UNDERSTANDING THE NATURE OF READING AND WRITING DIFFICULTIES: AN ALTERNATIVE VIEW

REFERENCES

• Anderson , J. R. 1976 . Language, memory and thought , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , R. C. 1977 . Schema directed processes in language comprehension , (Report No. 50) Urbana, IL : Center for the Study of Reading . (ERIC Document Reproduction Services No. ED 142 877)
   Google Scholar
• Barkley , R. A. 1988 . “ Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity ” . In Behavioral assessment of childhood disorders , Edited by: Marsh , E. J. and Terdal , L. G. 69 – 104 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bloomingdale , L. M. 1985 . Attention deficit disorder , New York : S. P. Medical and Scientific Books .
   Google Scholar
• Bransford , J. D. 1979 . Human cognition: Learning, understanding, and remembering , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Butkowsky , I. S. and Willows , D. M. 1980 . Cognitive motivation characteristics of children varying in reading ability: Evidence for learned helplessness in poor readers . Journal of Educational Psychology , 72 : 408 – 422 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canney , G. and Winograd , P. 1979 . Schemata for reading and reading comprehension performance , (Report No. 120) Urbana, IL : Center for the Study of Reading . (ERIC Document Reproduction Services No. ED 169 520)
   Google Scholar
• Clay , M. M. 1979 . The early detection of reading difficulties , Portsmouth, NH : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Chomsky , C. 1976 . After decoding: What? . Language Arts , 53 : 288 – 296 .
   Google Scholar
• Dahl , K. L. , Purcell‐Gates , V. and McIntyre , E. 1989 . Ways that inner‐city children make sense of traditional reading and writing instruction in the early grades , Washington, DC : U.S. Department of Education . (Final report to the Office of Educational Research and Improvement)
   Google Scholar
• Diener , C. I. and Dweck , C. S. 1980 . An analysis of learned helplessness: The processing of success . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 39 : 940 – 952 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downing , J. 1970 . Children's concepts of language in learning to read . Educational Research , 12 : 106 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downing , J. The psycholinguistic basis of cognitive clarity . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Reading Conference . St. Petersburg, FL. December , (ERIC Document Reproduction Services No. ED 170 689)
   Google Scholar
• Downing , J. 1979 . Reading and reasoning , Edinburgh, Scotland : Chambers .
   Google Scholar
• DuPaul , G. J. , Guevremont , D. C. and Barkley , R. A. 1991 . “ Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ” . In The practice of child therapy , Edited by: Kratochwill , T. R. and Morris , R. J. 115 – 144 . New York : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dyson , A. H. 1984 . Learning to write/learning to do school: Emergent writers’ interpretations of school literacy tasks . Research in the Teaching of English , 18 : 233 – 263 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freppon , P. A. and Dahl , K. L. Knowledge construction in reading and writing by low‐SES urban children in kindergarten whole language classrooms . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association . Chicago. April ,
   Google Scholar
• Freppon , P. A. 1991 . Children's concepts of the nature and purpose of reading in different instructional settings . Journal of Reading Behavior ,
   Google Scholar
• Giles , C. , Bixby , M. , Crowley , P. , Crenshaw , S. , Henrichs , M. , Reynolds , F. and Pyle , D. 1988 . Whole language strategies for secondary students , New York : Richard C. Owen .
   Google Scholar
• Glaser , R. 1981 . The future of testing: A research agenda for cognitive psychology and psychometrics . American Psychologist , 9 : 923 – 936 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodman , K. S. 1973 . Theoretically based studies of patterns of miscues in oral reading performance , Detroit, MI : Wayne State University . (ERIC Document Reproduction Services No. ED 079 708)
   Google Scholar
• Goodman , K. S. 1984 . “ Unity in reading ” . In Theoretical models and processes of reading , Edited by: Singer , H. and Ruddell , R. 813 – 839 . New York, DE : International Reading Association .
   Google Scholar
• Goodman , K. S. , Goodman , Y. and Hood , W. J. 1989 . The whole language evaluation book , Portsmouth, NH : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Goodman , Y. 1978 . Kid watching: An alternative to testing . National Elementary School Principal , 57 : 41 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodman , Y. , Watson , D. and Burke , C. 1987 . Reading miscue inventory: Alternative procedures , New York : Richard C. Owen .
   Google Scholar
• Guba , E. G. 1978 . Toward a methodology of naturalistic inquiry in educational evaluation . CES Monograph Series in Evaluation , 8 : 59 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Harp , W. 1991 . Assessment in whole language programs and evaluation , Norwood, MA : Christopher Gordon .
   Google Scholar
• Harste , J. , Woodward , V. and Burke , C. 1984 . Language stories and literacy lessons , Portsmouth, NH : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Hartman , D. K. The intertextual links of eight able readers using multiple passages: A postmodern/semiotic/cognitive view of meaning making . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Reading Conference . Miami, FL. December ,
   Google Scholar
• Heath , S. B. 1983 . Ways with words , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hinton , S. E. 1967 . The outsiders , New York : Dell .
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , P. H. 1983 . Understanding reading disability: A case study approach . Harvard Educational Review , 55 : 153 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston , P. H. and Winograd , P. 1985 . Passive failure in reading . Journal of Reading Behavior , 17 : 279 – 301 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johns , J. and Ellis , D. 1976 . Reading: Children tell it like it is . Reading World , 16 : 115 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• McIntyre , E. 1992 . Individual literacy instruction for young low SES learners in traditional urban classrooms . Reading Research and Instruction , 31 : 53 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Olshavsky , J. 1977 . Reading as problem solving: An investigation of strategies . Reading Research Quarterly , 12 : 654 – 676 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paris , S. G. , Lipson , M. Y. and Wixson , K. K. 1983 . Becoming a strategic reader . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 8 : 293 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purcell‐Gates , V. 1990 . Can early reading achievement be predicted with traditional learning disabilities tests? A case study . Early Childhood Research Quarterly , 5 : 513 – 535 .
   Google Scholar
• Rigg , P. and Taylor , L. 1979 . A twenty‐one‐year‐old begins to read . English Journal , 68 : 52 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogoff , B. and Lave , J. 1984 . Everyday cognition: Its development in social contexts , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenblatt , L. M. 1978 . The reader, the text, and the poem: Transactional theory of literary work , Carbondale, IL : Southern Illinois University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sagvolden , T. and Archer , T. 1989 . Attention deficit disorder , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , F. 1986 . Understanding reading , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Van‐Kraayenoord , C. E. , Elkins , J. and Ashman , A. F. Reading difficulties and affect . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Reading Conference . Austin, TX. November ,
   Google Scholar