Beyond Healthy Skepticism: Exploring German News Media Framing of Terrorism-Affiliated Women Returnees

Notes

• Åhäll, Linda, “Motherhood, Myth and Gendered Agency in Political Violence,” International Feminist Journal of Politics 14, no. 1 (2012): 103–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alison, Miranda, “Women as Agents of Political Violence: Gendering Security,” Security Dialogue 35, no. 4 (2004): 447–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkowitz, Dan, “Suicide Bombers as Women Warriors: Making News Through Mythical Archetypes,” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 82, no. 3 (2005): 607–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BfV, “Zahlen und Fakten,” Islamismus- und -islamistischer-Terrorismus, Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/DE/themen/islamismus-und-islamistischer-terrorismus/zahlen-und-fakten/zahlen-und-fakten_node.html#doc678982bodyText2 (accessed 17 March 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Bloom, Mia, Bombshell: Women and Terrorism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Bloom, Mia, and Ayse Lokmanoglu, “From Pawn to Knights: The Changing Role of Women’s Agency in Terrorism?” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism (2020). doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1759263
   Google Scholar
• Boutonnet, Josiane, “Irony: Stylistic Approaches,” in Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, ed. Keith Brown, 2nd ed. (Boston: Elsevier, 2006), 28–31.
   Google Scholar
• Braden, Maria, Women Politicians and the Media (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1996).
   Google Scholar
• Cappella, Joseph N., and Kathleen H. Jamieson, Spiral of Cynicism: The Press and the Public Good (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
   Google Scholar
• Cook, Joana, and Gina Vale, “From Daesh to ‘Diaspora’ II: The Challenges Posed by Women and Minors After the Fall of the Caliphate,” CTC Sentinel 12, no. 6 (2019): 30–45.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, H. H. Antony, “Women as Terrorist,” in The Criminology of Deviant Women, ed. Freda Adler and Rita J. Simon (London: Houghton Mifflin, 1979), 150–58.
   Google Scholar
• Cruise, Rebecca S., “Enough With the Stereotypes: Representations of Women in Terrorist Organizations,” Social Science Quarterly 97, no. 1 (2016): 33–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CTED, “Gender Dimensions of the Response to Returning Foreign Terrorist Fighters: Research Perspectives” (CTED Trends Report 2019, UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee, New York, 2019), https://www.un.org/sc/ctc/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Feb_2019_CTED_Trends_Report.pdf (accessed 3 March 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham, Karla J., “Cross-Regional Trends in Female Terrorism,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 26, no. 3 (2003): 171–95.
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham, Karla J., “Countering Female Terrorism,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 30, no. 2 (2007): 113–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutscher Bundestag, “Drucksache 19/27314” (Deutscher Bundestag, Berlin, 2021), https://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/19/273/1927314.pdf (accessed 5 March 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Elshtain, Jean B., Women and War (New York: Basic Books, 1995).
   Google Scholar
• Entman, Robert M., “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm,” Journal of Communication 43, no. 4 (1993): 51–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamson, William A., and Andre Modigliani, “Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach,” American Journal of Sociology 95, no. 1 (1989): 1–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, Elizabeth, “Is There Method to the Madness?” Journalism Studies 8, no. 6 (2007): 909–29.
   Google Scholar
• Gentry, Caron E., “Thinking about Women, Violence, and Agency,” International Feminist Journal of Politics 14, no. 1 (2012): 79–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentry, Caron E., “Gender and Terrorism,” in Routledge Handbook of Gender and Security, ed. Caron E. Gentry, Laura J. Shepherd, and Laura Sjoberg (New York: Routledge, 2019), 140–50.
   Google Scholar
• Gentry, Caron E., Disordered Violence: How Gender, Race and Heteronormativity Structure Terrorism (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Gentry, Caron E., and Laura Sjoberg, Beyond Mothers, Monsters, Whores: Thinking About Women’s Violence in Global Politics (London: Zed Books, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Gentry, Caron E., and Laura Sjoberg, “Terrorism and Political Violence,” in Gender Matters in Global Politics: A Feminist Introduction to International Relations, ed. Laura J. Shepherd, 2nd ed., (New York: Routledge, 2015), 120–30.
   Google Scholar
• Gitlin, Todd, The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making & Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
   Google Scholar
• Grabe, Maria E., K. D. Trager, Melissa Lear, and Jennifer Rauch, “Gender in Crime News: A Case Study Test of the Chivalry Hypothesis,” Mass Communication and Society 9, no. 2 (2006): 137–63.
   Google Scholar
• Haiman, John, “Sarcasm as Theater,” Cognitive Linguistics 1, no. 2 (1990): 181–205.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, Carrie, “The Gender Politics of Political Violence: Women Armed Activists in ETA,” Feminist Review 86 (2007): 132–48.
   Google Scholar
• Handle, Julia, Judy Korn, Thomas Mücke, and Dr. Dennis Walkenhorst, “Rückkehrer*innen aus den Kriegsgebieten in Syrien und im Irak” (Schriftenreihe Heft 1, Violence Prevention Network, Berlin, 2019), https://violence-prevention-network.de/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Violence-Prevention-Network_Schriftenreihe_Heft_1_Rueckkehr-2.pdf (accessed 20 February 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Heidensohn, Francis, Women and Crime (New York: New York University Press, 1985).
   Google Scholar
• Heidensohn, Francis, Crime and Society (London: Macmillan, 1989).
   Google Scholar
• Heinke, Daniel H., “German Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq: The Updated Data and Its Implications,” CTC Sentinel 10, no. 3 (2017): 17–22. https://www.ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/CTC-Sentinel_Vol10Iss326.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Herschinger, Eva, “Political Science, Terrorism and Gender,” Historical Social Research 39, no. 3 (2014): 46–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laster, Kathy, and Edna Erez, “Sisters in Terrorism? Exploding Stereotypes,” Women & Criminal Justice 25, no. 1–2 (2015): 83–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loken, Meredith, and Anna Zelenz, “Explaining Extremism: Western Women in Daesh,” European Journal of International Security 3, no. 1 (2018): 45–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middendorf, Dorothea, and Wolf Middendorf, “Changing Patterns of Female Criminality in Germany,” in The Increase of Female Criminality in the Contemporary World, ed. Freda Adler (New York: New York University Press, 1981), 122–33.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, Robin, The Demon Lover: On the Sexuality of Terrorism (New York: W.W. Norton & Co-Inc., 1989).
   Google Scholar
• Nacos, Brigitte L., “The Portrayal of Female Terrorists in the Media: Similar Framing Patterns in the News Coverage of Women in Politics and in Terrorism,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 28, no. 5 (2005): 435–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, Pippa, Women, Media, and Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
   Google Scholar
• Pan, Zhongdang, and Gerald M. Kosicki, “Framing Analysis: An Approach to News Discourse,” Political Communication 10, no. 1 (1993): 55–75.
   Google Scholar
• Patkin, Terri T., “Explosive Baggage: Female Palestinian Suicide Bombers and the Rhetoric of Emotion,” Women & Language 27, no. 2 (2004): 79–88.
   Google Scholar
• Pearson, Elizabeth, and Emily Winterbotham, “Women, Gender and Daesh Radicalization: A Milieu Approach,” The RUSI Journal 162, no. 3 (2017): 60–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelan, Alexandra, “Special Issue Introduction for Terrorism, Gender and Women: Toward an Integrated Research Agenda,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism (2020). doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1759252
   Google Scholar
• Renard, Thomas , and Rik Coolsaet, “Returnees: Who Are They, Why Are They (Not) Coming Back and How Should We Deal With Them? Assessing Policies on Returning Foreign Fighters in Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands” (Paper 101, Egmont-Royal Institute for International Relations, Brussels, 2018), https://www.egmontinstitute.be/content/uploads/2018/02/egmont.papers.101_online_v1-3.pdf (accessed 3 March 2021). doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1711586
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, Rachel, “Duped: Examining Gender Stereotypes in Disengagement and Deradicalization Practices,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism (2020). doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1711586.
   Google Scholar
• Sjoberg, Laura, “Feminist Interrogations of Terrorism/Terrorism Studies,” International Relations 23, no. 1 (2009): 69–74,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjoberg, Laura, and Caron E. Gentry, “Reduced to Bad Sex: Narratives of Violent Women from the Bible to the War on Terror,” International Relations 22, no. 1 (2008): 5–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speckhard, Anne, “The Emergence of Female Suicide Terrorists,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 31, no. 11 (2008): 995–1023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strømmen, Ester E. J., “Jihadi Brides or Female Foreign Fighters?” (GPS Policy Brief 01/2017, PRIO Centre on Gender, Peace and Security, Oslo, 2017), https://www.prio.org/utility/DownloadFile.ashx?id=1219&type=publicationfile (accessed 15 March 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Talbot, Rhiannon, “Myths in the Representation of Women Terrorists,” Éire-Ireland 35, no. 3–4 (2000): 165–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touri, Maria, and Nelya Koteyko, “Using Corpus Linguistic Software in the Extraction of News Frames: Towards a Dynamic Process of Frame Analysis in Journalistic Texts,” International Journal of Social Research Methodology 18, no. 6 (2015): 601–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Security Council, Res. 2396 (21 December 2017) UN Doc S/RES/2396 (2017), https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/460/25/PDF/N1746025.pdf?OpenElement.
   Google Scholar
• Van Gorp, Baldwin, “Strategies to Take Subjectivity Out of Framing Analysis,” in Doing News Framing Analysis: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives, ed. Paul D’Angelo and Jim A. Kuypers (New York: Routledge, 2010), 84–109.
   Google Scholar
• Vicari, Stefania, “Measuring Collective Action Frames: A Linguistic Approach to Frame Analysis,” Poetics 38, no. 5 (2010): 504–25,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Raffay, Anita, “Hoffnung, Ein Prinzip des Terrorismus,” Analytische Psychologie 2, no.1 (1980): 38–52.
   Google Scholar
• Wickham, Brittany M., Nicole M. Capezza, and Victoria L. Stephenson, “Misperceptions and Motivations of the Female Terrorist: A Psychological Perspective,” Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 29, no. 8 (2019): 953–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar