Framing Refugees: The Impact of Religious Frames on U.S. Partisans and Consumers of Cable News Media

References

• Aday, S., Livingston, S., & Hebert, M. (2005). Embedding the truth: A cross-cultural analysis of objectivity and television coverage of the Iraq war. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 10(1), 3–21. doi:10.1177/1081180X05275727
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adida, C. L., Laitin, D. D., & Valfort, M.-A. (2010). Identifying barriers to Muslim integration in France. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(52), 22384–22390. doi:10.1073/pnas.1015550107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adida, C. L., Laitin, D. D., & Valfort, M.-A. (2016). Why Muslim integration fails in Christian-heritage societies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Adida, C. L., Lo, A., & Platas, M. (2017). Engendering empathy, begetting backlash: American attitudes toward Syrian refugees. Stanford-Zurich Immigration Policy Lab Working Paper No. 17-01.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S., & Matthes, J. (2017). Media representation of Muslims and Islam from 2000 to 2015: A meta-analysis. International Communication Gazette, 79(3), 219–244. doi:10.1177/1748048516656305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allport, G. W., Clark, K., & Pettigrew, T. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Arceneaux, K., & Johnson, M. (2013). Changing minds or changing channels?: Partisan news in an age of choice. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bleich, E., Bloemraad, I., & de Graauw, E. (2015). Migrants, minorities and the media: Information, representations and participation in the public sphere. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41(6), 857–873. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2014.1002197
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleich, E., & van der Veen, A. M. (2018). Media portrayals of Muslims: A comparative sentiment analysis of American newspapers, 1996–2015. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 1–20. doi:10.1080/21565503.2018.1531770
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boomgaarden, H. G., & Vliegenthart, R. (2009). How news content influences anti-immigration attitudes: Germany, 1993–2005. European Journal of Political Research, 48(4), 516–542. doi:10.1111/ejpr.2009.48.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brader, T., Valentino, N. A., & Suhay, E. (2008). What triggers public opposition to immigration? Anxiety, group cues, and immigration threat. American Journal of Political Science, 52(4), 959–978. doi:10.1111/ajps.2008.52.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busselle, R. W., & Shrum, L. (2003). Media exposure and exemplar accessibility. Media Psychology, 5(3), 255–282. doi:10.1207/S1532785XMEP0503_02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlston, D. E., & Smith, E. R. (1996). Principles of mental representation. In E. T. Higgins, & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 184–210). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Caviedes, A. (2015). An emerging ‘European’ news portrayal of immigration? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41(6), 897–917. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2014.1002199
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaiken, S., & Eagly, A. H. (1989). Heuristic and systematic information processing within and beyond the persuasion context. Unintended Thought, 212, 212–252.
   Google Scholar
• Connor, P., & Krogstad, J. M. (2018). For the first time, U.S. resettles fewer refugees than the rest of the world. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/05/for-the-first-time-u-s-resettles-fewer-refugees-than-the-rest-of-the-world/
   Google Scholar
• Conway, M., Elizabeth Grabe, M., & Grieves, K. (2007). Villains, victims and the virtuous in Bill O’Reilley’s “no-spin zone”: Revisiting world war propaganda techniques. Journalism Studies, 8(2), 197–223. doi:10.1080/14616700601148820
   Google Scholar
• Creighton, M. J., & Jamal, A. (2015). Does Islam play a role in anti-immigrant sentiment? An experimental approach. Social Science Research, 53, 89–103. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dana, K., Lajevardi, N., Oskooii, K. A., & Walker, H. L. (2018). Veiled politics: Experiences with discrimination among Muslim Americans. Politics and Religion, 12(4), 1–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(1), 5. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domke, D. (2001). Racial cues and political ideology: An examination of associative priming. Communication Research, 28(6), 772–801. doi:10.1177/009365001028006003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domke, D., McCoy, K., & Torres, M. (1999). News media, racial perceptions, and political cognition. Communication Research, 26(5), 570–607. doi:10.1177/009365099026005003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., & Gaertner, S. L. (2002). Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 62. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esses, V. M., Dovidio, J. F., & Hodson, G. (2002). Public attitudes toward immigration in the United States and Canada in response to the September 11, 2001 “attack on America”. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 2(1), 69–85. doi:10.1111/asap.2002.2.issue-1
   Google Scholar
• Esses, V. M., Medianu, S., & Lawson, A. S. (2013). Uncertainty, threat, and the role of the media in promoting the dehumanization of immigrants and refugees. Journal of Social Issues, 69(3), 518–536. doi:10.1111/josi.2013.69.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, L. (2011). The opinion factor: The effects of opinionated news on information processing and attitude change. Political Communication, 28(2), 163–181. doi:10.1080/10584609.2011.565014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiorina, M. P. (2013). If I could hold a seminar for political journalist... The Forum, 10(4), 2–10.
   Google Scholar
• Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition. New York, NY: Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.
   Google Scholar
• Gaines, B. J., Kuklinski, J. H., Quirk, P. J., Peyton, B., & Verkuilen, J. (2007). Same facts, different interpretations: Partisan motivation and opinion on Iraq. Journal of Politics, 69(4), 957–974. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00601.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gay, C. (2006). Seeing difference: The effect of economic disparity on Black attitudes toward Latinos. American Journal of Political Science, 50(4), 982–997. doi:10.1111/ajps.2006.50.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelpi, C. (2010). Performing on cue? The formation of public opinion toward war. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 54(1), 88–116. doi:10.1177/0022002709352845
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorelli, S. (2002). Growing up with television: Cultivation processes. In J. Bryant, & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects. Advances in theory and research (pp. 43–68). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Gil de Zúñiga, H., Correa, T., & Valenzuela, S. (2012). Selective exposure to cable news and immigration in the US: The relationship between Fox News, CNN, and attitudes toward Mexican immigrants. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 56(4), 597–615. doi:10.1080/08838151.2012.732138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilens, M. (1996). Race and poverty in America: Public misperceptions and the American news media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 60(4), 515–541. doi:10.1086/297771
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, J. (2000). Opinion discourse and Canadian newspapers: The case of the chinese” boat people”. Canadian Journal of Communication, 25(4). doi:10.22230/cjc.2000v25n4a1178
   Google Scholar
• Grimmer, J., & Stewart, B. M. (2013). Text as data: The promise and pitfalls of automatic content analysis methods for political texts. Political Analysis, 21(3), 267–297. doi:10.1093/pan/mps028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groseclose, T., & Milyo, J. (2005). A measure of media bias. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(4), 1191–1237. doi:10.1162/003355305775097542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzman, A. L. (2016). Evolution of news frames during the 2011 Egyptian revolution: Critical discourse analysis of Fox News’s and CNN’s framing of protesters, Mubarak, and the Muslim Brotherhood. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 93(1), 80–98. doi:10.1177/1077699015606677
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon, M., & Muenchen, R. (2009). Semantic framing in the build-up to the Iraq war: Fox v. CNN and other US broadcast news programs. ETC.: A Review of General Semantics, 66(1), 12–27.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, D., & Guardino, M. (2011). The influence of foreign voices on us public opinion. American Journal of Political Science, 55(4), 831–851. doi:10.1111/ajps.2011.55.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, E., & King, G. (1981). Accessibility of social constructs: Information processing consequences of individual and contextual variability. In Cantor & J. F. Kihlstrom (Eds.), Personality, cognition, and social interaction (pp. 69–121). London, UK: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Higgins, E. T. (1996). Activation: Accessibility, and salience. In E. T. Higgins, & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 133–168). New York, NY: Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Huddy, L., Feldman, S., Taber, C., & Lahav, G. (2005). Threat, anxiety, and support of antiterrorism policies. American Journal of Political Science, 49(3), 593–608. doi:10.1111/ajps.2005.49.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyengar, S., & Kinder, D. R. (1987). News that matter: Television and American opinion. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jamal, A. (2008). Civil liberties and the otherization of Arab and Muslim Americans. In N. Naber, & A. Jamal (Eds.), Race and Arab Americans before and after 9/11: From invisible citizens to visible subjects (pp. 114–130). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jamieson, K. H., & Cappella, J. N. (2008). Echo chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the conservative media establishment. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jardina, A. (2019). White identity politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jerit, J., Kuklinski, J. H., & Quirk, P. J. (2009). Strategic politicians, emotional citizens, and the rhetoric of prediction. In J. L. Sullivan, C. M. Franco, & E. Boriga (Eds.), The political psychology of democratic citizenship (pp. 100–124). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, J. M. (2015, November 23). Americans again opposed to taking in refugees. Gallup Com. Retrieved from https://news.gallup.com/poll/186866/americans-again-opposed-taking-refugees.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Jones, K. L., Noorbaloochi, S., Jost, J. T., Bonneau, R., Nagler, J., & Tucker, J. A. (2018). Liberal and conservative values: What we can learn from congressional tweets. Political Psychology, 39(2), 423–443. doi:10.1111/pops.2018.39.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalkan, K. O., Layman, G. C., & Uslaner, E. M. (2009). “Bands of others”? Attitudes toward Muslims in contemporary American society. The Journal of Politics, 71(3), 847–862. doi:10.1017/S0022381609090756
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karim, K. H. (2000). The Islamic peril: Media and global violence. Montreal, Canada: Black Rose Books.
   Google Scholar
• King, E. B., & Ahmad, A. S. (2010). An experimental field study of interpersonal discrimination toward Muslim job applicants. Personnel Psychology, 63(4), 881–906. doi:10.1111/peps.2010.63.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klar, S., & Krupnikov, Y. (2016). Independent politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Krogstad, J. M., & Radford, J. (2017). Key facts about refugees to the U.S. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/10/07/key-facts-about-refugees-to-the-u-s/
   Google Scholar
• Lawlor, A., & Tolley, E. (2017). Deciding who’s legitimate: News media framing of immigrants and refugees. International Journal of Communication, 11, 25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López, G., Bialik, K., & Radford, J. (2017). Key findings about US immigrants. Pew Research Center, 3(1), 1.
   Google Scholar
• McCombs, M. (2018). Setting the agenda: Mass media and public opinion. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• McElvein, E. (2016, March 4). What do Americans really think about Syrian refugees? Markaz Blog, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
   Google Scholar
• Mishra, S. (2007). Saving muslim women and fighting Muslim men: Analysis of representations in the New York Times. Global Media Journal, 6(11), 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Nisbet, E. C., Ostman, R., & Shanahan, J. (2009). Public opinion toward Muslim Americans: Civil liberties and the role of religiosity, ideology, and media use. In A. Sinno (Ed.), Muslims in western politics (pp. 161–199). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pennebaker, J. W., Booth, R. J., & Francis, M. E. (2007). Linguistic inquiry and word count: Liwc [computer software] (pp. 135). Austin, TX: liwc. net.
   Google Scholar
• Pennebaker, J. W., & Francis, M. E. (1996). Cognitive, emotional, and language processes in disclosure. Cognition & Emotion, 10(6), 601–626. doi:10.1080/026999396380079
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(1), 65–85. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, K. A. (2011). Framing Islam: An analysis of US media coverage of terrorism since 9/11. Communication Studies, 62(1), 90–112. doi:10.1080/10510974.2011.533599
   Google Scholar
• Refugee Processing Center. (2018). Retrieved from https://ireports.wrapsnet.org/Interactive-Reporting/EnumType/Report?ItemPath=/rpt_WebArrivalsReports/MX%20-%20Arrivals%20by%20Nationality%20and%20Religion
   Google Scholar
• Saleem, M., Yang, G. S., & Ramasubramanian, S. (2016). Reliance on direct and mediated contact and public policies supporting outgroup harm. Journal of Communication, 66(4), 604–624. doi:10.1111/jcom.2016.66.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schemer, C. (2012). The influence of news media on stereotypic attitudes toward immigrants in a political campaign. Journal of Communication, 62(5), 739–757. doi:10.1111/jcom.2012.62.issue-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaheen, J. G. (2003). Reel bad Arabs: How Hollywood vilifies a people. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 588(1), 171–193. doi:10.1177/0002716203588001011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrum, L. J. (2009). Media consumption and perceptions of social reality: Effects and underlying processes. In J. Bryant, & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects (pp. 66–89). Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Srull, T. K., & Wyer, R. S. (1989). Person memory and judgment. Psychological Review, 96(1), 58. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.96.1.58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauß, N., Vliegenthart, R., & Verhoeven, P. (2016). Lagging behind? Emotions in newspaper articles and stock market prices in The Netherlands. Public Relations Review, 42(4), 548–555. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2016.03.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroud, N. J. (2008). Media use and political predispositions: Revisiting the concept of selective exposure. Political Behavior, 30(3), 341–366. doi:10.1007/s11109-007-9050-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suk, J., Shah, D., Wells, C., Wagner, M., Friedland, L., Cramer, K., … Franklin, C. (2019). Do improving conditions harden partisan preferences? Communication, context, and political evaluations during periods of contention. International Journal of Public Opinion Research.
   Google Scholar
• Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006). Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 755–769. doi:10.1111/ajps.2006.50.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNHCR. (2018). Global Trends Forced Displacements in 2018. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/5d08d7ee7.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vega, I. I., & Ortiz, V. (2017). Mexican Americans and immigration attitudes: A cohort analysis of assimilation and group consciousness. Social Problems, 65(2), 137–153. doi:10.1093/socpro/spw053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vultee, F. (2009). Jump back Jack, Mohammed’s here: Fox News and the construction of Islamic peril. Journalism Studies, 10(5), 623–638. doi:10.1080/14616700902797333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaller, J. R. (1992). The nature and origins of mass opinion. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar