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Original Articles

The Labor Market and Terrorism

, &
Pages 224-238 | Received 04 Dec 2017, Accepted 10 Mar 2018, Published online: 13 Apr 2018

Notes

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  • Ibid.
  • United Nations. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision (New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2014).
  • Ali, “Youth Unemployment”; Stephen W. Baron and Timothy F. Hartnagel, [Attributions, Affect, and Crime: Street Youths' Reactions to Unemployment,” Criminology 35, no. 8 (1997): 409–434; Stefan Kühn, Santo Milasi, Richard Horne, and Sheena Yoon, World Employment Social Outlook. Trends for Youth 2016 (Geneva: ILO: International Labour Office, 2016); David Turnham and Deniz Eröcal, “Unemployment in Developing Countries: New Light on an Old Problem” ( No. 22, OECD Publishing, OECD Development Centre Working Papers, Paris, 1990).
  • Baron and Hartnagel, “Attributions, Affect, and Crime”; Deborah Belle and Heather E. Bullock, SPSSI Policy Statement: The Psychological Consequences of Unemployment Psychological Consequences of Unemployment (The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, 2010).
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  • Ismail and Amjad, “Cointegration-Causality Analysis between Terrorism and Key Macroeconomic Indicators.”
  • Richardson. Relative Deprivation Theory in Terrorism.
  • Ibid., p. 4.
  • Goldstein, “Unemployment, Inequality and Terrorism.”
  • James A. Piazza, “Rooted in Poverty?: Terrorism, Poor Economic Development, and Social Cleavages,” Terrorism and Political Violence 18, no. 8 (2006): 159–177.
  • Christopher Cramer, Unemployment and Participation in Violence, ( World Development Report Background Paper, Washington, DC: World Bank, 2011).
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  • Graeme Blair, Christine C. Fair, Neil Malhotra, and Jacob N. Shapiro, “Poverty and Support for Militant Politics: Evidence from Pakistan,” American Journal of Political Science 57, no. 8 (2013): 30–48.
  • World Bank, “Indicators.” Available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator?tab=all (accessed 10 October 2017).
  • Ibid.
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  • Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency. 2014 Labour Force Survey (Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency, 2015).
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  • Lorenzo Vidino and Seamus Hughes, ISIS in America: From Retweets to Raqqa ( Program on Extremism, Washington, DC: The George Washington University, 2015).
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  • Caruso and Gavrilova, “Youth Unemployment, Terrorism and Political Violence, Evidence from the Israeli/Palestinian Conflict.”
  • Anat Berko, Edna Erez, and Oren M. Gur, “Terrorism as Self-Help: Accounts of Palestinian Youth Incarcerated in Israeli Prisons for Security Violations,” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 33, no. 8 (2017): 313–340.
  • Ibid.
  • Kurt. Understanding Political Violence among Youth.
  • Teri Ooms, Gang Recruitment (Wilkes-Barre, PA: The Institute for Public Policy & Economic Development, 2013).
  • Caruso and Gavrilova. “Youth Unemployment, Terrorism and Political Violence, Evidence from the Israeli/Palestinian Conflict.”
  • Allan and Steffensmeier. “Youth, Underemployment, and Property Crime.”
  • Lauren J. Krivo and Ruth D. Peterson, “Labor Market Conditions and Violent Crime among Youth and Adults,” Sociological Perspectives 47, no. 8 (2004): 485–505.
  • Teresa A. Sullivan, Marginal Workers, Marginal Jobs: The Underutilization of American Workers (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978).
  • Bernd Beber and Christopher Blattman, [The Industrial Organization of Rebellion: The Logic of Forced Labor and Child Soldiering,” (Working Paper, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 2010).
  • Ismail and Amjad. “Cointegration-Causality Analysis between Terrorism and Key Macroeconomic Indicators.”
  • Caruso and Gavrilova. “Youth Unemployment, Terrorism and Political Violence, Evidence from the Israeli/Palestinian Conflict.”
  • James Honaker, “Unemployment and Violence in Northern Ireland: A Missing Data Model for Ecological Inference” (Working Paper, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 2008).
  • White, “On Measuring Political Violence: Northern Ireland, 1969 to 1980,” American Sociological Review 58, no. 8 (1993): 575–585.
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  • Goldstein. “Unemployment, Inequality and Terrorism”; Piazza. “Rooted in Poverty?”; Richardson. Relative Deprivation Theory in Terrorism.
  • Honaker, “Unemployment and Violence in Northern Ireland”; Thompson. “Deprivation and Political Violence in Northern Ireland, 1922–1985”; Henrik Urdal, “A Clash of Generations? Youth Bulges and Political Violence,” International Studies Quarterly 50, no. 8 (2006): 607–629; Robert W. White, “On Measuring Political Violence: Northern Ireland, 1969 to 1980,” American Sociological Review 58, no. 8 (1993): 575–585.
  • Honaker. “Unemployment and Violence in Northern Ireland”; Piazza. “Rooted in Poverty?”; Thompson. “Deprivation and Political Violence in Northern Ireland, 1922–1985”; White. “On Measuring Political Violence.”
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  • Ibid, pp. E11–44.
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  • Caruso and Gavrilova. “Youth Unemployment, Terrorism and Political Violence, Evidence from the Israeli/Palestinian Conflict.”
  • Goldstein. “Unemployment, Inequality and Terrorism.”
  • Ismail and Amjad. “Cointegration-Causality Analysis between Terrorism and Key Macroeconomic Indicators.”
  • Richardson. Relative Deprivation Theory in Terrorism.
  • Piazza. “Rooted in Poverty?”
  • Ibid.
  • Klaus F. Zimmermann, Costanza Biavaschi, Werner Eichhorst, Corrado Giulietti, Michael J. Kendzia, Alexander Muravyev, Janneke Pieters, Núria Rodríguez-Planas, and Ricarda Schmidl, “Youth Unemployment and Vocational Training,” Foundations and Trends in Microeconomics 9, no. 8 (2013): 1–157.

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