Using Peer Collaboration to Support Online Reading, Writing, and Communication: An Empowerment Model for Struggling Readers

REFERENCES

• Abramson , L. Y. , Garber , J. , & Seligman , M. E. P. (1980). Learned helplessness in humans: An attributional analysis. In J. Garber & M. E. P. Seligman (Eds.), Human helplessness: Theory and applications (pp. 3–34). New York , NY : Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Afflerbach , P. , & Cho , B. Y. ( 2009 ). Determining and describing reading strategies: Internet and traditional forms of reading . In H. Waters & W. Schnider (Eds.), Metacognition, strategy use, and instruction (pp. 201 – 225 ). New York , NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Allington , R. L. ( 2001 ). What really matters for struggling readers: Designing research based programs . New York , NY : Longmans .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , K. S. , & Sandmann , L. ( 2009 ). Toward a model of empowering practices in youth-adult partnerships . Journal of Extension , 47 ( 2 ), [Article No 2FEA5]. Retrieved from http://www.joe.org/joe/2009/april/a5.php
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. ( 1986 ). Social foundations of thought and action: A social-cognitive view . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Beckhard , R. ( 1969 ). Organization development: Strategies and models . Reading , MA : Addison-Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Bereiter , C. , & Scardamalia , M. ( 1989 ). Intentional learning as a goal of instruction . In L. B. Resnick (Ed.), Knowing, learning and instruction: Essays in honor of Robert Glaser (pp. 361 – 392 ). Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , A. L. , Ash , D. , Rutherford , M. , Nakagawa , K. , Gordon , A. , & Campione , J. C. ( 1993 ). Distributed expertise in the classroom . In G. Salomon (Ed.), Distributed cognitions: Psychological and educational considerations (pp. 188 – 229 ). New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , A. L. , & Campione , J. C. ( 1996 ). Psychological theory and the design of innovative learning environments on procedures, principles and systems . In L. Schanble & R. Glaser (Eds.), Innovations in learning: New environments for education (pp. 289 – 325 ). Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , A. L. , & Palincsar , A. S. ( 1989 ). Guided cooperative learning and individual knowledge acquisition . In L. B. Resnick (Ed.), Cognition and instruction: Issues and agendas (pp. 393 – 451 ). Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Carver , R. P. , & Hoffman , J. V. ( 1981 ). The effect of practice through repeated reading on gain in reading ability using a computer-based instructional system . Reading Research Quarterly , 16 , 374 – 390 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castek , J. ( 2008 ). How do 4th and 5th grade students acquire the new literacies of online reading comprehension? Exploring the contexts that facilitate learning. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, Storrs.
   Google Scholar
• Castek , J. , Zawilinski , L. , McVerry , G. , O'Byrne , I. , & Leu , D. J. ( 2009 ). The new literacies of online reading comprehension: New opportunities and challenges for students with learning difficulties . In C. Wyatt-Smith , J. Elkins , & S. Gunn (Eds.), Multiple perspectives on difficulties in learning literacy and numeracy (pp. 91 – 110 ). New York , NY : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Coiro , J. ( 2003 ). Reading comprehension on the Internet: Expanding our understanding of reading comprehension to encompass new literacies . Reading Teacher , 56 , 458 – 464 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coiro , J. , & Dobler , E. ( 2007 ). Exploring the online reading comprehension strategies used by sixth-grade skilled readers to search for and locate information on the Internet . Reading Research Quarterly , 42 , 214 – 257 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coiro , J. , Knobel , M. , Lankshear , C. , & Leu , D. J. (Eds.) (2008). Handbook of research on new literacies . Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Conger , J. A. , & Kanungo , R. N. ( 1988 ). The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice . Academy of Management Review , 13 , 471 – 482 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cope , B. , & Kalantzis , M. (Eds.) ( 2000 ). Multiliteracies: Literacy learning and the design of social futures . London , England : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Cummins , J. ( 2001 ). Negotiating identifies: Education for empowerment in a diverse society () , 2nd ed. . Ontario , CA : California Association of Bilingual Education .
   Google Scholar
• Dahl , P. R. ( 1979 ). An experimental program for teaching high speed word recognition and comprehension skills . In J. E. Button , T. Lovitt , & T. Rowland (Eds.), Communications research in learning disabilities and mental retardation (pp. 33 – 65 ). Baltimore , MD : University Park Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dalton , B. , & Strangman , N. ( 2006 ). Improving struggling readers' comprehension through scaffolded hypertexts and other computer-based literacy programs . In M. McKenna , L. Labbo , R. Kiefer , & D. Reinking (Eds.), International handbook of literacy and technology ( Vol. 2 , pp. 75 – 92 ). New York , NY : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Deci , E. L. ( 1975 ). Intrinsic motivation . New York , NY : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Dowhower , S. L. ( 1987 ). Effects of repeated reading on second-grade transitional readers' fluency and comprehension . Reading Research Quarterly , 22 , 389 – 406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duke , N. , & Pearson , P. D. ( 2002 ). Effective practices for developing reading comprehension . In A. E. Farstrup & S. J. Samuels (Eds.), What research has to say about reading instruction ( , 3rd ed. , pp. 205 – 242 ). Newark , DE : International Reading Association .
