References
- Clark , N. A. and Lagerwall , S. T. 1980 . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 36 : 899
- Anderson , M. H. , Jones , J. C. , Raynes , E. P. and Towler , M. J. 1991 . J. Phys. D. , 24 : 338
- Chieu , T. C. , Yang , K. H. and Lien , A. 1988 . J. Appl. Phys. , 64 : 6654
- Hartmann , W. J.A. M. , Vertogen , G. , Gerritsma , C. J. , v. Sprang , H. A. and Verhulst , A. G. H. 1989 . Europhys. Lett. , 10 : 657
- Rieker , T. P. , Clark , N. A. , Smith , G. S. , Parmar , D. S. , Sirota , E. B. and Safinya , C. R. 1987 . Phys. Rev. Lett. , 59 : 2658
- Isogai , M. , Oh-e , M. , Kitamura , T. and Mukoh , A. 1991 . Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. , 207 : 87
- Blinc , R. , Clark , N. A. , Goodby , J. W. , Pikin , S. A. and Yoshino , K. 1984 . Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals , New York : Gordon and Breach .
- Fukuda , A. and Takezoe , H. 1990 . Structures and Properties of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal , Tokyo : Corona . (in Japanese))
- Blinc , R. and Zeks , B. 1995 . Ferroelectric and Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals and Their Electrooptic Applications , Singapore : World Scientific .
- Knoll , W. 1991 . Mater. Res. Bull. , 16 : 29
- Knoll , W. 1991 . Makromol. Chem. , 192 : 2827
- Aust , E. F. , Ito , S. , Sawodny , M. and Knoll , W. 1994 . Trends Polym. Sci. , 2 : 313
- Tien , P. K. 1977 . Rev. Mod. Phys. , 49 : 361
- Elston , S. J. and Sambles , J. R. 1990 . Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. , 29 : 641
- Elston , S. J. and Sambles , J. R. 1991 . Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. , 200 : 167
- Elston , S. J. and Sambles , J. R. 1992 . Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. , 220 : 99
- Elston , S. J. 1995 . J. Mod. Opt. , 42 : 19
- Yang , F. and Sambles , J. R. 1993 . J. Opt Soc. Am. B. , 10 : 858
- Ko , D. Y. K. and Sambles , J. R. 1988 . J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. , 5 : 1863
- Ito , S. , Kremer , F. , Fischer , T. and Knoll , W. 1995 . Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. , 264 : 99
- Maclennan , J. E. , Handschy , M. A. and Clark , N. A. 1986 . Phys. Rev. A. , 34 : 3554
- Ouchi , Y. , Takano , H. , Takezoe , H. and Fukuda , A. 1987 . Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. , 26 : L21
- Gießelmann , F. and Zugenmaier , P. 1993 . Liq. Cryst. , 14 : 389
- Abdullhalim , J. , Moddel , G. and Clark , N. A. 1994 . J. Appl. Phys. , 76 : 820
- Czarnecki , M. A. , Katayama , N. , Ozaki , Y. , Satoh , M. , Yoshino , K. , Watanabe , T. and Yanagi , T. 1993 . Appl. Spectrosc. , 47 : 1382
- Shilov , S. V. , Okretic , S. , Siesler , H. W. and Czarnecki , M. A. 1996 . Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. , 31 : 125
- Nito , K. , Takanashi , H. and Yasuda , A. 1995 . Liq. Cryst. , 19 : 653
- Ouchi , Y. , Takezoe , H. and Fukuda , A. 1987 . Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. , 26 : 1
- Kim , K. H. , Ishikawa , K. , Takezoe , H. and Fukuda , A. 1995 . Phys. Rev. E. , 51 : 2166
- Perova , T. S. , Panarin , Y. P. and Vij , J. K. 1996 . Ferroelectrics , 180 : 105
- Coles , H. J. and Tipping , J. 1985 . Nature , 316 : 136
- Hanmer , J. M. W. and Coles , H. J. 1995 . Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. , 262 : 235
- Mitsuishi , M. , Ito , S. , Yamamoto , M. and Knoll , W. 1996 . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 69 : 2199
- Mitsuishi , M. , Ito , S. , Yamamoto , M. , Fischer , T. and Knoll , W. 1997 . J. Appl. Phys. , 81 : 1135
- Yoshino , K. , Ozaki , M. , Kishio , S. , Sakurai , T. , Mikami , N. , Higuchi , R. and Honma , M. 1987 . Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. , 144 : 87
- Vallerien , S. U. , Kremer , F. , Kapitza , H. , Zentel , R. and Frank , W. 1989 . Phys. Lett. A. , 138 : 219
- Ito , S. , Kremer , F. , Aust , E. and Knoll , W. 1994 . J. Appl. Phys. , 75 : 1962
- Sprokel , G. J. 1981 . Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. , 68 : 39
- Johno , M. , Ouchi , Y. , Takezoe , H. , Fukuda , A. , Terashima , K. and Furukawa , K. 1990 . Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. , 29 : L111 When we applied a sufficiently high electric field to the cell, the textures observed under a polarized microscope were drastically changed to striped-like patterns
- Shao , R. F. , Willis , P. C. and Clark , N. A. 1991 . Ferroelectrks , 121 : 127
- Bournis , L. L. and Dupont , L. 1993 . Ferroelectrics , 149 : 69 This means that the layer structure changed from the chevron structure to the bookshelf structure. The in-plane orientation caused by the layer deformation would be complicated, but we simplified it as a uniform orientation, because we detected the light reflected from the cell on average over the whole thickness
- Patel , J. S. and Goodby , J. W. 1987 . Opt. Eng. , 26 : 373
- Berreman , D. W. 1972 . J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 62 : 502
- One is simultaneous rotation as the initial rotational direction is upward. The other is counter rotation between the top and bottom halves of FLC layer where the rotational direction is upward in the top and downward in the bottom FLC layer
- Ishikawa , K. , Uemura , T. , Takezoe , H. and Fukuda , A. 1985 . Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. , 24 : L230
- Xue , J. Z. , Handschy , M. A. and Clark , N. A. 1987 . Ferroelectrics , 73 : 305
- We could not evaluate P and Δ separately, but as for the sign for Δ, the result was plus. This is the same result as Ref. 42. As a matter of fact, the sample used therein was 4-(2S, 3S)-[2-chloro-3-methylpentanoyloxy]-4′-heptyloxybiphenyl, the molecular structure of which is quite similar to our sample
- Demikhov , E. I. , Pikin , S. A. and Pikina , E. S. 1995 . Phys. Rev. E. , 52 : 6250