Rumination and Perceived Risk in Seeking Social Support as Mediators of the Stressful Impact of Adversity and Posttraumatic Growth

References

• Affleck, G., Tennen, H., Croog, S., & Levine, S. (1987). Causal attributions, perceived benefits, and morbidity after a heart attack: An 8-year study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 29–35. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afifi, T. D., Afifi, W. A., Merrill, A. F., Denes, A., & Davis, S. (2013). “You need to stop talking about this!”: Verbal rumination and the costs of social support. Human Communication Research, 39, 395–421. doi:10.1111/hcre.2013.39.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afifi, T. D., Caughlin, J., & Afifi, W. A. (2007). Exploring the dark side (and light side) of avoidance and secrets. In B. Spitzberg & B. Cupach (Eds.), The dark side of interpersonal relationships (2nd ed., pp. 61–92). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Barrera, M. (1986). Distinctions between social support concepts, measures, and models. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 413–445. doi:10.1007/BF00922627
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolger, N., Foster, M., Vinokur, A. D., & Ng, R. (1996). Close relationships and adjustment to a life crisis: The case of breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 283–294. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boren, J. P. (2013). Co-rumination partially mediates the relationship between social support and emotional exhaustion among graduate students. Communication Quarterly, 61, 253–267. doi:10.1080/01463373.2012.751436
   Google Scholar
• Boren, J. P. (2014). The relationships between co-rumination, social support, stress, and burnout among working adults. Management Communication Quarterly, 28, 3–25. doi:10.1177/0893318913509283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burleson, B. R., & Goldsmith, D. J. (1998). How the comforting process works: Alleviating emotional distress through conversationally induced reappraisals. In P. A. Andersen & L. K. Guerrero (Eds.), Handbook of communication and emotion (pp. 246–280). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burt, M. R., & Katz, B. L. (1987). Dimensions of recovery from rape: Focus on growth outcomes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2, 57–81. doi:10.1177/088626087002001004
   Google Scholar
• Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., Tedeschi, R., & McMillan, J. (2000). A correlational test of the relationship between posttraumatic growth, religion, and cognitive processing. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 521–527. doi:10.1023/A:1007745627077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (1999). Facilitating posttraumatic growth: A clinician’s guide. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Calmes, C. A., & Roberts, J. E. (2008). Rumination in interpersonal relationships: Does co-rumination explain gender differences in emotional distress and relationship satisfaction among college students? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 577–590. doi:10.1007/s10608-008-9200-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R. G., & Solomon, D. T. (2010). Posttraumatic growth and depreciation as independent experiences and predictors of well-being. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 15, 151–166. doi:10.1080/15325020903375826
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R. G., Triplett, K. N., Vishnevsky, T., & Lindstrom, C. M. (2011). Assessing posttraumatic cognitive processes: The event related rumination inventory. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 24, 137–156. doi:10.1080/10615806.2010.529901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr, K., & Koenig Kellas, J. (2018). The role of family and marital communication in developing resilience to family-of-origin adversity. Journal of Family Communication, 18, 68–84. doi:10.1080/15267431.2017.1369415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr, K., & Wilder, S. (2016). Attachment style and the risks of seeking social support: Variations between friends and siblings. Southern Communication Journal, 81, 316–329. doi:10.1080/1041794X.2016.1208266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310–357. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirks, S. E., & Metts, S. (2010). An investigation of the support process: Decision, enactment, and outcome. Communication Studies, 61, 391–411. doi:10.1080/10510974.2010.491344
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, J. D., Goff, B. A., Nadler, A., & Chinsky, J. M. (1988). Social psychological influences on help seeking and support from peers. In B. H. Gottlieb (Ed.), Marshaling social support: Formats, processes, and effects (pp. 267–304). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Goldsmith, D., & Parks, M. R. (1990). Communicative strategies for managing the risks of seeking social support. In S. Duck (Ed.), Personal relationships and social support (pp. 104–121). London, UK: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Goldsmith, D. J., & Fitch, K. (1997). The normative context of advice as social support. Human Communication Research, 23, 454–476. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1997.tb00406.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, B. N., Davison, K. P., Pennebaker, J. W., Gatchel, R. J., & Baum, A. (2002). Disease disclosure patterns among breast cancer patients. Psychology and Health, 17, 51–62. doi:10.1080/08870440290001520
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janoff-Bulman, R. (2006). Schema-change perspective on posttraumatic growth. In L. G. Calhoun & R. G. Tedeschi (Eds.), Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice (pp. 81–99). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. (Eds.). (2008). Trauma, recovery, and growth: Positive psychological perspectives on posttraumatic stress. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Komproe, I. H., Rijken, M., Ros, W. J., Winnubust, J. A., & Hart, H. (1997). Available support and received support: Different effects under stressful circumstances. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14, 59–77. doi:10.1177/0265407597141003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdams, D. P., Reynolds, J., Lewis, M., Patten, A., & Bowman, P. J. (2001). When bad things turn good and good things turn bad: Sequences of redemption and contamination in life narrative and their relation to psychosocial adaptation in midlife adults and in students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 474–485. doi:10.1177/0146167201274008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong, A. D., Bergeman, C. S., & Chow, S. (2010). Positive emotions as a basic building block of resilience in adulthood. In J. Reich, A. Zautra, & J. Hall (Eds.), Handbook of adult resilience (pp. 81–93). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Pals, J. L., & McAdams, D. P. (2004). The transformed self: A narrative understanding of posttraumatic growth. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 65–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson, G. E. (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 307–321. doi:10.1002/jclp.10020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, A. J. (2002). Co-rumination in the friendships of girls and boys. Child Development, 73, 1830–1843. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzer, R., & Leppin, A. (1991). Social support and health: A theoretical and empirical overview. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 8, 99–127. doi:10.1177/0265407591081005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seery, M. D., Holman, E. A., & Silver, R. C. (2010). Whatever does not kill us: Cumulative lifetime adversity, vulnerability, and resilience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 1025–1041. doi:10.1037/a0021344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver, R. L., Boon, C., & Stones, M. (1983). Searching for meaning in misfortune: Making sense of incest. Journal of Social Issues, 39, 81–102. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1983.tb00142.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B. (1987). Verbal response modes as intersubjective categories. In R. L. Russell (Ed.), Language in psychotherapy: Strategies of discovery (pp. 131–170). New York, NY: Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B., Shuster, P. L., & Harrigan, J. A. (1992). Disclosure and anxiety: A test of the fever model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 980–988. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taku, K., Cann, A., Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2009). Intrusive versus deliberate rumination in posttraumatic growth across US and Japanese samples. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 22, 129–136. doi:10.1080/10615800802317841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 455–471. doi:10.1002/jts.2490090305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 1–18. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, L. E., DiGiulio, R. C., & Sheehan, N. W. (1988). Identity loss and psychological crisis in widowhood. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 26, 225–239. doi:10.2190/HJ85-CPV9-0WRU-A8PX
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, S. C. (1985). Finding positive meaning in a stressful event and coping. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 6, 279–295. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp0604_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vangelisti, A. L. (2009). Challenges in conceptualizing social support. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26, 39–51. doi:10.1177/0265407509105520
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins, E. R. (2008). Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 163–206. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (2001). Journeys from childhood to midlife: Risk, resilience, and recovery. New York, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilder, S. E. (2016). Predicting adjustment to divorce from social support and relational quality in multiple relationships. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 57, 553–572. doi:10.1080/10502556.2016.1233844
   Google Scholar
• Zoccola, P. M., Dickerson, S. S., & Zaldivar, F. P. (2008). Rumination and cortisol responses to laboratory stressors. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70, 661–667. doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31817bbc7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar