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Original Articles

British Trials of Irish Nationalist Defendants: The Quality of Justice Strained

Pages 227-244 | Published online: 07 Jan 2011

References

  • Michal R. Belknap, "Introduction: American Political Trials," in Michal R. Belknap, ed., American Political Trials (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981), p. 3.
  • Ron Christenson, Political Trials: Gordian Knots in the Law (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1986).
  • Ibid., p. 10.
  • David Claridge, "State Terrorism? Applying a Definitional Model," Terrorism and Political Violence 8(3) (Fall 1996), p. 49.
  • Christenson, Political Trials, p. 5.
  • Kenneth M. Dolbeare and Joel B. Grossman, "LeRoi Jones in Newark," in Theodore Becker, ed.. Political Trials (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1971), pp. 227-247.
  • Peter Hain, Political Trials in Britain (London: Alien Lane, 1984), pp. 282-283.
  • James David Barber, The Book of Democracy (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995), pp. 240-245.
  • Christenson, Political Trials, pp. 27-29.
  • Fred von der Mehden, Comparative Political Violence (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: PrenticeHall, 1973), pp. 40-41.
  • Christenson, Political Trials, pp. 242-243.
  • Ibid., pp. 228-238.
  • Cf. Michael G. Roskin, The Rebirth of East Europe, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1994), and Jurg Steiner, European Democracies, 3rd ed. (White Plains, NY: Longman, 1995), pp. 205-207.
  • David Cowell and Kimberly Cowell, "Human Rights as Conflict Management The Unionist Use of Human Rights Language in Northern Ireland," Nationalism & Ethnic Politics 5(1) (Spring 1999), p. 3.
  • Belknap, "Introduction," p. 4, and Christenson, Political Trials, p. 140.
  • Christenson, Political Trials, Chapters 7 and 8.
  • Ibid., p. 30.
  • William T. Bluhrn, Building an Austrian Nation: The Political Integration of a Western State (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), pp. 55-63, and Gordon Brook-Shepherd, The Austrians: A Thousand-Year Odyssey (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1996), pp. 347-350.
  • Paddy Hillyard, Suspect Community: People's Experience of the Prevention of Terrorism Acts in Britain (London: Pluto Press, 1993); Grant McKee and Ros Franey, Time Bomb(London: Bloomsbury, 1988); and Abraham H. Miller, "Preserving Liberty in a Society under Siege: The Media and the 'Guildford Four,'" Terrorism and Political Violence 2(3) (Fall 1990), p. 309.
  • McKee and Franey, Time Bomb, pp. 250-252.
  • Colin Evans, "Guildford Four Trial: 1975," in Edward W. Knappman, ed., Great World Trials (Detroit: Visible Ink Press, 1997), pp. 365-379; McKee and Franey, Time Bomb, pp. 249254; and Miller, "Preserving Liberty, p. 310.
  • Alastair Logan, "In the Name of the Father," New Law Journal 144(6637) (25 February 1994), p. 294.
  • McKee and Franey, Time Bomb, and Paul Hill with Ronan Bennett, Stolen Years: Before and After Guildford (London: Doubleday, 1990), p. 86.
  • Miller, "Preserving Liberty," p. 311.
  • Hillyard, Suspect Community, p. 7, and McKee and Franey, Time Bomb, Chapter 30.
  • Hugh Callaghan, Cruel Fate: One Man 's Triumph over Injustice (Swords, Ireland: Poolbeg Press, 1993), pp. 37-38, and Chris Mullen, Error of Judgement: The Birmingham Bombings (London: Chatto & Windus, 1986), pp. 14-27.
  • Brian Hilliard, "Soldiers of Nothing," New Law Journal 140(6442) (9 February 1990), p. 160.
  • Callaghan, Cruel Fate, pp. 38-42, and Mike Tichre, "The Birmingham Six: British Justice?" Current Affairs Bulletin 67(10) (March 1991), p. 27.
  • Hilliard, "Soldiers of Nothing," p. 163.
  • Ibid. Judith Ward qualifies as a similar case. She was convicted for the murder of twelve Army personnel in the bombing of a bus on the basis of flawed forensic evidence and statements made by the same expert who testified against the Birmingham Six. She served 18 years in prison before her conviction was overturned. Cf. Hillyard, Suspect Community, p. 7.
  • Dolbeare and Grossman, "LeRoi Jones in Newark," p. 235.
  • Brian Hilliard, "Blessed with Hindsight," New Law Journal 141(6496) (22 March 1991), p. 393; Ticher, "The Birmingham Six," p. 27.
  • Evans, "Guildford Four Trial," p. 368, and Miller, "Preserving Liberty," p. 312.
  • Robert Kee, Trial and Error: The Maguires, the Guildford Pub Bombings and British Justice (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1986); Mullen, Error of Judgment, pp. 210-211; and McKee and Franey, Time Bomb.
  • Evans, "Guildford Four Trial"; Hilliard, "Blessed with Hindsight"; Hillyard, Suspect Community, p. 149; Logan, "In the Name of the Father," p. 295; and Miller "Preserving Liberty."
  • Evans, "Guildford Four Trial," p. 368; Frank E. Hagan, Political Crime, Ideology and Criminality (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997), p. 27; Logan, "In the Name of the Father"; and Miller, "Preserving Liberty," p. 315.
  • Miller, "Preserving Liberty," p. 315, and Christopher Price, "Studies in Whitewash," New Statesman and Society 2(76) (17 November 1989), p. 20.
  • Miller, "Preserving Liberty," p. 315.
  • Dolbeare and Grossman, "LeRoi Jones in Newark."
  • Peter Taylor, Behind the Mask: The IRA and Sinn Fein (New York: TV Books, 1997), p. 204.
  • Evans, "Guildford Four Trial," p. 365.
  • McKee and Franey, Time Bomb, p. 69, and Bob Woffinden, Miscarriages of Justice (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1988), p. 316.
  • Taylor, Behind the Mask, pp. 182-183.
  • Ibid., p. 183.
  • Billiard, "Blessed with Hindsight," p. 393.
  • Woffinden, Miscarriages of Justice, p. 486.
  • Hillyard, Suspect Community, p. 7.
  • Hillyard, Suspect Community, p. 94.
  • Hill with Bennett, Stolen Years, p. 103.
  • Ibid., p. 94.
  • Evans, "Guildford Four Trial," p. 367; McKee and Franey, Time Bomb, p. 298, Philip Norton, The British Polity, 3rd ed. (New York: Longman, 1994), p. 335; and Price, "Studies in Whitewash."
  • Taylor, Behind the Mask, p. 125.
  • Evans, "Guildford Four Trial," pp. 367-368.
  • Hill with Bennett, Stolen Years.
  • Callaghan, Cruel Fate, and Mullen, Error of Judgement, p. 159.
  • Evans, "Guildford Four Trial," p. 368; Miller, "Preserving Liberty," p. 312; and Mullen, Error of Judgement, pp. 210-216.
  • Woffinden, Miscarriages of Justice, p. 11.
  • Billiard, "Soldiers of Nothing," p. 160.
  • Miller, "Preserving Liberty," and Michael Mansfield and Tony Wardle, Presumed Guilty: The British Legal System Exposed (London: Heinemann, 1993), p. 262.
  • Logan, "In the Name of the Father," p. 295.
  • Paddy Hillyard, "Irish People and the British Criminal Justice System," in Stewart Field and Philip Thomas, eds., Justice and Efficiency? The Royal Commission on Criminal Justice (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), p. 45, and Mansfield and Wardle, Presumed Guilty.
  • Joe Simand Philip A. Thomas, "The Prevention of Terrorism Act: Normalising the Politics of Repression," Journal of Law and Society 10(1) (Summer 1983), p. 71.
  • Hillyard, "Irish People, p. 45.
  • Hilliard, "Soldiers of Nothing," p. 160; Miller, "Preserving Liberty," pp. 307-308; and Mullen, Error of Judgement, p. 7.
  • Hain, Political Trials, p. 283.
  • Bormer, "Combatting Terrorism," p. 453, and Dickson, "The Prevention of Terrorism Act."
  • Dickson, "The Prevention of Terrorism Act," p. 252, and Mullen, Error of Judgement, p. 8.
  • Dickson, "The Prevention of Terrorism Act," pp. 258-259.
  • David Bonner, "United Kingdom: The United Kindom's Response to Terrorism," Terrorism and Political Violence 4(4) (Winter 1992), pp. 171-205.
  • Dickson, "The Prevention of Terrorism Act."
  • Bonner, "United Kingdom," p. 173.
  • Walter B. Jaehnig, 'Terrorism in Britain: The Limits of Free Expression," in Abraham H. Miller, ed.. Terrorism: The Media and the Law (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Transnational Publishers, 1982), p. 109.
  • Hillyard, Suspect Community, p. 149, and Wright, "Northern Ireland," p. 276.
  • Hillyard, Suspect Community and "Irish People," and Hilliard, "Blessed with Hindsight," p. 393.
  • Woffinden, Miscarriages of Justice, pp. 343-344.
  • Bonner, "Combatting Terrorism"; Hillyard, "Irish People"; and Sim and Thomas, "The Prevention of Terrorism Act," pp. 80-81.
  • Hillyard, Suspect Community, p. 196.
  • Hillyard, "Irish People," p. 52.
  • Chalk, "The Liberal Democratic Response," p. 28.
  • Ibid., p. 18.
  • Miller, "Preserving Liberty," p. 317.
  • Bonner, "United Kingdom," p. 183.
  • Logan, "In the Name of the Father."
  • Hilliard, "Soldiers of Nothing," p. 169, and Mullen, Error of Judgement, p. 216.
  • Woffinden, Miscarriage of Justice, p. 486.
  • Bonner, "Combatting Terrorism," p. 443; Hillyard, Suspect Community, pp. 252-255; Sim and Thomas, "The Prevention of Terrorism Act," pp. 80-81; and Ticher, "The Birmingham Six," p. 27.
  • Irwin Cotler, 'Towards a Counter-Terrorism Law and Policy," Terrorism and Political Violence 10(2) (Summer 1998), p. 7.
  • Dickson, "The Prevention of Terrorism Act," and Sim and Thomas, "The Prevention of Terrorism Act."
  • Dickson, "The Prevention of Terrorism Act."
  • Bob Woffinden, "The Blackest Year for British Law," New Statesman 11(529) (6 November 1998), p. 10.
  • Hillyard, "Irish People," p. 41, and Mansfield and Wardle, Presumed Guilty.
  • Woffinden, "A Bad Year," p. 10.
  • Ruth Brandon and Christie Davies, Wrongful Imprisonment: Mistaken Convictions and their Consequences (London: Archon Books, 1973); Price, "Studies in Whitewash"; and Bob Woffinden, "A Bad Year," Miscarriages of Justice, and "Wrong Again: Sion Jenkins Is Innocent," New Statesmen 11(512) (10 July 1998), pp. 28-30.
  • Evans, "Guildford Four Trial," p. 369.
  • Hilliard, "Soldiers of Nothing," p. 163, and Mullen, Error of Judgement, p. 121.
  • Mike Maguire and Clive Morris, "Police Investigations: Practice and Malpractice," in Steward Field and Philip Thomas, eds., Justice and Efficiency? The Royal Commission on Criminal Justice (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), p. 82.
  • Christenson, Political Trials, p. 11.
  • William R. Nelson, 'Terrorist Challenge to the Rule of Law: The British Experience," Terrorism 13(3) (1990), p. 233.

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