FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT: A METHOD FOR DEVELOPING CLASSROOM‐BASED ACCOMMODATIONS AND INTERVENTIONS FOR CHILDREN WITH ADHD

References

• Alberto , P. A. and Troutman , A. C. 1995 . Applied behavior analysis for teachers , (4th ed.) , Columbus, OH : Merrill .
   Google Scholar
• Arter , J. A. and Jenkins , J. R. 1979 . Differential diagnosis‐perscriptive teaching: A critical appraisal . Review of Educational Research , 49 : 517 – 555 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley , R. A. 1990 . Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barkley , R. A. , Fischer , M. , Edelbrock , C. and Smallish , L. 1990 . The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: I. An 8‐year prospective follow‐up study . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 29 : 546 – 557 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bracht , G. H. 1970 . Experimental factors related to aptitude — treatment interactions . Review of Educational Research , 40 : 627 – 645 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr , E. and Durand , M. 1985 . Reducing behavior problems through functional communication training . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 18 : 111 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childs , K. , Dunlap , G. , Clarke , S. and Falk , G. 1994 . Using assessment‐based curricular interventions to improve the classroom behavior of a student with emotional and behavioral challenges . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 27 : 7 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , S. and de Bettencourt , L. 1988 . “ Teaching children to be independent learners: A step by step strategy ” . In Effective instructional strategies for exceptional children , Edited by: Meyen , E. L. , Vergason , G. L. and Whelan , R. J. 319 – 334 . Denver, CO : Love .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , J. O. , Heron , T. E. and Heward , W. L. 1987 . Applied behavior analysis , Columbus, OH : Merrill .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , L. , Wacker , D. , Sasso , G. , Reimers , T. and Donn , L. 1990 . Using parents as therapists to evaluate appropriate behavior . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 23 : 285 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , L. , Wacker , D. , Thursby , D. , Plagmann , L. , Harding , J. , Millard , T. and Derby , M. 1992 . Analysis of the effects of task preferences, task demands, and adult attention on child behavior in outpatient and classroom settings . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 25 : 823 – 840 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronbach , L. J. 1957 . The two disciplines of scientific psychology . American Psychologist , 12 : 671 – 684 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronbach , L. J. 1975 . Beyond the two disciplines of scientific psychology . American Psychologist , 30 : 116 – 127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronbach , L. J. and Snow , R. E. 1969 . Final report: Individual differences in learning ability as a function of instructional variables , Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Damico , J. and Augustine , L. 1995 . Social considerations in the labeling of students as attention deficit hyperactivity disordered . Seminars in Speech and Language , 16 : 259 – 274 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Day , R. , Rea , J. , Schussler , N. , Larsen , S. and Johnson , W. 1988 . A functionally based approach to the treatment of self‐injurious behavior . Behavior Modification , 12 : 565 – 589 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlap , G. , dePerczel , M. , Clarke , S. , Wilson , D. , Wright , S. , White , R. and Gomez , A. 1994 . Choice making to promote adaptive behavior for students with emotional and behavioral challenges . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 27 : 505 – 518 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlap , G. and Kern , L. 1993 . “ Assessment and intervention for children within the instructional curriculum ” . In Communication alternatives to challenging behavior: Integrating functional assessment and intervention strategies , Edited by: Reichle , J. and Wacker , D. 177 – 203 . Baltimore : Brookes .
   Google Scholar
• Dunlap , G. , Kern , L. , dePerczel , M. , Clarke , S. , Wilson , D. , Childs , K. , White , R. and Falk , G. 1993 . Functional analysis of classroom variables for students with emotional and behavioral disorders . Behavioral Disorders , 18 : 275 – 291 .
   Google Scholar
• Dunlap , G. , Kern‐Dunlap , L. , Clarke , S. and Robbins , F. 1991 . Functional assessment, curricular revision, and severe behavior problems . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 24 : 387 – 397 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuPaul , G. J. and Eckert , T. Effects of school‐based interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta‐analysis . Paper presented at the 103rd Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association . New York, NY. August .
   Google Scholar
• DuPaul , G. J. and Stoner , G. 1994 . ADHD in the schools: Assessment and intervention strategies , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Durand , V. M. and Carr , E. G. 1991 . Functional communication training to reduce challenging behavior: Maintenance and application in new settings . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 24 : 251 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyer , K. , Dunlap , G. and Winterling , V. 1990 . The effects of choice making on the serious problem behaviors of students with developmental disabilities . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 23 : 515 – 524 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott , S. N. , Gresham , F. M. and Heffer , R. W. 1987 . “ Social‐skills interventions: Research findings and training techniques ” . In Psychoeducational interventions in the schools , Edited by: Maher , C. A. and Zins , J. E. 141 – 159 . New York : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Feindler , E. L. and Ecton , R. B. 1986 . Adolescent anger control: Cognitive‐behavioral techniques , New York : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Foster‐Johnson , L. , Ferro , J. and Dunlap , G. 1994 . Preferred curricular activities and reduced problem behaviors in students with intellectual difficulties . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 27 : 493 – 504 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs , D. , Fuchs , L. and Bahr , M. 1989 . Mainstream assistance teams: A scientific basis for the art of consultation . Exceptional Children , 57 : 128 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasser , W. 1992 . The quality school , New York : HarperCollins .
   Google Scholar
• Gresham , F. M. 1985 . Utility of cognitive‐behavioral procedures for social skills training with children: A critical review . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 13 : 411 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , K. R. and Pressley , M. 1991 . The nature of cognitive strategy instruction: Interactive strategy construction . Exceptional Children , 57 : 392 – 404 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell , K. W. , Fox , S. L. and Morehead , M. K. 1993 . Curriculum‐based evaluation: Teaching and decision making , (2nd ed.) , Pacific Grove, CA : Brooks/Cole .
   Google Scholar
• Iwata , B. , Dorsey , M. , Slifer , K. , Bauman , K. and Richman , G. 1982 . Toward a functional analysis of self‐injury . Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities , 2 : 3 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , J. S. 1995 . Beyond behavior modification: A cognitive‐behavioral approach to behavior management in the school , (3rd ed.) , Austin, TX : Pro‐Ed .
   Google Scholar
• Karsh , K. , Repp , A. , Dahlquist , C. and Munk , D. 1995 . In vivo functional assessment and multi‐element interventions for problem behaviors of students with disabilities in classroom settings . Journal of Behavioral Education , 5 : 189 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• Kauffman , J. M. , Pullen , P. L. and Akers , E. 1986 . Classroom management: Teacher‐child‐peer relationships . Focus on Exceptional Children , 19 (1) : 1 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavale , K. 1990 . “ The effectiveness of special education ” . In The handbook of school psychology , (2nd ed. , Edited by: Gutkin , T. B. and Reynolds , C. R. 868 – 898 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Kavale , K. A. and Forness , S. R. 1987 . Substance over style: Assessing the efficacy of modality testing and teaching . Exceptional Children , 54 : 228 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern , L. , Childs , K. , Dunlap , G. , Clarke , S. and Falk , G. 1994 . Using assessment‐based curricular intervention to improve the classroom behavior of a student with emotional and behavioral challenges . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 27 : 7 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern‐Dunlap , L. , Clarke , S. and Dunlap , G. Increasing the “meaningful‐ness” in curriculum content to reduce problem behaviors in a severely emotionally disturbed student . Paper presented at the 10th Annual Convention of the Florida Association of Behavior Analysis . Orlando.
   Google Scholar
• Kerr , M. M. and Nelson , C. M. 1983 . Strategies for managing behavior problems in the classroom , Columbus, OH : Merrill .
   Google Scholar
• Lalli , J. , Browder , D. , Mace , F. and Brown , D. 1993 . Teacher use of descriptive analysis data to implement interventions to decrease students' problem behaviors . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 26 : 227 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litow , L. and Pumroy , D. K. 1975 . A brief review of classroom group‐oriented contingencies . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 3 : 341 – 347 .
   Google Scholar
• Maag , J. W. 1989 . Assessment in social skills training: Methodological and conceptual issues for research and practice . Remedial and Special Education , 10 (4) : 6 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maag , J. W. 1990 . Social skills training in schools . Special Services in the Schools , 6 : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Maag , J. W. 1994 . Promoting social skills training in classrooms: Issues for school counselors . The School Counselor , 42 : 100 – 113 .
   Google Scholar
• Maag , J. W. and Reid , R. 1994 . Attention deficit‐hyperactivity disorder: A functional approach to assessment and treatment . Behavioral Disorders , 20 : 5 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maag , J. W. and Reid , R. 1996 . Treatment of attention deficit‐hyperactivity disorder: A multi‐modal model for schools . Seminars in Speech and Language , 17 : 37 – 58 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mastropieri , M. A. and Scruggs , T. E. 1994 . Effective instruction for special education , (2nd ed.) , Austin, TX : Pro‐Ed .
   Google Scholar
• McAfee , J. 1987 . Classroom density and the aggressive behavior of handicapped children . Education and Treatment of Children , 10 : 134 – 145 .
   Google Scholar
• McKinney , J. D. , Montague , M. and Hocutt , A. M. 1993 . Educational assessment of students with attention deficit disorder . Exceptional Children , 60 : 125 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neel , R. S. and Cessna , K. K. 1990 . “ Maybe this behavior does make sense ” . In Severe behavior disorders of children and youth , Edited by: Rutherford , R. B. Jr. and DiGangi , S. A. Vol. 13 , 18 – 22 . Reston, VA : Council for Children with Behavioral Disorders .
   Google Scholar
• Neel , R. S. and Cessna , K. K. 1993 . “ Behavioral intent: Instructional content for students with behavior disorders ” . In Instruction‐ally differentiated programming: A needs‐based approach for students with behavior disorders , Edited by: Cessna , K. K. 31 – 39 . Denver : Colorado Department of Education .
   Google Scholar
• Northrup , J. , Wacker , D. , Berg , W. , Kelly , L. , Sasso , G. and DeRaad , A. 1994 . The treatment of severe behavior problems in school settings using a technical assistance model . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 27 : 33 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Northrup , J. , Wacker , D. , Sasso , G. , Steege , M. , Cigrand , K. , Cook , J. and DeRaad , A. 1991 . A brief functional analysis of aggressive and alternative behavior in an outclinic setting . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 24 : 509 – 522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paine , S. C. , Radicchi , J. , Rosellini , L. C. , Deutchman , L. and Darch , C. B. 1983 . Structuring your classroom for academic success , Champaign, IL : Research Press .
   Google Scholar
• Parker , H. C. 1990 . Education position paper (Available from Children With Attention Deficit Disorders, 1859 N. Pine Island Road, Suite 185, Plantation, FL 33322)
   Google Scholar
• Reid , R. , Hertzog , M. and Snyder , M. 1996 . Educating every teacher every year: The public schools and parents of children with ADHD . Seminars in Speech and Language , 17 : 73 – 90 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reid , R. and Maag , J. W. 1994 . How many fidgets in a pretty much: A critique of behavior rating scales for identifying students with ADHD . Journal of School Psychology , 32 : 339 – 354 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid , R. , Maag , J. W. and Vasa , S. F. 1994 . Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as a disability category: A critique . Exceptional Children , 60 : 198 – 214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid , R. , Maag , J. W. , Vasa , S. F. and Wright , G. 1994 . Who are the children with ADHD: A school‐based survey . Journal of Special Education , 28 : 117 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid , R. , Vasa , S. F. , Maag , J. W. and Wright , G. 1994 . An analysis of teachers' perceptions of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Research and Development in Education , 27 : 185 – 191 .
   Google Scholar
• Reschly , D. J. 1995 . “ Functional assessment and special education decision making ” . In Controversial issues confronting special education , Edited by: Stainback , W. and Stainback , S. 115 – 128 . Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Rhode , G. , Jenson , W. R. and Reavis , H. K. 1992 . The tough kid book: Practical classroom management strategies , Longmont, CO : Sopris West .
   Google Scholar
• Rutherford , R. B. Jr. and Neel , R. S. 1978 . “ The role of punishment with behav‐iorally disordered children ” . In Severe behavior disorders of children and youth , Edited by: Rutherford , R. B. Jr. and Prieto , A. G. Vol. 1 , 69 – 76 . Reston, VA : Council for Children with Behavioral Disorders .
   Google Scholar
• Sasso , G. , Reimers , T. , Cooper , L. , Wacker , D. , Berg , W. , Steege , M. , Kelly , L. and Allaire , A. 1992 . Use of descriptive and experimental analyses to identify the functional properties of aberrant behavior in school settings . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 25 : 809 – 821 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satterfield , J. H. , Cantwell , D. P. and Satterfield , B. T. 1979 . Multimodality treatment: A one‐year follow‐up of 84 hyperactive boys . Archives of General Psychiatry , 36 : 965 – 974 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satterfield , J. H. , Satterfield , B. T. and Cantwell , D. P. 1980 . Multimodality treatment: A two‐year evaluation of 61 hyperactive boys . Archives of General Psychiatry , 37 : 915 – 919 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satterfield , J. H. , Satterfield , B. T. and Cantwell , D. P. 1981 . Three‐year multi‐modality treatment study of 100 hyperactive boys . Pediatrics , 98 : 650 – 655 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satterfield , J. H. , Satterfield , B. T. and Schell , A. M. 1987 . Therapeutic interventions to prevent hyperactivity in hyperactive boys . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 26 : 56 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scruggs , T. E. and Mastropieri , M. A. 1990 . Mnemonic instruction for students with learning disabilities: What it is and what it does . Learning Disability Quarterly , 13 : 271 – 280 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro , E. , DuPaul , G. , Bradley , K. and Bailey , L. in press . A school‐based consultation model for service delivery to middle school students with attention deficit disorder . Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation ,
   Google Scholar
• Singer , G. , Singer , J. and Horner , R. 1987 . Using pretask requests to increase the probability of compliance for students with severe disabilities . Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps , 12 (40) : 287 – 291 .
   Google Scholar
• Skinner , B. F. 1953 . Science and human behavior , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , E. 1983 . “ Drug response and diagnostic validation ” . In Developmental neuropsychiatry , Edited by: Rutter , M. 348 – 368 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Touchette , P. , MacDonald , R. and Langer , S. 1985 . A scatter plot for identifying stimulus control of problem behavior . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 18 : 343 – 351 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umbreit , J. 1995 . Functional assessment and intervention in a regular classroom setting for the disruptive behavior of a student with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Behavioral Disorders , 20 : 267 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , H. M. 1986 . The Assessment for Integration into Mainstream Settings (AIMS) assessment system: Rationale, instruments, procedures, and outcomes . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 15 : 55 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , J. E. and Shea , T. M. 1995 . Behavior management: A practical approach for educators , (6th ed.) , Columbus, OH : Merrill .
   Google Scholar
• Weeks , M. and Gaylord‐Ross , R. 1981 . Task difficulty and aberrant behavior in severely handicapped students . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 14 : 19 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zentall , S. S. , Falkenberg , S. D. and Smith , L. B. 1985 . Effects of color stimulation and information on the copying performance of attention‐problem adolescents . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 13 : 501 – 511 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar