REFERENCES
- Retrieved January 9, 2004, from http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/h/headache/prevalence.htmWrongdiagnosis.com: Prevalence and incidence of headache
- Simons D G, Travell J G, Simons L S. Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual, Vol 1. Upper Half of Body. 2nd ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1999
- Ingber R. Shoulder in management in tennis/racquetball players treated with subcapularis myofascial treatments. Arc Phys Med Rehabil 2000; 81: 679–682
- Patla C E, Abbott J H. Tibialis posterior myofascial tightness as a source of heel pain: Diagnosis and treatment. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2000; 30(10)624–632
- Kostopoulos D, Rizopoulos K. The Manual of Trigger Point and Myofascial Therapy. Slack, Inc., Thorofare, NJ 2001
- Ingber R. Myofascial pain in lumbar dysfunction. Phys Med Rehabil State Art Rev 1999; 13(3)473–493
- Rivner M H. The neurophysiology of myofascial pain syndrome. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2001; 5: 432–440
- Hong C Z, Simons D G. Pathophysiologic and electrophysiologic mechanisms of myofacial trigger points. Arc Phys Med Rehabil 1998; 79: 863–872
- Hubbard D R, Berkoff G M. Myofascial trigger points show spontaneous needle EMG activity. Spine 1993; 18: 1803–1807
- Bandy W D, Irion J M, Briggler M. The effect of time and frequency of static stretching on flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Phys Ther 1997; 77(10)1090–1096
- Barnes W J. Efficiency and costs of medical exercise therapy, conventional physiotherapy, and self-exercise in patients with chronic low back pain: A pragmatic, randomized, single-blinded, controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Phys Ther 1999; 79(6)609
- Blackburn S E, Portney L G. Electromyographic activity of back musculature during Williams' flexion exercises. Phys Ther 1981; 61(6)878–885
- Edwards J, Knowles N. Superficial dry needling and active stretching in the treatment of myofascial pain—A randomised controlled trial. Acupunc Med 2003; 21(3)80–86
- Hanten W P, Olson S L, Butts N L, Nowicki A L. Effectiveness of home program of ischemic pressure followed by sustained stretch for treatment of mild fascial trigger points. Phys Ther 2000; 80(10)997–1003
- Hou C R, Tsai L C, Cheng K F, Chung K C, Hong C Z. Immediate effects of various physical therapeutic modalities on cervical myofascial pain and trigger-point sensitivity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002; 83: 1406–1414
- Taylor D C, Dalton J D, Jr., Seaber A V, Garrett W J. Viscoelastic properties of muscle-tendon units: The biomechanical effects of stretching. Am J Sports Med 1990; 5(3)300–309
- Fischer A A. Pressure algometry over normal muscles. Standard values, validity, and reproducibility of pressure threshold. Pain 1987; 30: 115–126
- Antonaci F, Sand T, Lucas G A. Pressure or algometry in healthy subjects: Inter-examiner variability. Scand J Rehabil Med 1998; 30: 3–8
- Farella M, Michelotti A, Steenks M H, Romeo R, Cimino R. The diagnostic value of pressure algometry in myofascial pain of the jaw muscles. J Oral Rehab 2000; 27: 9–14
- Sciotti V M, Mittak V L, DiMarco L, et al. Clinical precision of myofascial trigger point location in the trapezius muscle. Pain 2001; 93: 259–266
- Turchin D C, Beaton D E, Richards R R. Validity of observer-based aggregate scoring systems as descriptors of elbow pain, function, and disability. J Bone Joint Surg 1998; 82(2)154–162
- Paice J A, Cohen F L. Validity of a verbally administered numeric rating scale to measure cancer pain intensity. Cancer Nurs 1997; 20(2)88–93
- Gragg R A, Rapoff M A, Danovsky M B, et al. Assessing chronic musculoskeletal pain associated with rheumatic disease: Further validation of the Pediatric Pain Questionnaire. J Pediatr Psychol 1996; 21(2)237–250
- Flandry F, Hunt J P, Terry G C, Hughston J C. Analysis of subjective knee complaints using visual analog scales. Am J Sports Med 1991; 19(2)112–118
- Noyes F R, McGinniss G H. Controversy about treatment of the knee with anterior cruciate laxity. Clin Orthop 1985; 198: 61–76
- Chen J T, Chung K C, Hou C R, Kuan C R, Chen S M, Hong C Z. Inhibitory effect of dry needling on the spontaneous electrical activity recorded from myofascial trigger spots of rabbit skeletal muscle. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2001; 80(10)729–736
- Weeks V D, Travell J G. How to give painless injections. AMA Scientific Exhibits 1957. Grune & Stratton, New York 1957; 318–322
- Simons D G, Hong C Z, Simons L S. Prevalence of spontaneous electrical activity at trigger spots and at control sites in rabbit skeletal muscle. J Musculoske Pain 1995; 3(Supp 1)35–48
- Wiederholt W C. “End-plate noise” in electromyography. Neurology 1997; 20: 214–224
- Liley A W. An investigation of spontaneous activity at the neuromuscular junction of the rat. J Physiol 1956; 132: 650–666
- Heuser J, Miledi R. Effect of lanthanum ions on function and structure of frog neuromuscular junctions. Proc R Soc Lond (Biol) 1971; 179: 247–260
- Ertekin C, Arac N, Uluda B. Enhancement of “end-plate monophasic waves” during an attack of hypokalemic periodic paralysis. Muscle Nerve 1996; 19(5)680–681
- Hong C Z. Myofascial trigger point injection. Crit Rev Phys Med Rehabil 1993; 5: 203–217
- Mense S, Simons D G, Russell I J. Muscle Pain: Understanding its Nature, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2001
- Ballas M T, Tytko J, Cookson D. Common overuse running injuries: Diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician 1997; 55(7)2473–2484
- Englund J. Chronic compartment syndrome: tips on recognizing and treating: The patient's history offers more important clues than physical exam. J Fam Pract 2005; 54(11)955–961
- Kostopoulos D, Rizopoulos K. Shin splint pain: The runner's nemesis. ADVANCE for Physical Therapists & PT Assistants. 1999; 33–34
- Patla C E. Tibialis posterior myofascial tightness as a source of heel pain: Diagnosis and treatment. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2000; 30(10)624–632
- Newman J. Radiologic technology's role in sports medicine. Radiol Technol 1998; 69(6)535–554
- Veenema K R. Ankle sprain: Primary care evaluation and rehabilitation. J Musculoske Med 2000; 17(9)563–572
- Chen J T, Chen S M, Kuan T S, Chung K C, Hong C Z. Phentolamine effect on the spontaneous electrical activity of active loci in the myofascial trigger spot of rabbit skeletal muscle. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998; 79: 790–794
- Couppe C, Jorgensen U, Midttun A, Oxholm P H, Ilden J, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A. Spontaneous needle electromyelographic activity in myofascial trigger points in the infraspinatus muscle: A blinded assessment. J Musculoske Pain 2001; 9(3)7–16
- Greenwald R. Clinicians' pearls: Trigger point injections. Am J Pain Manag 2000; 10: 79–81
- Hou C R, Chung K C, Chen J T, Hong C Z. Effects of a calcium channel blocker on electrical activity in myofascial trigger spots of rabbits. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2002; 81(5)342–349
- Hsueh T C, Cheng P T, Kuan T S, Hong C Z. The immediate effectiveness of electrical nerve stimulation and electrical muscle stimulation on myofascial trigger points. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1997; 76(6)471–476
- Ilbuldu E, Cakmak A, Disci R, Aydin R. Comparison of laser, dry needling, and placebo laser treatments in myofascial pain syndrome. Photomed Laser Surg 2004; 22(4)306–311
- Kuan T S, Chen J T, Chen S M, Chien C H, Hong C Z. Effect of transaction of innervating nerve on spontaneous electrical activity of myofascial trigger spot in rabbit skeletal muscle. J Rehabil Med Assoc Repub China 2001; 29(2)65–75
- Decker M J, Hintermeister R A, Faber K J, Hawkins R J. Serratus anterior muscle activity during selected rehabilitation exercises. Am J Sports Med 1999; 27: 784–791
- Hintermeister R A, Lange G W, Schultheis J M, Bey M J, Hawkins R J. Electromyographic activity in applied load during shoulder rehabilitation exercises using elastic resistance. Am J Sports Med 1998; 26: 210–220
- Lewit K, Simons D G. Myofascial pain: Relief by post-isometric relaxation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1984; 65(8)452–456
- Wall P W, Melzack R. Textbook of Pain. Churchill Livingston, New York 1984