   Google Scholar
• Freire , P. ( 1986 ). Pedagogy of the oppressed . New York , NY : Continuum . (Original work published 1972)
   Google Scholar
• Gambrell , L. B. ( 2006 ). The potential of technology for key dimensions of literacy . In M. McKenna , L. Labbo , R. Kiefer , & D. Reinking (Eds.), International handbook of literacy and technology ( Vol. 2 , pp. 287 – 294 ). New York , NY : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Gee , J. P. ( 2003 ). What video games have to teach us about learning and literacy . New York , NY : Palgrave Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• George , A. L. ( 1979 ). Case studies and theory development: The method of structured, focused comparison . In P. G. Lauren (Ed.), Diplomacy: New approaches in history, theory, and policy (pp. 43 – 68 ). New York , NY : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• George , A. L. , & McKeown , T. J. ( 1985 ). Case studies and theories of organizational decision making . In R. F. Coulam & R. A. Smith (Eds.), Advances in information processing in organizations ( Vol. 2 , pp. 21 – 58 ). Greenwich , CT : JAI .
   Google Scholar
• Greenleaf , C. L. , & Hinchman , K. ( 2009 ). Reimagining our inexperienced adolescent readers: From struggling, striving, marginalized, and reluctant to thriving . Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy , 53 ( 1 ), 4 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hacker , D. J. , & Tenent , A. ( 2002 ). Implementing reciprocal teaching in the classroom: Overcoming obstacles and making modifications . Journal of Educational Psychology , 94 , 699 – 718 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckelman , R. G. ( 1969 ). A neurological-impress method of remedial reading instruction . Academic Therapy Quarterly , 4 , 277 – 282 .
   Google Scholar
• Henry , L. A. (2007). Exploring new literacies pedagogy and online reading comprehension among middle school students and teachers: Issues of social equity or social exclusion?. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, Storrs.
   Google Scholar
• Herman , P. A. ( 1985 ). The effect of repeated readings on reading rate, speech pauses, and word recognition accuracy . Reading Research Quarterly , 20 , 553 – 565 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoskisson , K. , & Krohm , B. ( 1974 ). Reading by immersion: Assisted reading . Elementary English , 51 , 832 – 836 .
   Google Scholar
• Kaarbo , J. , & Beasley , R. K. ( 1999 ). A practical guide to the comparative case study method in political psychology . Political Psychology , 20 , 369 – 391 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamil , M. L. , Intrator , S. M. , & Kim , H. S. ( 2000 ). The effects of other technologies on literacy and literacy learning . In M. L. Kamil , P. B. Mosenthal , P. D. Pearson , & R. Barr (Eds.), Handbook of reading research ( Vol. 3 , pp. 771 – 788 ). Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• King , G. , Keohane , R. O. , & Verba , S. ( 1994 ). Designing social inquiry: Scientific inference in qualitative research . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kress , G. ( 2003 ). Literacy in the new media age . London , England : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , M. R. , & Stahl , S. A. ( 2003 ). Fluency: A review of developmental and remedial practices . Journal of Educational Psychology , 95 ( 1 ), 3 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labbo , L. D. , & Teale , W. H. ( 1990 ). Cross age reading: A strategy for helping poor readers . The Reading Teacher , 43 , 363 – 369 .
   Google Scholar
• Lankshear , C. , & Knobel , M. ( 2006 ). New literacies: Everyday practices and classroom learning () , 2nd ed . New York , NY : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lave , J. , & Wenger , E. ( 1991 ). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Leu , D. J. , Coiro , J. , Castek , J. , Hartman , D. K. , Henry , L. A. , & Reinking , D. ( 2008 ). Research on instruction and assessment in the new literacies of online reading comprehension . In C. C. Block , S. Parris , & P. Afflerbach (Eds.), Comprehension instruction: Research-based best practices (pp. 321 – 346 ). New York , NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Leu , D. J. , Jr. , Kinzer , C. K. , Coiro , J. , & Cammack , D. ( 2004 ). Toward a theory of new literacies emerging from the Internet and other information and communication technologies . In R. B. Ruddell , N. Unrau (Eds.), Theoretical models and processes of reading (5th ed., pp. 1568 – 1611 ). Newark , DE : International Reading Association .
   Google Scholar
• Leu , D. J. , O'Byrne , W. I. , Zawilinski , L. , McVerry , J. G. , & Everett-Cocapardo , H. ( 2009 ). Expanding the new literacies conversation . Educational Researcher , 38 , 264 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy , B. A. , Barnes , L. , & Martin , L. ( 1993 ). Transfer of fluency across repetitions and across texts . Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology , 47 , 401 – 427 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy , B. A. , Newell , S. , Snyder , J. , & Timmins , K. ( 1986 ). Processing changes across reading encounters . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 12 , 467 – 478 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lijphart , A. ( 1971 ). Comparative politics and the comparative method . American Political Science Review , 65 , 682 – 693 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lijphart , A. ( 1975 ). The comparable-case strategy in comparative research . Comparative Political Studies , 8 , 158 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowyck , J. , & Pöysä , J. (2001). Design of collaborative learning environments. Computers in Human Behavior , 17, 507–516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathes , P. G. , & Fuchs , L. S. ( 1993 ). Peer-mediated reading instruction in special education resource rooms . Learning Disabilities Research and Practice , 8 , 233 – 243 .
   Google Scholar
• McKenna , M. C. , Reinking , D. , Labbo , L. D. , & Kieffer , R. ( 1999 ). The electronic transformation of literacy and its implications for the struggling reader . Reading & Writing Quarterly , 15 , 111 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Nastasi , B. K. , & Clements , D. H. ( 1991 ). Research on cooperative learning: Implications for practice . School Psychology Review , 30 , 110 – 131 .
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Education Statistics . ( 2009 ). The nation's report card: Reading 2009 (NCES Publication No. 2010–458) . Washington , DC : Institute of Education Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• New London Group , The. ( 2000 ). A pedagogy of multiliteracies: Designing social futures . In B. Cope & M. Kalantzis (Eds.), Multiliteracies: Literacy learning and the design of social futures (pp. 9 – 38 ). London , England : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen , E. ( 1986 ). Empowerment strategies: Balancing authority and responsibility . In S. Srivastra (Ed.), Executive power (pp. 78 – 110 ). San Francisco , CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• O'Shea , L. J. , Sindelar , P. T. , & O'Shea , D. ( 1987 ). The effects of repeated readings and attentional cues on the reading fluency and comprehension of learning disabled readers . Learning Disabilities Research , 2 , 103 – 109 .
   Google Scholar
• Palincsar , A. S. , & Brown , A. L. ( 1984 ). Reciprocal teaching of comprehension-fostering and comprehension-monitoring activities . Cognition and Instruction , 1 , 117 – 175 .
   Google Scholar
• Perie , M. , Grigg , W. , & Donahue , P. ( 2006 ). The nation's report card: Reading 2005 (National Center for Education Statistics Publication No. 2006–451) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Perkins , D. D. , & Zimmerman , M. A. ( 1995 ). Empowerment theory, research, and application . American Journal of Community Psychology , 23 , 569 – 578 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappaport , J. ( 1995 ). Empowerment meets narrative: Listening to stories and creating settings . American Journal of Community Psychology , 23 , 795 – 807 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins , S. P. , Chatterjee , P. , & Canda , E. R. ( 1998 ). Contemporary human behavior theory . Boston , MA : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenshine , B. , & Meister , C. ( 1994 ). Reciprocal teaching: A review of the research . Review of Educational Research , 64 , 479 – 530 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosow , L. V. ( 1989 ). A tale of disempowerment . The Phi Delta Kappan , 71 , 194 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothbaum , F. M. , Weisz , J. R. , & Snyder , S. S. ( 1982 ). Changing the world and changing self: A two process model of perceived control . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 42 , 5 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotter , J. B. ( 1966 ). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement . Psychological Monographs , 80 ( 1 ), 1 – 28 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seifert , T. L. ( 2004 ). Understanding student motivation . Educational Research , 46 , 137 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shor , I. ( 1992 ). Empowering education: Critical teaching for social change . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Slavin , R. (1990). Cooperative learning: Theory, research and practice . Hillsdale , NJ : Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Slavin , R. ( 1996 ). Research on cooperative learning and achievement: What we know, what we need to know . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 21 ( 1 ), 43 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speer , P. W. , Jackson , C. B. , & Peterson , N. A. ( 2001 ). The relationship between social cohesion and empowerment: Support and new implications for theory . Health Education & Behavior , 28 , 716 – 732 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spreitzer , G. M. ( 1995 ). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation . The Academy of Management Journal , 38 , 1442 – 1465 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Street , B. ( 2003 ). What's new in new literacy studies . Current Issues in Comparative Education , 5 ( 2 ), 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Sutton , P. A. ( 1991 ). Strategies to increase oral reading fluency of primary resource students . East Lansing , MI : National Center for Research on Teaching Learning . (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED335660)
   Google Scholar
• Swift , C. , & Levin , G. ( 1987 ). Empowerment: An emerging mental health technology . Journal of Primary Prevention , 8 , 71 – 94 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tingstrom , D. H. , Edwards , R. P. , & Olmi , D. J. ( 1995 ). Listening previewing in reading to read: Relative effects on oral reading fluency . Psychology in the Schools , 32 , 318 – 327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topping , K. ( 1987 ). Paired reading: A powerful technique for parent use . The Reading Teacher , 40 , 608 – 614 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topping , K. , & Whitley , M. ( 1990 ). Participant evaluation of parent tutored and peer-tutored projects in reading . Educational Research , 32 , 14 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Leij , A. ( 1981 ). Remediation of reading disabled children by presenting text simultaneously to eye and ear . Bulletin of the Orton Society , 31 , 229 – 243 .
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman , M. A. ( 1995 ). Psychological empowerment: Issues and illustrations . American Journal of Community Psychology , 23 , 581 – 599 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar