References
- 1978 . International Herald Tribune , 3 March
- Dougherty , James E. and Pfaltzgraff , Diane K. 1977 . Eurocommunism and the Atlantic Alliance , Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis .
- Interview with Simon Serfaty, Johns Hopkins University Center, Bologna, 8 May 1977.
- Interview with Gianfrano Pasquino, University of Bologna, 7 May 1976.
- McInnes , Neil . 1976 . Eurocommunism , Washington Papers Georgetown University .
- Interview with Lawrence Grey, Rome Univeristy, 13 June 1977.
- Blackmer , Donald L.M. 1972 . “Italian Communism: Strategy for the 1970s” . Problems of Communism , May‐June
- Stem , Alan J. March‐April 1974 . “The Italian C.P. of the Grass Roots” . March‐April , Ibid.
- Blackmer , Donald L.M. and Tarrow , Sidney , eds. 1975 . Communism in France and Italy , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Hine , David . 1975 . “Italian Socialism and the Center‐Left Coalition: Strategy and Tactics” . Journal of Common Market Studies ,
- The PCI now controls several key parliamentary committees that will insure that desired legislation is passed. But full implementation requires control of the corresponding ministries or the like‐mindedness of the Christian Democrats on a given issue. For example, public housing subsidies and tax reforms were passed in 1971, but the government took no action. It is too early to determine whether a legislation‐executive cleavage will develop and whether it would benefit the PCI.
- It must be stressed again that only the DC, not the lesser parties, can enhance the PCI's legitimacy.
- 1977 . “We called halt to the way the left‐wing parties have been giving in to the Andreotti government. No one can now imagine the Communist Party overriding the union's expressed will” . International Herald Tribune , 14 January The unions under Communist leadership rejected in November 1976 the government's economic austerity program, including a decoupling of the mandatory contractual clause for price‐wage indexing and escalation. As one spokesman claimed
- Ibid., 20 April 1977.
- Vree , Dale . 1975 . “Coalition Politics on the Left in France and Italy” . Review of Politics , July Interview with Lawrence Grey, 8 August 1977; also
- This law only partially extends local authority, since it does not indicate the necessary sources of revenue. But it at least organizationally begins to reduce the need for authorizational approval from Rome. The expansion of any scope on a local university, for example, requires the approval of fifty‐three different offices in Rome, some of which exist only on paper. (There are reportedly over three hundred nonexistent state hospitals who employ DC members.) Law 382 is a vital step toward devolution. Interview with Serfaty, note 2.
- Nicholas , Peter . 1976 . “On the Italian Crisis” . Foreign Affairs , April
- Lange , Peter . 1975–76 . “What Is to Be Done about Italian Communism” . Foreign Policy , Winter
- The number of industrial strikes in Italy is higher than in any other Western country, even Britain. For every three working days lost to strike in 1976 in Germany, there were over 1,250 in Italy. Ten million stopped work in a general strike on 18 March to protest adoption of the governement's intention to cut the cost‐of‐living wage escalation.
- 1976 . International Herald Tribune , 10 November
- Ibid., 19 March 1977.
- Ibid., Supplement, May 1977.
- Ibid., 6 July 1977.
- Ibid., 2 August 1977. After four months of student unrest, Bologna, since the 1950s the Communist's model of efficient law‐abiding government remains tranquilized by companies of Carabinieri in armored personnel carriers around all major piazzas.
- On 30 May 1977, seventy‐seven rightist defendants went on trial in Rome, including a former head of military intelligence, for conspiring to overthrow the government in various plots between 1970 and 1975. As defense minister, Andreotti ordered the investigation.
- 1972 . Nehmen wiruns die Stadt , Munich : Permanent Struggle, Trikont . Reference some of their publications
- 1971 . Notwending keit des Kommunismus , Berlin : Merve .
- Sofri , Adriano and Meu , Luciano della . 1971 . “Zur Strategic und Organisation von ‘The Permanent Struggle’“ ” . Berlin : Merve .
- For example, in April 1977, the president of the Turin Bar Association was assassinated twenty‐four hours before fifty‐three Red Brigades members were to go on trial, after months of delay. The killing caused an indefinite postponement because no attorney would accept the defense of the group and no jurors agreed to be seated.
- Interview with Dr. Charles Gregg, resident physician, Rome University, August 1976.
- Berner , Wolfgang . 1973 . Italiens APO: Ausser und antiparliamentarische Gruppen der italienischen Linken und Ultralinken , Köln : Bundesinstituts fur Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien .
- The municipal police subordinated to the commune could not cope with the situation and the Carabinieri subordinated to the National Ministry of Interior who were not called in until that evening (both the DC and the PCI claimed the incident was politically motivated). Other security forces include the Publica Sicurezza and Guardia di Finanza. Both have responsibility for antisubversion. The Carabiniera, a professional military organization with its own heavy equipment (tanks and artillery) is more reliable than the Army (four‐fifths conscripts) and remains the backbone of the security operations. In May 1974, the Ministry of Interior set up a Special Branch to coordinate the antiterrorist function of all four forces. Gregory, Op. cit. p. 12. Police efficiency has improved significantly. Some 17 training camps have been located, 8 rightist and 9 leftist, a December 1974 rightist coup attempt was foiled and the three police killers in Milan were promptly identified in May 1977 and arrested. New Dimensions, Op. cit. p. 39.