0730888499026001006
- Semadeni , M. , Cannella , A. A. , Fraser , D. R. , & Lee , D. S. ( 2008 ). Fight or flight: Managing stigma in executive careers . Strategic Management Journal , 29 , 557 – 567 . doi: 10.1002/smj.661
- Settoon , R. P. , Bennett , N. , & Liden , R. C. ( 1996 ). Social exchange in organizations: Perceived organizational support, leader-member exchange, and employee reciprocity . Journal of Applied Psychology , 81 , 219 – 227 . doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.81.3.219
- Simosi , M. ( 2012 ). The moderating role of self-efficacy in the organizational culture-training transfer model . International Journal of Training & Development , 16 , 92 – 106 . doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2419.2011.00396.x
- Sims , R. L. , & Keenan , J. P. ( 1998 ). ‘Predictors of external whistleblowing: Organizational and intrapersonal variables . Journal of Business Ethics , 17 , 411 – 421 . doi: 10.1023/A:1005763807868
- Skivenes , M. , & Trygstad , S. C. (2010). When whistle-blowing works: The Norwegian case. Human Relations , 63, 1071–1097. doi: 10.1177/0018726709353954
- Smith , R. ( 2007 ). Language of the lost: An explication of stigma condition . Communication Theory , 17 , 462 – 485 . doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00307.x
- Snyder , J. ( 2009 ). The role of coworker and supervisor social support in alleviating the experience of burnout for caregivers in the human-services industry . Southern Communication Journal , 74 , 373 – 389 .
- Strauss , A. , & Corbin , J. ( 1998 ). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications .
- Symister , P. , & Friend , R. ( 2003 ). The influence of social support and problematic support on optimism and depression in chronic illness: A prospective study evaluating self-esteem as a mediator . Health Psychology , 22 , 123 – 129 . doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.22.2.123
- thedrakegroup.org . ( 2013 ). Retrieved from http://www.thedrakegroup.org/about/
- Tracy , S. J. , & Scott , C. ( 2006 ). Sexuality, masculinity, and taint management among firefighters and correctional officers . Management Communication Quarterly , 20 , 6 – 38 . doi: 10.1177/0893318906287898
- Trethewey , A. ( 1997 ). Resistance, identity, and empowerment: A postmodern feminist analysis of clients in a human service organization . Communication Monographs , 64 , 281 – 301 . doi: 10.1080/03637759709376425
- Wayne , S. J. , Shore , L. M. , Bommer , W. H. , & Tetrick , L. E. ( 2002 ). The role of fair treatment and rewards in perceptions of organizational support and leader-member exchange . Journal of Applied Psychology , 87 , 590 – 598 . doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.590
- Wright , K. B. , Banas , J. A. , Bessarabova , E. , & Bernard , D. R. ( 2010 ). A communication competence approach to examining health care social support, stress, and job burnout . Health Communication , 25 , 375 – 382 . doi: 10.1080/10410231003775206
- Zagenczyk , T. J. , Scott , K. D. , Gibney , R. , Murrell , A. J. , & Thatcher , J. B. ( 2010 ). Social influence and perceived organizational support: A social networks analysis . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 111 , 127 – 138 . doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.11.004