Politicizing the Pandemic? Partisan Framing of the Early COVID-19 Pandemic Was Infrequent, Particularly in Local Newspapers

References

• Aalberg, T., Strömbäck, J., & de Vreese, C. H. (2012). The framing of politics as strategy and game. Journalism, 13(2), 162–178. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884911427799
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abernathy, P. M. (2018). The expanding news desert: The loss of local news. University of North Carolina Center for Innovation and Sustainability in Local Media.
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong, C. L., McAdams, M. J., & Cain, J. (2015). What is news? Audiences may have their own ideas. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 23(2), 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2015.1013102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold, R. D. (2004). Congress, the press, and political accountability. Princeton, N.J. Russell Sage Foundation; Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ash, E., Galletta, S., Hangartner, D., Margalit, Y., & Pinna, M. (2020). The effect of Fox News on health behavior during COVID-19. June 29, 2022. http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3636762
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson, M. L. (2017). Combative politics: The media and public perceptions of lawmaking. The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bailard, C. S. (2022). Do local newspapers mitigate the effects of the polarized national rhetoric on COVID-19? The International Journal of Press/politics, 28(4), 929–951. https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612211072774
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartholomé, G., Lecheler, S., & de Vreese, C. (2015). Manufacturing conflict? How journalists intervene in the conflict frame building process. The International Journal of Press/politics, 20(4), 438–457. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161215595514
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartholomé, G., Lecheler, S., & de Vreese, C. (2018). Towards a typology of conflict frames. Journalism Studies, 19(12), 1689–1711. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1299033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boesman, J., & Van Gorp, B. (2018). Driving the frame: How news values, news pegs, and story angles guide journalistic frame building. In D’Angelo, Paul (Ed.), Doing news framing analysis II. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bohr, J. (2020). “Reporting on climate change: A computational analysis of U.S. newspapers and sources of bias, 1997–2017”. Global Environmental Change, 61, 61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolsen, T., & Shapiro, M. A. (2018). The US news media, polarization on climate change, and pathways to effective communication. Environmental Com, 12(2), 149–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2017.1397039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borah, P., Austin, E., & Su, Y. (2022). Injecting Disinfectants to kill the virus: media literacy, information gathering sources, and the moderating role of political ideology on misperceptions about COVID-19. Mass Communication & Society, 26(4), 566–592. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2022.2045324
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cain, C. M., Kamdar, N., Veldman, R., Budhwani, S., & O’Mahen, P. (2023). Content analysis of American network news coverage of prevention strategies during the initial wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 38(4), 1030–1037. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-022-07954-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappella, J. N., & Hall Jamieson, K. (1997). Spiral of cynicism: The press and the public good. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cinelli, M., Quattrociocchi, W., Galeazzi, A., Valensise, C. M., Brugnoli, E., Schmidt, A. L. & Scala, A. (2020). The COVID-19 social media infodemic. Scientific Reports, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73510-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Civiqs. 2020. Coronavirus: Outbreak concern. https://civiqs.com/results/coronavirus_concern?annotations=true&uncertainty=true&zoomIn=true
   Google Scholar
• Darr, J. P., Hitt, M. P., & Dunaway, J. L. (2018). Newspaper closures polarize voting behavior. Journal of Communication, 68(6), 1007–1028. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqy051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunaway, J. (2008). Markets, ownership, and the quality of campaign news coverage. The Journal of Politics, 70(4), 1193–1202. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381608081140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunaway, J., & Lawrence, R. G. (2015). What predicts the game frame? Media ownership, electoral context, and campaign news. Political Comm, 32(1), 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2014.880975
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, L., Sol Hart, P., & Milosevic, T. (2017). Polarizing news? Representations of threat and efficacy in leading us newspapers’ coverage of climate change. Public Understanding of Science, 26(4), 481–497. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662515595348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, S. (2020). Local News Availability Does Not Increase Pro-Social Pandemic Response. https://osf.io/bwp64/
   Google Scholar
• Flores, A., Cole, J. C., Dickert, S., Eom, K., Jiga-Boy, G. M., Kogut, T., Loria, R., Mayorga, M., Pedersen, E. J., Pereira, B., Rubaltelli, E., Sherman, D. K., Slovic, P., Västfjäll, D., & Van Boven, L. (2022). Politicians polarize and experts depolarize public support for COVID-19 management policies across countries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(3), e2117543119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2117543119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk, C. (2020). Polling shows signs of public trust in institutions amid the pandemic. Pew Research Center Science & Society.
   Google Scholar
• Gebeloff, R. (2020). As Covid has become a red-state problem, too, have attitudes changed? The New York Times. July 20, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2010). What drives media slant? Evidence from U.S. Daily newspapers. Econometrica, 78(1), 35–71. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA7195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golan, G. (2006). Inter-media agenda setting and global news coverage. Journalism Studies, 7(2), 323–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700500533643
   Google Scholar
• Gollust, S. E., Baum, L. M., Niederdeppe, J., Barry, C. L., & Fowler, E. F. (2017). Local television news coverage of the Affordable Care Act. American Journal of Public Health, 107(5), 687–693. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollust, S. E., Franklin Fowler, E., & Niederdeppe, J. (2019). Television news coverage of public health issues and implications for public health policy and practice. Annual Review of Public Health, 40(1), 167–185. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-044017
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goyanes, M. (2015). The value of proximity: Examining the willingness to pay for online local news. International Journal of Communication, 9(0), 18.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, J. M., & Tworek, H. J. S. (2023). Not all the news that’s fit to print: The New York Times as a research tool. Political Communication, 40(5), 660–669. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2023.2208057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, J., & Federico, C. M. (2017). Conflict-Framed News, Self-Categorization, and Partisan Polarization. Mass Communication and Society, 20(4), 455–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2017.1292530
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, J., & Federico, C. M. (2018). The polarizing effect of news framing. Journal of Communication, 68(4), 685–711. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqy025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, J., & Wackman, D. B. (2017). Partisan self-stereotyping: Testing the salience hypothesis in a prediction of political polarization. International Journal of Communication, 11(0), 23.
   Google Scholar
• Harcup, T., & O’Neill, D. (2017). What is news? Journalism Studies, 18(12), 1470–1488. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1150193
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, P. S., & Feldman, L. (2014). Threat without efficacy? Climate change on U.S. Network news. Science Communication, 36(3), 325–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547013520239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, D., & Lawless, J. L. (2015). As local news goes, so goes citizen engagement: Media, knowledge, and participation in US house elections. The Journal of Politics, 77(2), 447–462. https://doi.org/10.1086/679749
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, D., & Lawless, J. L. (2018). The decline of local news and its effects: New evidence from longitudinal data. The Journal of Politics, 80(1), 332–336. https://doi.org/10.1086/694105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, D., & Lawless, J. L. (2021). News hole: The demise of local journalism and political engagement. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins, D. J. (2018). The increasingly United States: How and why American political behavior nationalized. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Horvit, B., Gade, P., and Lance, E. A. (2013). News Wire Greatest Predictor of Papers’ International News. Newspaper Research Journal, 34(1), 89–103. http://doi.org/10.1177/073953291303400108
   Google Scholar
• Hubner, A. (2021). How did we get here? A framing and source analysis of early COVID-19 media coverage. Communication Research Reports, 38(2), 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2021.1894112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyengar, S., Norpoth, H., & Hahn, K. S. (2004). Consumer demand for election news: the horserace sells. The Journal of Politics, 66(1), 157–175. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2508.2004.00146.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, E., Shepherd, M. E., & Clinton, J. D. (2020). The effect of big-city news on rural America during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(36), 22009–22014. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2009384117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kincaid, J., & Leckrone, J. W. (2020). Partisan fractures in U.S. Federalism’s COVID-19 policy responses. State & Local Government Review, 52(4), 298–308. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160323X20986842
   Google Scholar
• Krupenkin, M., Zhu, K., Walker, D., & Rothschild, D. (2022). If a Tree Falls in the Forest: Presidential Press Conferences and Early Media Narratives about the COVID-19 Crisis. Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media, 2. https://doi.org/10.51685/jqd.2022.011
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence, R. G. (2000). Game-framing the issues: Tracking the strategy frame in Public Policy News. Political Communication, 17(2), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/105846000198422
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeper, T. J., & Slothuus, R. (2014). The information environment and consistency in citizens’ policy opinions. Paper presented at the 2014 meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, A., Holcomb, J., & Weisel, R. (2015). Today’s Washington press corps more digital, specialized. Pew Research Center.
   Google Scholar
• Motta, M., Stecula, D., & Farhart, C. (2020). How right-leaning media coverage of COVID-19 facilitated the spread of misinformation in the early stages of the pandemic in the U.S. Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue Canadienne de Science Politique, 53(2), 335–342. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423920000396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, C. D. (2021). No effect of partisan framing on opinions about the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 31(sup1), 132–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2021.1924747
   Google Scholar
• Neuman, W. R., Just, M. R., & Ann, N. C. (1992). Common knowledge: News and the construction of political meaning. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nisbet, M. C. (2009). Communicating climate change: Why frames matter for public engagement. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 51(2), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.3200/ENVT.51.2.12-23
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisbet, M. C., Brossard, D., & Kroepsch, A. (2003). Framing science: The stem cell controversy in an age of press/politics. Harvard International Journal of Press/politics, 8(2), 36–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X02251047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, T. E. (1993). Out of order (1st ed.). AKnopf.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson, T. E. (2015). Game versus substance in political news. In Kenski, K., & Jamieson, K. H. (Eds.), In The oxford handbook of political communication. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, E. (2021a). Not dead yet: Political learning from newspapers in a changing media landscape. Political Behavior, 43(1), 339–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-019-09556-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, E. (2021b). Paper cuts: How reporting resources affect political news coverage. American Journal of Political Science, 65(2), 443–459. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12560
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2021). Pew Research Center’s Journalism Project. https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/fact-sheet/newspapers/
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, A. (2014). Journalism in context: Practice and theory for the digital age. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Reisdorf, B., Blank, G., Bauer, J., Cotten, S., Robertson, C., & Knittel, M. (2021). Information seeking patterns and COVID-19 in the United States. Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media, 1. https://doi.org/10.51685/jqd.2021.003
   Google Scholar
• Ridout, T. N., Franklin Fowler, E., & Searles, K. (2012). Exploring the validity of electronic newspaper databases. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 15(6), 451–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2011.638221
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaudt, S., & Carpenter, S. (2009). The News That’s Fit to Click: Analysis of Online News Values and Preferences Present in the Most-viewed Stories on azcentral.com. Southwestern Mass Communication Journal, 24(2), 17–26.
   Google Scholar
• Schudson, M. (2008). ‘The Sociological Imagination’ as Cliché. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 20(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-008-9031-y
   Google Scholar
• Semetko, H. A., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2000). Framing European politics: A content analysis of press and television news. Journal of Communication, 50(2), 93–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02843.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaker, L. (2014). Dead newspapers and Citizens’ Civic Engagement. Political Communication, 31(1), 131–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2012.762817
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sol, H. P., Chinn, S., & Soroka, S. (2020). Politicization and Polarization in COVID-19 news coverage. Science Communication, 42(5), 679–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547020950735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, M. (2020). Ghosting the news: Local journalism and the crisis of American democracy. Columbia Global Reports.
   Google Scholar
• Tidmarch, C. M., & Pitney, J. J. (1985). Covering congress. Polity, 17(3), 463–483. https://doi.org/10.2307/3234654
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trussler, M. (2021). Get information or get in formation: The effects of high-information environments on legislative elections. British Journal of Political Science, 51(4), 1529–1549. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123419000577
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyson, A. (2020). Republicans remain far less likely than Democrats to view COVID-19 as a major threat to public health. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2020/07/22/republicans-remain-far-less-likely-than-democrats-to-view-covid-19-as-a-major-threat-to-public-health/
   Google Scholar
• Usher, N. (2021). News for the rich, white, and blue: How place and power distort American Journalism. Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vinson, D. (2003). Local media coverage of congress and its members: Through local eyes. Hampton Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vraga, E. K., & Bode, L. (2021). Addressing COVID-19 misinformation on social media preemptively and responsively. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(2), 396–403. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2702.203139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, M. (2021). U.S. Newsroom employment has fallen 26% since 2008. Pew Research Center.
   Google Scholar
• Walton, M., & Layton, C. (2005). Missing the story at the statehouse. In G. Roberts & T. Kunkel (Eds.), Breach of faith: A crisis of coverage in the age of corporate newspapering (pp. 1–47). University of Arkansas Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weaver, P. H. (1972). Is television news biased? The Public Interest, 26(4), 65–76.
   Google Scholar
• Whitney, D. C., & Lee, B. B. (1982). ‘Keeping the Gates’ for Gatekeepers: The effects of wire news. Journalism Quarterly, 59(1), 60–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769908205900109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wichowsky, A., & Condon, M. (2022). The effects of partisan framing on COVID-19 attitudes. Research & Politics, 9(2), 205316802210960. https://doi.org/10.1177/20531680221096049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar