Genetic and Environmental Factors in Head and Neck Cancer Genesis

REFERENCES

• Myers , E N and Suen , J Y . 2003 . Cancer of the Head and Neck, , 4th ed. , Philadelphia , London : WB Saunder .
   Google Scholar
• Dhooge , I J , DeVos , M and Van Cauwenberge , P B . 1998 . Multiple primary malignant tumors in patients with head and neck cancer, results of prospective study and future perspectives . Laryngoscope , 108 ( 2 ) : 250 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bree , R , Deurloo , E E , Snow , G B and Leemans , C R . 2000 . Screening for distant metastases in patients with head and neck cancer . Laryngoscope , 110 ( 3 ) : 397 – 401 . Pt 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jovanovic , A , van der Tol , I G , Schulten , E A , Kostense , P J , de Vries , N , Snow , G B and van der Waal , I . 1994 . Risk of multiple primary tumors following oral squamous-cell carcinoma . Int J Cancer , 56 ( 3 ) : 320 – 3 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippman , S M and Hong , W K . 1989 . Second malignant tumors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: (1994) The overshadowing threat for patients with early-stage disease . Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys , 17 ( 3 ) : 691 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , J S , Pajak , T F , Rubin , P , Rubin , P , Tupchong , L , Brady , L W , Leibel , S A , Laramore , G E , Marcial , V A Davis , L W . 1989 . Second malignancies in patients who have head and neck cancers: incidence, effect on survival and implications for chemoprevention based on the RTOG experience . Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys , 71 ( 3 ) : 449 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Leon , X , Quer , M , Diez , S , Orus , C , Lopez-Pousa , A and Burgues , J . 1999 . Second neoplasm in patients with head and neck cancer . Head Neck , 21 ( 3 ) : 204 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khuri , F R , Kim , E S , Lee , J J , Winn , R J , Benner , S E , Lippman , S M , Fu , K K , Cooper , J S , Vokes , E E , Chamberlain , R M , Williams , B , Pajak , T F , Goepfert , H and Hong , W K . 2001 . The impact of smoking status, disease stage, and index tumor site on second primary tumor incidence and tumor recurrence in the head and neck retinoid chemoprevention trial . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 10 ( 8 ) : 823 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaughter , D P , Southwick , H W and Smejkal , W . 1953 . Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin . Cancer , 6 ( 5 ) : 963 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wynder , E L , Covey , L S , Mabuchi , K and Mushinski , M . 1976 . Environmental factors in cancer of the larynx: a second look . Cancer , 38 ( 4 ) : 1591 – 601 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung , K Y , Mukhop , A D , Hyay , T , Casson , A , Ro , J Y , Geopfert , H , Hong , W K and Roth , J A . 1993 . Discordant p53 gene mutations in primary head and neck cancers and corresponding second primary cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract . Cancer Res , 53 ( 7 ) : 1676 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nees , M , Homann , N , Discher , H , Andl , T , Endrs , C , Herold-Mende , C , Schuhmann , A and Bosch , F X . 1993 . Expression of mutated p53 occurs in tumor-distant epithelia of head and neck cancer patient: A possible molecular basis for the development of multiple tumors . Cancer Res , 53 ( 18 ) : 4189 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , M J , Coggan , M , Langton , L , Wilson , S R and Board , P G . 1998 . Polymorphism of the Pi class glutathione-S-transferase in normal populations and cancer patients . Pharmacogenetics , 8 ( 1 ) : 27 – 31 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scholes , A G , Woolgar , J A , Boyle , M A , Brown , J S , Vaughan , E D , Hart , C A , Jones , A S and Field , J K . 1998 . Synchronous oral carcinomas: independent or common clonal origin? . Cancer Res , 58 ( 9 ) : 2003 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiroshima , K , Toyozaki , T , Kohno , H , Ohwada , H and Fujisawa , T . 1998 . Synchronous and metachronous lung carcinomas: molecular evidence for multicentricity . Pathol Int , 48 ( 11 ) : 869 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang , S J , Chiba , I , Hirai , A , Hong , W K and Mao , L . 2001 . Multiple oral squamous epithelial lesions: Are they genetically related? . Oncogene , 20 ( 18 ) : 2235 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitz , M R . 1994 . Epidemiology and risk factors for head and neck cancer . Semin Oncol , 21 ( 3 ) : 281 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloos , J , Braakhuos , B JM , Steen , I , Copper , M P , de Vries , N , Nauta , J JP and Snow , G B . 1994 . Increased mutagen sensitivity in head-and-neck squamous-cell carcinoma patients, particularly those with multiple primary tumors. Int. J . Cancer , 56 ( 6 ) : 816 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedi , G C , Westra , W H , Gabrielson , E , Koch , W and Sidransky , D . 1996 . Multiple head and neck tumors: evidence for a common clonal origin . Cancer Res , 56 ( 11 ) : 2484 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjordal , K , Ahlner-Elmqvist , M , Hammerlid , E , Boysen , M , Evensen , J F , Biörklund , A , Jannert , M , Westin , T and Kaasa , S . 2001 . A prospective study of quality of life in head and neck cancer patients. Part II: Longitudinal data . Laryngoscope , 11 ( 8 ) : 1440 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Terrell , J E , Ronis , D L , Fowler , K E , Bradford , C R , Chepeha , D B , Prince , M E , Teknos , T N , Wolf , G T and Duffy , S A . 2004 . Clinical predictors of quality of life in patients with head and neck cancer . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg , 130 ( 4 ) : 401 – 8 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor , J C , Terrell , J E , Ronis , D L , Fowler , K E , Bishop , C , Lambert , M T , Myers , L L , Duffy , S A , Bradford , C R , Chepeha , D B , Hogikyan , N D , Prince , M E , Teknos , T N and Wolf , G T . 2004 . University of Michigan Head and Neck Cancer Team. Disability in patients with head and neck cancer . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg , 130 ( 6 ) : 764 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkin , D M , Bray , F , Ferlay , J and Pisani , P . 2005 . Global cancer statistics, 2002 . CA Cancer J Clin , 55 ( 2 ) : 74 – 108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Cancer Society . 2007 . Cancer Facts and Figures 2007 Atlanta , American Cancer Society .
   Google Scholar
• Sellers , T A , Potter , J D , Bailey-Wilson , J E , Rich , S S , Rothschild , H and Elston , R C . 1992 . Lung cancer detection and prevention: evidence of interaction between smoking and genetic predisposition . Cancer Res , 52 ( 9 Suppl ) : 2694 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandsma , J L and Abramson , A L . 1989 . Association of papilloma viruses with cancers of the head and neck . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg , 115 ( 5 ) : 621 – 5 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franceschi , S , Bidoli , P , Herrero , R and Munoz , N . 2000 . Comparison of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx worldwide: etiological clues . Oral Oncol , 36 ( 1 ) : 106 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturgis , E M and Cinciripini , P M . 2007 . Trends in head and neck cancer incidence in relation to smoking prevalence: an emerging epidemic of human papillomavirus-associated cancers . Cancer , 110 ( 7 ) : 1429 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blot , W J , McLaughlin , J K , Winn , D M , Austin , D F , Greenberg , R S , Preston-Martin , S , Bernstein , L , Schoenberg , J B , Stemhagen , A and Fraumeni , J F Jr. 1988 . Smoking and drinking in relation to oral and pharyngeal cancer . Cancer Res , 48 ( 11 ) : 3282 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuyns , A J , Esteve , J , Raymond , L , Berrino , F , Benhamou , E , Blanchet , F , Boffetta , P , Crosignani , P , del Moral , A Lehmann , W . 1988 . Cancer of the larynx/hypopharynx, tobacco and alcohol: IARC international case-control study in Turin and Varese (Italy), Zaragoza and Navarra (Spain), Geneva (Switzerland) and Calvados (France) . Int J Cancer , 41 ( 4 ) : 483 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macigo , F G , Mwaniki , D L and Guthua , S W . 1996 . Influence of dose and cessation of kiraiku, cigarettes and alcohol use on the risk of developing oral leukoplakia . Eur J Oral Sciences , 104 ( 5–6 ) : 498 – 02 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saracci , R . 1987 . The interactions of tobacco smoking and other agents in cancer etiology . Epidemiol Rev , 9 : 175 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muscat , J E and Wynder , E L . 1992 . Tobacco, alcohol, asbestos and occupational risk factors for laryngeal cancer . Cancer , 69 ( 9 ) : 2244 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKaig , R G , Baric , R S and Olshan , A F . 1998 . Human papillomavirus and head and neck cancer, epidemiology and molecular biology . Head Neck , 20 ( 3 ) : 250 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillison , M L , Koch , W M , Capone , R B , Spafford , M , Westra , W H , Wu , L , Zahurak , M L , Daniel , R W , Viglione , M , Symer , D E , Shah , K V and Sidransky , D . 2000 . Evidence for causal association between human papillomavirus and a subset of head and neck cancers . J Natl Cancer Inst , 92 ( 9 ) : 709 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothman , K J , Cann , C I , Flanders , D and Fried , M P . 1980 . Epidemiology of laryngeal cancer . Epidemiol , 2 : 195 – 209 .
   Google Scholar
• Doll , R. 1998 . Uncovering the effects of smoking: Historical perspective . Stat. Methods Med. Res , 7 ( 2 ) : 87 – 117 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer . 1986 . Tobacco smoking. IARC Monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks of chemicals to humans . IARC, Lyon, France , 38 : 1 – 397 .
   Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer . 2004 . Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans . IARC, Lyon, France , 83 : 59 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer . 1989 . Alcohol drinking. IARC Monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks of chemicals to humans , Vol. 40 , 1 – 444 . Lyon , France : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• Wynder , E L and Stellman , S D . 1979 . Impact of long-term filter cigarette usage on lung and larynx cancer risk: a case-control study . J Natl Cancer Inst , 62 ( 3 ) : 471 – 7 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khuri , F R , Kim , E S , Lee , J J , Winn , R J , Benner , S E , Lippman , S M , Fu , K K , Cooper , J S , Vokes , E E , Chamberlain , R M , William , S B , Pajak , T F , Geopfert , H and Hong , W K . 2001 . The impact of smoking status, disease stage, and index tumor site on second primary tumor incidence and tumor recurrence in the head and neck retinoid chemoprevention trial . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 10 ( 8 ) : 823 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitz , M R , Fueger , J J , Goepfert , H , Hong , W K and Newell , G R . 1988 . Squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. A case comparison analysis . Cancer , 61 ( 1 ) : 203 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muscat , J E , Richie , J P , Thompson , S and Wynder , E L . 1996 . Gender differences in smoking and risk for oral cancer . Cancer Res , 56 ( 22 ) : 5192 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wynder , E L , Bross , J J and Day , E . 1956 . A study of environmental factors in cancer of the larynx . Cancer , 9 ( 1 ) : 86 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talamini , R , La Vecchia , C , Levi , F , Conti , E , Favero , A and Franceschi , S . 1998 . Cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx in nonsmokers who drink alcohol and in nondrinkers who smoke tobacco . J Natl Cancer Inst , 90 ( 24 ) : 1901 – 3 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hashibe , M , Brennan , P , Benhamou , S , Castellsague , X , Chen , C , Curado , M P , Dal Maso , L , Daudt , A W , Fabianova , E Fernandez , L . 2007 . Alcohol drinking in never users of tobacco, cigarette smoking in never drinkers, and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium . J Natl Cancer Inst , 99 ( 10 ) : 777 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecht , S S . 2004 . Carcinogen derived biomarkers: applications in studies of human exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke . Tob Control , 13 ( 1 Suppl ) : 48 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Hedley , A J , McGhee , S M , Repace , J L , Wong , L C , Yu , M Y , Wong , T W and Lam , T H . 2006 . Risks for heart disease and lung cancer from passive smoking by workers in the catering industry . Toxicol Sci , 90 ( 2 ) : 539 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , S E , Blakely , T , Kawachi , I and Woodward , A . 2007 . Mortality among lifelong nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke at home: cohort data and sensitivity analyses . Am J Epidemiol , 165 ( 5 ) : 530 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer . 2007 . Smokeless tobacco and tobacco-specific nitrosamines. Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans , 89 Lyon , France : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , G K and Squier , C A . 1993 . Smokeless tobacco use by youth: a health concern . Pediatr Dent , 15 ( 3 ) : 169 – 74 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vogler , W R , Lloyd , J W and Milmore , B K . 1962 . A retrospective study of etiological factors in cancer of the mouth, pharynx, and larynx . Cancer , 15 : 246 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mashberg , A , Boffetta , P Winkelman , R . 1993 . Tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, and cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx among U.S. veterans . Cancer , 72 ( 4 ) : 1369 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh , S , Shukla , H S , Mohapatra , S C and Shukla , P K . 1996 . Keeping chewing tobacco in the cheek pouch overnight (night quid) increases risk of cheek carcinoma . Eur J Surg Oncol , 22 ( 4 ) : 359 – 60 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewin , F , Norell , S E , Gustavsson , P , Wennerberg , J , Biörklund , A and Rutqvist , L E . 1998 . Smoking tobacco, oral snuff, and alcohol in the etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. A population-based case-referent study in Sweden . Cancer , 82 ( 7 ) : 1367 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roosaar , A , Johansson , A L , Sandborgh-Englund , G , Nyrén , O and Axéll , T . 2006 . A long-term follow-up study on the natural course of snus-induced lesions among Swedish snus users . Int J Cancer , 119 ( 2 ) : 392 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winn , D M , Blot , W J , Shy , C M , Pickle , L W , Toledo , M A and Fraumeni , J F Jr. 1981 . Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the Southern United States . N. Engl. J. Med , 304 ( 13 ) : 745 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenquist , K , Wennerberg , J , Schildt , E B , Bladström , A , Hansson , B G and Andersson , G . 2005 . Use of Swedish moist snuff, smoking and alcohol consumption in the aetiology of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma population-based case-control study in southern Sweden . Acta Otolaryngol , 125 ( 9 ) : 991 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo , J , Ye , W , Zendehdel , K , Adami , J , Adami , H O , Boffetta , P and Nyrén , O . 2007 . Oral use of Swedish moist snuff (snus) and risk for cancer of the mouth, lung, and pancreas in male construction workers: a retrospective cohort study . Lancet , 369 ( 9578 ) : 1976 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitkunat , R , Sanders , E and Lee , P N . 2007 . Meta-analysis of the relation between European and American smokeless tobacco and oral cancer . BMC Public Health , 7 ( 147 ) : 334
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nair , J , Ohshima , H , Nair , U J and Bartsch , H . 1996 . Endogenous formation of nitrosamines and oxidative DNA-damaging agents in tobacco users . Crit Rev Toxicol , 26 ( 2 ) : 149 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecht , S S , Carmella , S G , Murphy , S E , Riley , W , Le , C , Luo , X , Mooney , M and Hatsukami , D K . 2007 . Similar exposure to a tobacco-specific carcinogen in smokeless tobacco users and cigarette smokers . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 16 ( 8 ) : 1567 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barsky , S H , Roth , M D , Kleerup , E C , Simmons , M and Tashkin , D P . 1998 . Histopathologic and molecular alterations in bronchial epithelium in habitual smokers of marijuana, cocaine, and/or tobacco . J Natl Cancer Inst , 90 ( 16 ) : 1198 – 205 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silverman , S Jr. 2001 . Demographics and occurrence of oral and pharyngeal cancers. The outcomes, the trends, the challenge . J Am Dent Assoc , 132 ( suppl ) : 7S – 11S .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang , Z F , Morgenstern , H , Spitz , M R , Toshkin , D P , Yu , G P , Marshall , J R , Hsu , T C and Schantz , S P . 1999 . Marijuana use and increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 8 ( 12 ) : 1071 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schantz , S P and Yu , G P . 2002 . Head and neck cancer incidence trends in young Americans, 1973–1997, with a special analysis for tongue cancer . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg , 128 ( 3 ) : 268 – 74 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenblatt , K A , Daling , J R , Chen , C , Sherman , K J and Schwartz , S M . 2004 . Marijuana use and risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma . Cancer Res , 64 ( 11 ) : 4049 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashibe , M , Morgenstern , H , Cui , Y , Tashkin , D P , Zhang , Z F , Cozen , W , Mack , T M and Greenland , S . 2006 . Marijuana use and the risk of lung and upper aerodigestive tract cancers: results of a population-based case-control study . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 15 ( 10 ) : 1829 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers , f or . 1999 . Disease Control and Prevention. Bidi use among urban youth—Massachusetts, March–April 1999 . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 282 ( 15 ) : 1416 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Yen , K L , Hechavarria , E and Bostwick , S B . 2000 . Bidi Cigarettes: An Emerging Threat to Adolescent Health . Archives Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine , 154 ( 12 ) : 1187 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dikshit , R P and Kanhere , S . 2000 . Tobacco habits and risk of lung, oropharyngeal and oral cavity cancer: a population-based case-control study in Bhopal, India . Int J Epidemiol , 29 ( 4 ) : 609 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman , M , Sakamoto , J and Fukui , T . 2003 . Bidi smoking and oral cancer: a meta-analysis . Int J Cancer , 106 ( 4 ) : 600 – 04 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , W , Song , S , Ashley , D L and Watson , C H . 2004 . Assessment of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in the tobacco and mainstream smoke of Bidi cigarettes . Carcinogenesis , 25 ( 2 ) : 283 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subapriya , R , Thangavelu , A , Mathavan , B , Ramachandran , C R and Nagini , S . 2007 . Assessment of risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma in Chidambaram, Southern India: a case-control study . Eur J Cancer Prev , 16 ( 3 ) : 251 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair , J , Nair , U J , Ohshima , H , Bhide , S V and Bartsch , H . 1987 . Endogenous nitrosation in the oral cavity of chewers while chewing betel quid with or without tobacco . IARC Sci Publ , 84 : 465 – 469 .
   Google Scholar
• International Agency on the Research of Cancer (IARC) . 1983 . Polynuclear aromatic compounds, part 1, chemical, environmental, and experimental data , Vol. 32 , 37 – 38 . Lyon , France : IARC . IARC Monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks of chemicals to humans
   Google Scholar
• Rubin , H . 2001 . Synergistic mechanisms in carcinogenesis by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and by tobacco smoke: a bio-historical perspective with updates . Carcinogenesis , 22 ( 12 ) : 1903 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavalieri , E L and Rogan , E G . 1995 . Central role of radical cations in metabolic activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Xenobiotica , 25 : 677 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein , I B , Jeffrey , A M , Jennette , K W , Blobstein , S H , Harvey , R G , Harris , C , Autrup , H , Kasai , H and Nakanishi , K . 1976 . Benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxides as intermediates in nucleic acid binding in vitro and in vivo . Science , 193 : 592 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perera , F P , Santella , R M , Brenner , D , Poirier , M C , Munshi , A A , Fischman , H K and Van Ryzin , J . 1987 . DNA adducts, protein adducts, and sister chromatid exchange in cigarette smokers and nonsmokers . J Natl Cancer Inst , 79 ( 3 ) : 449 – 56 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poirier , M C . 2004 . Chemical induced DNA damage and human cancer risk . Nat Rev Cancer , 4 ( 8 ) : 630 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , D , Wang , L E , Chang , P , El-Naggar , A K , Sturgis , E M and Wei , Q . 2007 . In vitro benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-induced DNA adducts and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck . Cancer Res , 67 ( 12 ) : 5628 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denissenko , M F , Pao , A , Tang , M and Pfeifer , G P . 1996 . Preferential formation of benzo[a]pyrene adducts at lung cancer mutational hotspots in P53 . Science , 274 : 430 – 2 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gealy , R , Zhang , L , Siegfried , J M , Luketich , J D and Keohavong , P . 1999 . Comparison of mutations in the p53 and K-ras genes in lung carcinomas from smoking and nonsmoking women . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 8 ( 4 ) : 297 – 302 . Pt 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain , S P , Amstad , P , Raja , K , Sawyer , M , Hofseth , L , Shields , P G , Hewer , A , Phillips , D H , Ryberg , D , Haugen , A and Harris , C C . 2001 . Mutability of p53 hotspot codons to benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE) and the frequency of p53 mutations in nontumorous human lung . Cancer Res , 61 ( 17 ) : 6350 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeifer , G P , Denissenko , M F , Olivier , M , Tretyakova , N , Hecht , S S and Hainaut , P . 2002 . Tobacco smoke carcinogens, DNA damage and p53 mutations in smoking-associated cancers . Oncogene , 21 ( 48 ) : 7435 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann , D , Rivenson , A , Chung , F L and Hecht , S S . 1991 . Nicotine-derived N-nitrosamines (TSNA) and their relevance in tobacco carcinogenesis . Crit Rev Toxicol , 21 ( 4 ) : 305 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maser , E . 2004 . Significance of reductases in the detoxification of the tobacco-specific carcinogen NNK . Trends Pharmacol Sci , 25 ( 5 ) : 235 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akopyan , G and Bonavida , B . 2006 . Understanding tobacco smoke carcinogen NNK and lung tumorigenesis . Int J Oncol , 29 ( 4 ) : 745 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair , J , Ohshima , H , Friesen , M , Croisy , A , Bhide , S V and Bartsch , H . 1985 . Tobacco-specific and betel nut-specific N-nitroso compounds: occurrence in saliva and urine of betel quid chewers and formation in vitro by nitrosation of betel quid . Carcinogenesis , 6 ( 2 ) : 295 – 303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kresty , L A , Carmella , S G , Borukhova , A , Akerkar , S A , Gopalakrishnan , R , Harris , R E , Stoner , G D and Hecht , S S . 1996 . Metabolites of a tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), in the urine of smokeless tobacco users: relationship between urinary biomarkers and oral leukoplakia . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 5 ( 7 ) : 521 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , A J , Momand , J and Finlay , C A . 1991 . The p53 tumor suppressor gene . Nature , 351 ( 6326 ) : 453 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollstein , M , Sidransky , D , Vogelstein , B and Harris , C C . 1991 . p53 mutations in human cancers . Science , 253 ( 5015 ) : 49 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• http://p53.free.fr/Database/p53_database.html
   Google Scholar
• Vogelstein , B and Kinzler , K W . 1992 . Carcinogens leave fingerprints . Nature , 355 ( 6357 ) : 209 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nylander , K , Dabelsteen , E and Hall , P A . 2000 . The p53 molecule and its prognostic role in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck . J Oral Pathol Med , 29 ( 9 ) : 413 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle , J O , Hakim , J , Koch , W , Van der Reit , P , Hruban , R H , Roa , R A , Correo , R , Eby , Y J , Ruppert , J M and Sidransky , D . 1993 . The incidence of p53 mutations increase with progression of head and neck cancer . Cancer Res , 53 ( 19 ) : 4477 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogel , S , Ahomadegbe , J C , Barrois , M , LeBihan , M L , Douc-Rasy , S , Duvillard , P , Armand , J P and Riou , G . 1996 . High incidence of p53 mutations in primary and metastatic head and neck tumors. Frequent protein overexpression in normal epithelium . Bull Cancer , 83 ( 3 ) : 227 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liloglou , T , Scholes , A G , Spandidos , D A , Vaughan , E D , Jones , A S and Field , J K . 1997 . p53 mutations in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck predominate in a subgroup of former and present smokers with a low frequency of genetic instability . Cancer Res , 57 ( 18 ) : 4070 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan , J A , Boyle , J O , Koch , W M , Goodman , S N , Hruban , R H , Eby , Y J , Couch , M J , Forastiere , A A and Sidransky , D . 1995 . Association between cigarette smoking and mutation of the p53 gene in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck . N Engl J Med , 332 ( 11 ) : 712 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiuru , A , Servomaa , K , Grénman , R , Pulkkinen , J and Rytömaa , T . 1997 . p53 mutations in human head and neck cancer cell lines . Acta Otolaryngol , 529 : 237 – 40 . Suppl. 117
   Google Scholar
• Rajalingam , K , Schreck , R , Rapp , U R and Albert , S . 2007 . Ras oncogenes and their downstream targets . Biochim Biophys Acta , 1773 ( 8 ) : 1177 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , S E , Bhatia , P , Johnson , N W , Morgan , P R , McCormick , F , Young , B and Hiorns , L . 1991 . Ras mutations in United Kingdom examples of oral malignancies are infrequent . Int J Cancer , 48 ( 3 ) : 409 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakai , E , Rikimaru , K , Ueda , M , Matsumoto , Y , Ishii , N , Enomoto , S , Yamamoto , H and Tsuchida , N . 1992 . The p53 tumor-suppressor gene and ras oncogene mutations in oral squamous-cell carcinoma . Int J Cancer , 52 ( 6 ) : 867 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das , N , Majumder , J and DasGupta , U B . 2000 . ras gene mutations in oral cancer in eastern India . Oral Oncol , 36 ( 1 ) : 76 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuyns , A J . 1979 . Epidemiology of alcohol and cancer . Cancer Res , 39 : 2840 – 3 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuyns , A J . 1983 . Oesophageal cancer in non-smoking drinkers and in non-drinking smokers . Int J Cancer , 32 ( 4 ) : 443 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elwood , J M , Pearson , J CG , Skippen , D H and Jackson , S M . 1984 . Alcohol, smoking, social and occupational factors in the aetiology of cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx . Int J Cancer , 34 : 603 – 612 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugere , J , Guenel , P , Leclerc , A and Rodriguez , J . 1986 . Differential effects of tobacco and alcohol in cancer of the larynx, pharynx and mouth . Cancer , 57 ( 2 ) : 391 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maier , H , Weidauer , H , Zöller , J , Seitz , H K , Flentje , M , Mall , G and Born , I A . 1994 . Effect of chronic alcohol consumption on the morphology of the oral mucosa . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 18 ( 2 ) : 387 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talamini , R , La Vecchia , C , Levi , F , Conti , E , Favero , A and Franceschi , S . 1986 . Cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx in nonsmokers who drink alcohol and in nondrinkers who smoke tobacco . J Nat Cancer Inst , 90 : 1901 – 03 .
   Google Scholar
• Doll , R , Forman , D and La Vecchia , C . 1999 . “ Alcoholic beverages and cancers of the digestive tract and larynx ” . In Health Issues Related to Alcohol Consumption, , 2nd ed. , Edited by: MacDonald , I. 351 – 393 . Oxford : ILSI Europe-Blackwell Science .
   Google Scholar
• Gronbaek , M , Becker , U , Johansen , D , Tonnesen , H , Jensen , G and Sorensen , T I . 1998 . Population-based cohort study of the association between alcohol intake and cancer of the upper digestive tract . BMJ , 317 : 844 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagnardi , V , Blangiardo , M , La Vecchia , C and Corrao , G . 2001 . Alcohol consumption and the risk of cancer: a meta-analysis . Alcohol Res Health , 25 ( 4 ) : 263 – 70 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barra , S , Franceschi , S , Negri , E , Talamini , R and La Vecchia , C . 1990 . Type of alcoholic beverage and cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx and oesophagus in an Italian area with high wine consumption. Int. J . of Cancer , 46 : 1017 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altieri , A , Garavello , W , Bosetti , C , Gallus , S and La Vecchia , C . 2005 . Alcohol consumption and risk of laryngeal cancer . Oral Oncol , 41 ( 10 ) : 956 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketcham , A S , Wexler , H and Mantel , N . 1963 . Effects of alcohol in mouse neoplasia . Cancer Res , 23 : 667 – 670 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riedel , F , Goessler , U and Hörmann , K . 2003 . Alcohol-related diseases of the mouth and throat . Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol , 17 ( 4 ) : 543 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seitz , H K , Matsuzaki , S , Yokoyama , A , Homann , N , Vakevainen , S and Wang , X D . 2001 . Alcohol and Cancer . Alcohol Clin Exp Res , 25 : 137 – 143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton , A . 2005 . Acetaldehyde links alcohol consumption to cancer . Lancet Oncol , 6 ( 9 ) : 643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seitz , H K , Gärtner , U , Egerer , G and Simanowski , U A . 1994 . Ethanol metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract and its possible consequences . Alcohol Alcohol Suppl , 2 : 157 – 162 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Homann , N , Jousimies-Somer , H , Jokelainen , K , Heine , R and Salaspuro , M . 1997 . High acetaldehyde levels in saliva after ethanol consumption: methodological aspects and pathogenetic implications . Carcinogenesis , 18 ( 9 ) : 1739 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jokelainen , K , Heikkonen , E , Roine , R , Lehtonen , H and Salaspuro , M . 1996 . Increased acetaldehyde production by mouthwashings from patients with oral cavity, laryngeal, or pharyngeal cancer . Alcohol Clin Exp Res , 20 ( 7 ) : 1206 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obe , G , Jonas , R and Schmidt , S . 1986 . Metabolism of ethanol in vitro produces a compound which induces sister-chromatid exchanges in human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro: Acetaldehyde not ethanol is mutagenetic . Mutat Res , 174 ( 1 ) : 47 – 51 . 1986
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dellarco , VL . 1988 . A mutagenicity assessment of acetaldehyde . Mutat Res , 195 : 1 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helander , A and Lindahl-Kiessling , K . 1991 . Increased frequency of acetaldehyde-induced sister-chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes treated with an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor . Mutat Res , 264 : 103 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang , J L and Vaca , C E . 1997 . Detection of DNA adducts of acetaldehyde in peripheral white blood cells of alcohol abusers . Carcinogenesis , 18 : 627 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer . 1985 . Allyl compounds, aldehydes, epoxides and peroxides. IARC Monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks of chemicals to humans , Vol. 36 , 101 – 32 . Lyon , France : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• Feron , V J , Kruysse , A and Woutersen , R A . 1982 . Respiratory tract tumours in hamsters exposed to acetaldehyde vapour alone or simultaneously to benzo[a]pyrene or diethylnitrosamine . Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol , 18 : 13 – 31 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woutersen , R A , Appelman , L M , Van Garderen-Hoetmer , A and Feron , V J . 1986 . Inhalation toxicity of acetaldehyde in rats. III. Carcinogenicity study . Toxicology , 41 : 213 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosron , W F and Li , T K . 1986 . Genetic polymorphism of human liver alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases and their relationship to alcohol metabolism and alcoholism . Hepatology , 6 ( 3 ) : 502 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higuchi , S , Matsushita , S , Muramatsu , T , Murayama , M and Hayashida , M . 1996 . Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase genotypes and drinking behavior in Japanese . Alcohol Clin Exp Res , 20 ( 3 ) : 493 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borràs , E , Coutelle , C , Rosell , A , Fernández-Muixi , F , Broch , M , Crosas , B , Hjelmqvist , L , Lorenzo , A , Gutiérrez , C Santos , M . 2000 . Genetic polymorphism of alcohol dehydrogenase in Europeans: the ADH2*2 allele decreases the risk for alcoholism and is associated with ADH3*1 . Hepatology , 31 : 984 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarver , D G , Thomasson , H R , Martier , S S , Sokol , R J and Li , T-K . 1997 . Alcohol dehydrogenase-2*3 allele protects against alcohol-related birth defects among African Americans . J Pharmacol Exp Ther , 283 : 1095 – 1101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers , C L , Gilder , D A , Harris , L and Carr , L . 2001 . Association of the ADH2*3 allele with a negative family history of alcoholism in African American young adults . Alcohol Clin Exp Res , 25 : 1773 – 1777 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitfield , J B . 1997 . Meta-analysis of the effects of alcohol dehydrogenase genotype on alcohol dependence and alcoholic liver disease . Alcohol , 32 ( 5 ) : 613 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr , L G , Xu , Y , Ho , W H and Edenberg , H J . 1989 . Nucleotide sequence of the ADH2(3) gene encoding the human alcohol dehydrogenase beta 3 subunit . Alcohol Clin Exp Res , 13 ( 4 ) : 594 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harty , L C , Caporaso , N E , Hayes , R B , Winn , D M , Bravo-Otero , E , Blot , W J , Kleinman , D V , Brown , L M , Armenian , H K Fraumeni , J F Jr. 1997 . Alcohol dehydrogenase 3 genotype and risk of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers . J Natl Cancer Inst , 89 : 1698 – 705 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coutelle , C , Fleury , B , Quattrocchi , P , Chambrin , H , Iron , A , Couzigou , P and Cassaigne , A . 1997 . Laryngeal and oropharyngeal cancer, and alcohol dehydrogenase 3 and glutathine S-transferase M1 polymorphism . Hum. Genet. , 99 ( 3 ) : 319 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visapää , J P , Götte , K , Benesova , M , Li , J J , Homann , N , Conradt , C , Inoue , H , Tisch , M , Hörmann , K , Väkeväinen , S , Salaspuro , M and Seitz , H K . 2004 . Increased cancer risk in heavy drinkers with the alcohol dehydrogenase 3*1-Allel possibly due to salivary acetaldehyde . Gut , 53 ( 6 ) : 871 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olshan , A F , Weissler , M C , Watson , M A and Bell , D A . 2001 . Risk of head and neck cancer and the alcohol dehydrogenase 3 genotype . Carcinogenesis , 22 : 57 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturgis , E M , Dahlstrom , K R , Guan , Y , Eicher , S A , Strom , S S , Spitz , M R and Wei , Q . 2001 . Alcohol dehydrogenase 3 genotype is not associated with risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and pharynx . Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention , 10 : 273 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan , P , Lewis , S , Hashibe , M , Bell , D A , Boffetta , P , Bouchardy , C , Caporaso , N , Chen , C , Coutelle , C Diehl , S R . 2004 . Pooled analysis of alcohol dehydrogenase genotypes and head and neck cancer: A HUGE review . Am J Epidemiol , 159 : 1 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida , A , Huang , I Y and Ikawa , M . 1984 . Molecular abnormality of an inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase variant commonly found in Orientals . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 81 ( 1 ) : 258 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall , T L , Thomasson , H R , Schuckit , M A and Ehlers , C L . 1992 . Subjective feelings of alcohol intoxication in Asians with genetic variations of ALDH2 alleles . Alcohol Clin Exp Res , 16 ( 5 ) : 991 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goedde , H W , Agarwal , D P , Fritze , G , Meier-Tackmann , D , Singh , S , Beckmann , G , Bhatia , K , Chen , L Z , Fang , B Lisker , R . 1992 . Distribution of ADH2 and ALDH2 genotypes in different populations . Hum Genet , 88 : 344 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higuchi , S , Matsushita , S , Muramatsu , T , Takagi , S and Hayashida , M. 1995 . Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase polymorphisms and the risk for alcoholism . Am J Psychiatry , b152 : 1219 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• zur Hausen , H . 1996 . Papillomavirus infection—a major cause of human cancers . Biochim Biophys Acta , 1288 ( 2 ) : 55 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Human papillomaviruses . 2005 . IARC Monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks of chemicals to humans , 90 Lyon , France : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• Steenbergen , R D , Hermsen , M A , Walboomers , J M , Joenje , H , Arwert , F , Meijer , C J and Snijders , P J . 1995 . Integrated human papillomavirus type 16 and loss of heterozygosity at 11q22 and 18q21 in an oral carcinoma and its derivative cell line . Cancer Res , 55 ( 22 ) : 5465 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , E M , Hoffman , H T , Summersgill , K S , Kirchner , H L , Turek , L P and Haugen , T H . 1998 . Human papillomavirus and risk of oral cancer . Laryngoscope , 108 ( 7 ) : 1098 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licitra , L , Perrone , F , Bossi , P , Suardi , S , Mariani , L , Artusi , R , Oggionni , M , Rossini , C , Cantù , G Squadrelli , M . 2006 . High-risk human papillomavirus affects prognosis in patients with surgically treated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma . J Clin Oncol , 24 ( 36 ) : 5630 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slebos , R J , Yi , Y , Ely , K , Carter , J , Evjen , A , Zhang , X , Shyr , Y , Murphy , B M , Cmelak , A J Burkey , B B . 2006 . Gene expression differences associated with human papillomavirus status in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma . Clin Cancer Res , 12 ( 3 ) : 701 – 9 . Pt 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wentzensen , N , Vinokurova , S and von Knebel Doeberitz , M . 2004 . Systematic review of genomic integration sites of human papillomavirus genomes in epithelial dysplasia and invasive cancer of the female lower genital tract . Cancer Res , 64 ( 11 ) : 3878 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werness , B A , Levine , A J and Howley , P M . 1990 . Association of human papilloma virus type 16 and 18 E6 proteins with p53 . Science , 248 ( 4951 ) : 76 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havre , P A , Yuan , J , Hedrick , L , Cho , K R and Glazer , P M . 1995 . p53 inactivation by HPV E6 results in increased mutagenesis in human cells . Cancer Res , 55 ( 19 ) : 4420 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyson , N , Howley , P M , Münger , K and Harlow , E . 1989 . The human papillomavirus 16 E7 protein is able to bind the retinoblastoma gene product . Science , 243 ( 4893 ) : 934 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer , S N , Wazer , D E and Band , V . 1996 . E7 protein of human papilloma virus-16 induces degradation of retinoblastoma protein through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway . Cancer Res , 56 ( 20 ) : 4620 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessis , T D , Slebos , R J , Nelson , W G , Kastan , M B , Plunkett , B S , Han , S M , Lorincz , A T , Hedrick , L and Cho , K R . 1993 . Human papillomavirus 16 E6 expression disrupts the p53 -mediated cellular response to DNA damage . Proc Natl Acad Sci. U.S.A. , 90 ( 9 ) : 3988 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snijders , P JF , van den Brule , A JC , Meijer , C JLM and Walboomers , J MM . 1994 . Papillomaviruses and cancer of the upper digestive and respiratory tracts . Curr Topics Microbiol Immunol , 186 : 177 – 98 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ostwald , C , Müller , P , Barten , M , Rutsatz , K , Sonnenburg , M , Milde-Langosch , K and Loning , T . 1994 . Human papillomavirus DNA in oral squamous cell carcinoma and normal mucosa . J Oral Pathol Med , 23 ( 5 ) : 220 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paz , I B , Cook , N , Odom-Maryon , T , Xie , Y and Wilczynski , S P . 1997 . Human papillomavirus (HPV) in head and neck cancer. An association of HPV 16 with squamous cell carcinoma of Waldeyer's tonsillar ring . Cancer , 79 ( 3 ) : 595 – 604 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenbergen , R D , Hermsen , M A , Walboomers , J M , Joenje , H , Arwert , F , Meijer , C J and Snijders , P J . 1995 . Integrated human papillomavirus type 16 and loss of heterozygosity at 11q22 and 18q21 in an oral carcinoma and its derivative cell line . Cancer Res , 55 ( 22 ) : 5465 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreimer , A R , Clifford , G M , Boyle , P and Franceschi , S . 2005 . Human papillomavirus types in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas worldwide: a systematic review . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 14 : 467 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , X , Han , S , Baluda , M A and Park , N H . 1997 . HPV16 oncogenes E6 and E7 are mutagenic in normal human oral keratinocytes . Oncogene , 14 ( 19 ) : 2347 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao , E-J , Schwartz , S M , Daling , J R , Oda , D , Tickman , L and Beckmann , A M . 1996 . Human papilloma viruses and p53 mutations in normal pre-malignant and malignant oral epithelia . Int J Cancer , 69 ( 2 ) : 152 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haraf , D J , Nodzenski , E , Brachman , D , Mick , R , Montag , A , Graves , D , Vokes , E E and Weichselbaum , R R . 1996 . Human papilloma virus and p53 in head and neck cancer, clinical correlates and survival . Clin Cancer Res , 2 ( 4 ) : 755 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fouret , P , Monceaux , G , Temam , S , Lacourreye , L and St Guily , J L . 1997 . Human papillomavirus in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas in nonsmokers . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg , 123 ( 5 ) : 513 – 6 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koch , W M , Lango , M , Sewell , D , Zahurak , M and Sidransky , D . 1999 . Head and neck cancer in non-smokers, a distinct clinical and molecular entity . Laryngoscope , 109 ( 10 ) : 1544 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch , W M and McQuone , S . 1997 . Clinical and molecular aspects of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in the nonsmoker and nondrinker . Curr Opin Oncol , 9 ( 3 ) : 257 – 61 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Báez , A , Almodóvar , J I , Cantor , A , Celestin , F , Cruz-Cruz , L , Fonseca , S , Trinidad-Pinedo , J and Vega , W . 2004 . High frequency of HPV16-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in the Puerto Rican population . Head Neck , 26 ( 9 ) : 778 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiba , I , Shindoh , M , Yasuda , M , Yamazaki , Y , Amemiya , A , Sato , Y , Fujinaga , K , Notani , K and Fukuda , H . 1996 . Mutations in the p53 gene and human papillomavirus infection as significant prognostic factors in squamous carcinomas of the oral cavity . Oncogene , 12 : 1663 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andl , T , Kahn , T , Pfuhl , A , Nicola , T , Erber , R , Conradt , C , Klein , W , Helbig , M , Dietz , A Weidauer , H . 1998 . Etiological involvement of oncogenic human papillomavirus in tonsillar squamous cell carcinomas lacking retinoblastoma cell cycle control . Cancer Res , 58 : 5 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snijders , P J , Scholes , A G , Hart , C A , Jones , A S , Vaughan , E D , Woolgar , J A , Meijer , C J , Walboomers , J M and Field , J K . 1996 . Prevalence of mucosotropic human papillomaviruses in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck . Int J Cancer , 66 : 464 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindel , K , Beer , K T , Laissue , J , Greiner , R H and Aebersold , D M . 2001 . Human papillomavirus positive squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx, a radiosensitive subgroup of head and neck carcinoma . Cancer , 92 ( 4 ) : 805 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Mofty , S K and Lu , D W . 2003 . Prevalence of human papillomavirus type 16 DNA in squamous cell carcinoma of the palatine tonsil, and not the oral cavity, in young patients: a distinct clinicopathologic and molecular disease entity . Am J Surg Pathol , 27 ( 11 ) : 1463 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafkamp , H C , Manni , J J and Speel , E J . 2004 . Role of human papillomavirus in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas . Acta Otolaryngol , 124 ( 4 ) : 520 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Souza , G , Kreimer , A R , Viscidi , R , Pawlita , M , Fakhry , C , Koch , W M , Westra , W H and Gillison , M L . 2007 . Case-control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer . N Engl J Med , 356 ( 19 ) : 1944 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz , S R , Yueh , B , McDougall , J K , Daling , J R and Schwartz , S M . 2001 . Human papillomavirus infection and survival in oral squamous cell cancer: a population-based study . Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg , 125 ( 1 ) : 1 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenison , S A , Yu , X-p , Valentine , J M. , Koutsky , L A , Christiansen , A E , Beckmann , A M and Galloway , D A . 1990 . Evidence of prevalent genital-type human papillomavirus infection in adults and children . J Infect Dis , 162 ( 1 ) : 60 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treadwell , P . 1994 . Sexually transmitted diseases in neonates and infants . Semin Dermatol , 13 ( 4 ) : 256 – 61 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pao , C C , Tsai , P L , Chang , Y L , Hsieh , T T and Jin , J Y . 1992 . Non-sexual papillomavirus transmission route . Lancet , 339 ( 8807 ) : 1479 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , E M , Johnson , S R , Cripe , T , Perlman , S , McGuinness , G , Jiang , D , Cripe , L and Turek , L P . 1995 . Perinatal transmission and maternal risks of human papillomavirus infection . Cancer Detect Prev , 19 ( 2 ) : 196 – 205 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith , E M , Ritchie , J M , Summersgill , K F , Klussmann , J P , Lee , J H , Wang , D , Haugen , T H and Turek , L P . 2004 . Age, sexual behavior and human papillomavirus infection in oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers . Int J Cancer , 108 ( 5 ) : 766 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furniss , C S , McClean , M D , Smith , J F , Bryan , J , Nelson , H H , Peters , E S , Posner , M R , Clark , J R , Eisen , E A and Kelsey , K T . 2007 . Human papillomavirus 16 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma . Int J Cancer , 120 ( 11 ) : 2386 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) . 1992 . Strong acid mists and some other industrial exposures. IARC Monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks of chemicals to humans , 54 Lyon , France : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• Wynder , E L , Covey , L S , Mabuchi , K and Mushinski , M . 1976 . Environmental factors in cancer of the larynx: a second look . Cancer , 38 : 1591 – 601 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easton , D F , Peto , J and Doll , R . 1988 . Cancers of the respiratory tract in mustard gas workers . Br J Ind Med , 45 : 652 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown , L M , Mason , T J , Pickle , L W , Stewart , P A , Buffler , P A , Burau , K , Ziegler , R G and Fraumeni , J F Jr. 1988 . Occupational risk factors for laryngeal cancer on the Texas Gulf Coast . Cancer Res , 48 : 1960 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustavsson , P , Jakobsson , R , Johansson , H , Lewin , F , Norell , S and Rutkvist , L E . 1998 . Occupational exposures and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and oesophagus: a case-control study in Sweden . Occup Environ Med , 55 : 393 – 400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laforest , L , Luce , D , Goldberg , P , Bégin , D , Gérin , M , Demers , P A , Brugère , J and Leclerc , A . 2000 . Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers and occupational exposure to formaldehyde and various dusts: a case-control study in France . Occup Environ Med , 57 : 767 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berrino , F , Richiardi , L , Boffetta , P , Estève , J , Belletti , I , Raymond , L , Troschel , L , Pisani , P , Zubiri , L , Ascunce , N , Gubéran , E , Tuyns , A , Terracini , B , Merletti , F and Milan JEM Working Group . 2003 . Occupation and larynx and hypopharynx cancer: a job-exposure matrix approach in an international case-control study in France, Italy, Spain and Switzerland . Cancer Causes Control , 14 : 213 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdue , M P , Järvholm , B , Bergdahl , I A , Hayes , R B and Baris , D . 2006 . Occupational exposures and head and neck cancers among Swedish construction workers . Scand J Work Environ Health , 32 ( 4 ) : 270 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shangina , O , Brennan , P , Szeszenia-Dabrowska , N , Mates , D , Fabiánová , E , Fletcher , T , t'Mannetje , A , Boffetta , P and Zaridze , D . 2006 . Occupational exposure and laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer risk in central and eastern Europe . Am J Epidemiol , 164 ( 4 ) : 367 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foulkes , W D , Brunet , J S , Sieh , W , Black , M J , Shenouda , G and Narod , S A . 1996 . Familial risks of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, retrospective case-control study . Br Med J , 313 ( 7059 ) : 716 – 21 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schantz , S P , Byers , R M , Goepfert , H , Shallenberger , R C and Beddingfield , N . 1988 . The implication of tobacco use in the young adult with head and neck cancer . Cancer , 62 ( 7 ) : 1374 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puga , A , Nebert , D W , McKinnon , R A and Menon , A G . 1997 . Genetic polymorphisms in human drug metabolizing enzymes, potential uses of reverse genetics to identify genes of toxicological relevance . Crit Rev Toxicol , 27 ( 2 ) : 199 – 222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryberg , D , Skaug , V , Hewer , A , Phillips , D H , Harries , L W , Wolf , C R , Ogreid , D , Ulvik , A , Vu , P and Haugen , A . 1997 . Genotypes of glutathione transferase M1 and P1 and their significance for lung DNA adduct levels and cancer risk . Carcinogenesis , 18 ( 7 ) : 1285 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , L , Sturgis , E M , Eicher , S A , Char , D , Spitz , M R and Wei , Q . 1999 . Glutathione-s-transferase polymorphisms and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck . Int J Cancer , 84 ( 3 ) : 220 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sancer , A . 1995 . DNA repair in humans . Annu Rev Genet , 29 : 69 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , D , Wang , M , Cheng , L , Spitz , M R , Hittelman , W N and Wei , Q . 1996 . In vitro induction of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-induced DNA adducts in peripheral lymphocytes as a susceptibility marker for human lung cancer . Cancer Res , 56 ( 16 ) : 3638 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturgis , E M , Castillo , E J , Li , L , Zheng , R , Eicher , S A , Clayman , G L , Strom , S S , Spitz , M R and Wei , Q . 1999 . Polymorphisms of DNA repair gene XRCC1 in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck . Carcinogenesis , 120 ( 11 ) : 2125 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Sturgis , E M , Zheng , R , Li , L , Castillo , E J , Eicher , S A , Chen , M , Strom , S S , Spitz , M R and Wei , Q . 2000 . XPD/ERCC2 polymorphisms and risk of head and neck cancer, a case-control analysis . Carcinogenesis , 21 ( 12 ) : 2219 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebbeck , T R . 1997 . Molecular epidemiology of the human glutathione S-transferase genotypes GSTM1 and GSTT1 in cancer susceptibility. Cancer Epidemiol . Biomarkers Prev , 6 ( 9 ) : 733 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trizna , Z , Clayman , G L , Spitz , M R , Briggs , K L and Goepfert , H . 1995 . Glutathione S-transferase genotypes as risk factors for head and neck cancer . Am J Surg , 170 : 499 – 505 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahnke , V , Matthias , C , Fryer , A and Strange , R . 1996 . Glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome-P450 polymorphism as risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx . Am J Surg , 172 : 671 – 3 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato , M , Sato , T , Izumo , T and Amagasa , T . 1999 . Genetic polymorphism of drug-metabolizing enzymes and susceptibility to oral cancer . Carcinogenesis , 20 ( 10 ) : 1927 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung , H C , Chuang , J , Chien , Y C , Chern , H D , Chiang , C P , Kuo , Y S , Hildesheim , A and Chen , C J . 1997 . Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1, GSTM1, and GSTT1;environmental factors and risk of oral cancer . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 6 ( 11 ) : 901 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deakin , M , Elder , J , Hendrickse , C , Peckham , D , Baldwin , D , Pantin , C , Wild , N , Leopard , P , Bell , D A Jones , P . 1996 . Glutathione S-transferase GSTT1 genotypes and susceptibility to cancer: studies of interactions with GSTM1 in lung, oral, gastric and colorectal cancers . Carcinogenesis , 17 ( 4 ) : 881 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , J Y , Muscat , J E , Ren , Q , Schantz , S P , Harwick , R D , Stern , J C , Pike , V , Richie , J P Jr. and Lazarus , P . 1997 . CYP1A1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms and oral cancer risk . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 6 ( 10 ) : 791 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katoh , T . 1994 . The frequency of glutathione-S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) gene deletion in patients with lung and oral cancer . Jpn J Ind Health , 36 ( 6 ) : 435 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen , C , Ricks , S , Doody , D R , Fitzgibbons , E D , Porter , P L and Schwartz , S M . 2001 . N-Acetyltransferase 2 polymorphisms, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, and oral squamous cell cancer risk . Carcinogenesis , 22 ( 12 ) : 1993 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majumder , M , Sikdar , N , Ghosh , S and Roy , B . 2007 . Polymorphisms at XPD and XRCC1 DNA repair loci and increased risk of oral leukoplakia and cancer among NAT2 slow acetylators . Int J Cancer , 120 ( 10 ) : 2148 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broughton , B C , Steingrimsdottir , H and Lehmann , A R . 1996 . Five polymorphisms in the coding sequence of the xeroderma pigmentosum group D gene . Mutat Res , 362 : 209 – 11 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shen , M R , Jones , I M and Mohrenweiser , H . 1998 . Nonconservative amino acid substitution variants exist at polymorphic frequency in DNA repair genes in healthy humans . Cancer Res , 58 ( 4 ) : 604 – 08 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olshan , A F , Watson , M A , Weissler , M C and Bell , D A . 2002 . XRCC1 polymorphisms and head and neck cancer . Cancer Lett , 278 : 181 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Sturgis , E M , Castillo , E J , Li , L , Zheng , R , Eicher , S A , Clayman , G L , Strom , S S , Spitz , M R and Wei , Q . 1999 . Polymorphisms of DNA repair gene XRCC1 in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck . Carcinogenesis , 20 : 2125 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tae , K , Lee , H S , Park , B J , Park , C W , Kim , K R , Cho , H Y , Kim , L H , Park , B L and Shin , H D . 2004 . Association of DNA repair gene XRCC1 polymorphisms with head and neck cancer in Korean population . Int J Cancer , 211 : 805 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Ankathil , R , Mathew , A , Joseph , F and Nair , M K . 1996 . Is oral cancer susceptibility inherited? Report of five oral cancer families . Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol , 32B ( 1 ) : 63 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copper , M P , Jovanovic , A , Nauta , J J , Braakhuis , B J , de Vries , N , van der Waal , I and Snow , G B . 1995 . Role of genetic factors in the etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg , 121 ( 2 ) : 157 – 60 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Serrano , M , Hannon , G J and Beach , D . 1993 . A new regulatory motif in cell cycle control causing specific inhibition of cycling D/CDK4 . Nature , 366 : 704 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobrinik , D , Dowdy , S F , Hinds , P W , Mittnacht , S and Weinberg , R A . 1992 . The retinoblastoma protein and the regulation of cell cycling . Trends Biochem Sci , 17 : 312 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olshan , A F , Weissler , M C , Pei , H , Conway , K , Anderson , S , Fried , D B and Yarbrough , W G . 1997 . Alterations of the p16 gene in head and neck cancer: frequency and association with p53, PRAD-1 and HPV . Oncogene , 14 ( 7 ) : 811 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jares , P , Fernandez , P L , Nadal , A , Cazorla , M , Hernández , L , Pinyol , M , Hernández , S , Traserra , J , Cardesa , A and Campo , E . 1997 . p16MTS1/CDK4I mutations and concomitant loss of heterozygosity at 9p21–23 are frequent events in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx . Oncogene , 15 ( 12 ) : 1445 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , J C , Tobin , E J , Knobloch , T J , Schuller , D E , Bartynski , K J , Mountain , R E , Nicholson , R , DeYoung , B R and Weghorst , C M . 1998 . Frequent mutation of p16 in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck . Laryngoscope , 108 ( 6 ) : 923 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakahara , Y , Shintani , S , Mihara , M , Ueyama , Y and Matsumura , T . 2001 . High frequency of homozygous deletion and methylation of p16(INK4A) gene in oral squamous cell carcinomas . Cancer Lett , 163 ( 2 ) : 221 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamb , A , Shattuck-Eidens , D , Eeles , R , Liu , Q , Gruis , N A , Ding , W , Hussey , C , Tran , T , Miki , Y Weaver-Feldhaus , J . 1994 . Analysis of the p16 gene (CDKN2) as a candidate for the chromosome 9p melanoma susceptibility locus . Nat Genet , 8 ( 1 ) : 23 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelan , A J , Bartsch , D and Goodfellow , P J . 1995 . Brief report: a familial syndrome of pancreatic cancer and melanoma with a mutation in the CDKN2 tumor-suppressor gene . N Engl J Med , 333 ( 15 ) : 975 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarbrough , W G , Aprelikova , O , Pei , H , Olshan , A F and Liu , E T . 1996 . Familial tumor syndrome associated with a germline nonfunctional p16INK4a allele . J Natl Cancer Inst , 88 ( 20 ) : 1489 – 91 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu , K K , Zanation , A M , Moss , J R and Yarbrough , W G . 2002 . Familial head and neck cancer: molecular analysis of a new clinical entity . Laryngoscope , 112 ( 9 ) : 1587 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prime , S S , Thakker , N S , Pring , M , Guest , P G and Paterson , I C . 2002 . A review of inherited cancer syndromes and their relevance to oral squamous cell carcinoma . Oral Oncol , 38 ( 2 ) : 216 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wreesmann , V B , Estilo , C , Eisele , D W , Singh , B and Wang , S J . 2007 . Downregulation of Fanconi anemia genes in sporadic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma . ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec , 69 ( 4 ) : 218 – 25 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reed , K , Ravikumar , T S , Gifford , R R and Grage , T B . 1983 . The association of Fanconi's anemia and squamous cell carcinoma . Cancer , 52 ( 5 ) : 926 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , P S , Greene , M H and Alter , B P . 2003 . Cancer incidence in persons with Fanconi anemia . Blood , 101 : 822 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar