Explaining collective violence in India: Social cleavages and their consequences

Notes

• Nayar , Kuldip . 1991 . “Mahatma's Dream Unfulfilled” . India Abroad , November 29 : 2
   Google Scholar
• Thakur , Upendra . 1978 . An Introduction to Homicide in India , New Delhi : Abhinav .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , Charles L. and Jodice , David A. 1983 . World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators‐Volume Two: Political Protest and Government Change , third edition , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kinloch , Graham C. 1988 . “The Comparative Analysis of Political Protest and Violence: A Multivariate Study” . International Journal of Group Tensions , 18 : 155 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• National Crime Records Bureau . 1987 . Crime in India , New Delhi : National Crime Records Bureau . 1989
   Google Scholar
• Bryjak , George J. 1986 . “Collective Violence in India” . Asian Affairs , 4 : 35 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Bayley , David . 1969 . The Police and Political Development in India , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Crossette , Barbara . 1991 . “India's Descent” . New York Time Magazine , May 19 : 21
   Google Scholar
• Ball‐Rokeach , Sandra and Short , James F. Jr. 1990 . “Collective Violence: The Redress of Grievance and Public Policy” . In Violence, Patterns, Causes, Public Policy , Edited by: Weiner , Neil A. , Zahn , Margaret A. and Sagi , Rita J. 187 – 194 . New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich .
   Google Scholar
• Oberschall , Anthony . 1978 . “Theories of Social Conflict” . Annual Review of Sociology , 4 : 291 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rule , James B. 1988 . Theories of Civil Violence , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zimmernmann , Ekkart . 1983 . Political Violence, Crises, and Revolutions: Theories and Research , Boston, MA : G. K. Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Ragin , Charles . 1987 . The Comparative Method , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bryak . “Collective Violence in India” . 49
   Google Scholar
• Mathur , K. M. 1988 . “Major Incidents of Collective Violence in India During the Last Three Decades” . In Collective Violence: Genesis and Response , Edited by: Shukla , K. S. 309 – 328 . New Delhi : Indian Institute of Public Administration .
   Google Scholar
• Gurr , Ted R. 1969 . “A Comparative Study of Civil Strife” . In Violence in America , Edited by: Graham , Hugh D. and Gurr , Ted R. 544 – 605 . New York : New American Library .
   Google Scholar
• Bryak . “Collective Violence in India” . 50
   Google Scholar
• Ross , Edward A. 1930 . The Principles of Sociology , 153 New York : Century .
   Google Scholar
• Coser , Lewis A. 1967 . Continuities in the Study of Social Conflict , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Blau , Peter A. and Schwartz , Joseph E. 1984 . Crosscutting Social Circles , Orlando, FL : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Blau and Schwartz . Crosscutting Social Circles 174
   Google Scholar
• Mathur . “Major Incidents of Collective Violence” . 309 – 328 .
   Google Scholar
• Lieberson , Stanley and Silverman , Arnold R. 1965 . “The Precipitants and Underlying Conditions of Race Riots” . American Sociological Review , 30 : 887 – 898 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan , M. Z. and Singh , D. R. 1982 . “Poll Violence During 1980 General Elections” . Indian Journal of Criminology and Criminalistics , 2 : 188 – 191 .
   Google Scholar
• Pandey , B. B. 1988 . “Collective Violence of the Working Class‐with a focus on the Collective Criminality of the Urban Surplus Labor” . In Collective Violence: Genesis and Response , Edited by: Shukla , K. S. 59 – 69 . New Delhi : Indian Institute of Public Administration .
   Google Scholar
• Crossette . “India's Descent” . 22
   Google Scholar
• Saiyed , A. R. 1988 . “Changing Urban Ethos: Some Reflections on Hindu‐Muslim Riots” . In Collective Violence: Genesis and Response , Edited by: Shukla , K. S. 97 – 119 . New Delhi : Indian Institute of Public Administration .
   Google Scholar
• Sen , Amartya . 1993 . “The Threats to Secular India” . The New York Review , April 8 : 26 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudolph , Susanne . 1989 . “Why India's Militant Sikhs Keep Fighting” . Christian Science Monitor , March 8 : 12 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Mohan , Anand . 1991 . “The Historical Roots of the Punjab Conflict” . Conflict , 11 : 131 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• Mohan , Anand . 1992 . “The Historical Roots of the Kashmir Conflict” . Studies in Conflict and Terrorism , 15 : 283 – 308 .
   Google Scholar
• Kapur , Rajiv A. 1989 . Sikh Separatism , New Delhi : Vikas .
   Google Scholar
• Laitin , David D. 1989 . “Language Policy and Political Strategy in India” . Policy Sciences , 22 : 415 – 436 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan , M. Z. and Unnithan , N. Prabha . 1991 . “Inter‐Caste Conflict and Violence: An Empirical Examination of its Bases” . International Journal of Group Tensions , 21 : 169 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• LoGiudice , Elizabeth . 1989 . “The Diversity of Revolt: Dalit Movements in India” . South Asia Bulletin , 9 : 156 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Galanter , Marc . 1984 . Competing Equalities: Law and the Backward Classes in India , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rajagopal , P. R. 1987 . Social Change and Violence: The Indian Experience , New Delhi : Uppal .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , Jane S. 1992 . “Turmoil in Assam” . Studies in Conflict and Terrorism , 15 : 251 – 266 .
   Google Scholar
• Bryak . “Collective Violence in India” . 42 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Sood , V. K. 1992 . “Low‐Intensity Conflict: The Source of Third‐World Instability” . Studies in Conflict and Terrorism , 15 : 240
   Google Scholar
• Khare , Brij Lal . 1991 . “Caste and Religion: Conflicts Dividing the Indian Society” . Conflict , 11 : 99 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• D'Souza , Shalini . 1993 . “Ayodhya: Religion or Power Struggle?” . Social Action , 43 : 101 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• Kothari , Rajni . 1993 . “'Secular’ Politics and Sectarian Strife” . India Abroad , February 5 : 2
   Google Scholar
• Gurr , Ted R. 1970 . Why Men Rebel , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tilly , Charles . 1978 . From Mobilization to Review , Reading, MA : Addison‐Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Blau and Schwartz . Crosscutting Social Circles 174
   Google Scholar
• Bjorkman , James W. , ed. 1988 . Fundamentalism, Revivalists and Violence in South Asia , New Delhi : Monahar .
   Google Scholar