An Overview of the Effects of Dioxins and Dioxin-Like Compounds on Vertebrates, as Documented in Human and Ecological Epidemiology

REFERENCES

• Giesy , J P and Kannan , K . 1998 . Dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like toxic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): implications for risk assessment . Crit Rev Toxicol , 28 ( 6 ) : 511 – 569 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van , d en , Berg , M , Birnbaum , L S , Denison , M , De Vito , M , Farland , W , Feeley , M , Fiedler , H , Hakansson , H , Hanberg , A , Haws , L , Rose , M , Safe , S , Schrenk , D , Tohyama , C , Tritscher , A , Tuomisto , J , Tysklind , M , Walker , N and Peterson , R E . 2006 . The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and Mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds . Toxicol Sci , 93 ( 2 ) : 223 – 241 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Safe , S H . 1998 . Development validation and problems with the toxic equivalency factor approach for risk assessment of dioxins and related compounds . J Anim Sci , 76 : 134 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balzer , W , Gaus , H-M , Gaus , C , Weber , R , Schmitt-Biegel , B and Urban , U . 2007 . Remediation measures in a residential area highly contaminated with PCDD/PCDF, Arsenic and heavy metals as a result of industrial production in the early 19th Century . Organohalogen Compounds , 69 : 857 – 860 .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , J S . 1979 . Environmental chloracne: update and overview . Ann N Y Acad Sci , 320 : 295 – 307 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bell , W B . 1953 . Relative toxicity of the chlorinated naphthalenes in experimentally produced bovine hyperkeratosis (x-disease) . Vet Med Small Anim Clin , 48 : 135 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Firestone , D . 1973 . Etiology of chick edema disease . Environ Health Perspect , 5 : 59 – 66 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suskind , R R and Hertzberg , V S . 1984 . Human health effects of 2,4,5-T and its toxic contaminants . JAMA , 251 ( 18 ) : 2372 – 2380 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steenland , K , Piacitelli , L , Deddens , J , Fingerhut , M and Chang , L I . 1999 . Cancer, heart disease, and diabetes in workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin . J Natl Cancer Inst , 91 ( 9 ) : 779 – 786 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalek , J E and Pavuk , M . 2008 . Diabetes and cancer in veterans of Operation Ranch Hand after adjustment for calendar period, days of spraying, and time spent in Southeast Asia . J Occup Environ Med , 50 ( 3 ) : 330 – 340 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Institute of Medicine . 2007 . Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006 , Washington : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Aoki , Y . 2001 . Polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and polychlorinated dibenzofurans as endocrine disrupters—what we have learned from Yusho disease . Environ Res , 86 ( 1 ) : 2 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo , Y L , Lambert , G H , Hsu , C C and Hsu , M M . 2004 . Yucheng: health effects of prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans . Int Arch Occup Environ Health , 77 ( 3 ) : 153 – 158 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtney , K D and Moore , J A . 1971 . Teratology studies with 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , 20 ( 3 ) : 396 – 403 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , G A . 2001 . Wildlife as sentinels of human health effects in the Great Lakes—St. Lawrence basin . Environ Health Perspect , 109 ( Suppl 6 ) : 853 – 861 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickizer , T M , Brilliant , L B , Copeland , R and Tilden , R . 1981 . Polychlorinated biphenyl contamination of nursing mothers' milk in Michigan . Am J Public Health , 71 ( 2 ) : 132 – 137 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Homberger , E , Reggiani , G , Sambeth , J and Wipf , H K . 1979 . The Seveso accident: its nature, extent and consequences . Ann Occup Hyg , 22 ( 4 ) : 327 – 67 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bertazzi , P A , Consonni , D , Bachetti , S , Rubagotti , M , Baccarelli , A , Zocchetti , C and Pesatori , A C . 2001 . Health effects of dioxin exposure: a 20-year mortality study . Am J Epidemiol , 153 ( 11 ) : 1031 – 1044 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mocarelli , P , Gerthoux , P M , Patterson , D G Jr. , Milani , S , Limonta , G , Bertona , M , Signorini , S , Tramacere , P , Colombo , L , Crespi , C , Brambilla , P , Sarto , C , Carreri , V , Sampson , E J , Turner , W E and Needham , L L . 2008 . Dioxin exposure, from infancy through puberty, produces endocrine disruption and affects human semen quality . Environ Health Perspect , 116 ( 1 ) : 70 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kociba , R J , Keyes , D G , Beyer , J E , Carreon , R M and Gehring , P J . 1979 . Long-term toxicologic studies of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in laboratory animals . Ann N Y Acad Sci , 320 : 397 – 404 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kociba , R J , Keyes , D G , Beyer , J E , Carreon , R M , Wade , C E , Dittenber , D A , Kalnins , R P , Frauson , L E , Park , C N , Barnard , S D , Hummel , R A and Humiston , C G . 1978 . Results of a two-year chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , 46 ( 2 ) : 279 – 303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Keefe , P W , Silkworth , J B , Gierthy , J F , Smith , R M , DeCaprio , A P , Turner , J N , Eadon , G , Hilker , D R , Aldous , K M Kaminsky , L S . 1985 . Chemical and biological investigations of a transformer accident at Binghamton, NY . Environ Health Perspect , 60 : 201 – 209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , P , De Swart , R , Addison , R , Van Loveren , H , Vos , J and Osterhaus , A . 1996 . Contaminant-induced immunotoxicity in harbour seals: wildlife at risk? . Toxicology , 112 ( 2 ) : 157 – 169 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fingerhut , M A , Halperin , W E , Marlow , D A , Piacitelli , L A , Honchar , P A , Sweeney , M H , Greife , A L , Dill , P A , Steenland , K and Suruda , A J . 1991 . Cancer mortality in workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin . N Engl J Med , 324 ( 4 ) : 212 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geusau , A , Abraham , K , Geissler , K , Sator , M O , Stingl , G and Tschachler , E . 2001 . Severe 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) intoxication: clinical and laboratory effects . Environ Health Perspect , 109 ( 8 ) : 865 – 869 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu , Y Z , Hogenesch , J B , Bradfield , C A and The , P AS . 2000 . superfamily: sensors of environmental and developmental signals . Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol , 40 : 519 – 561 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn , M E . 2002 . Aryl hydrocarbon receptors: diversity and evolution . Chem Biol Interact , 141 ( 1–2 ) : 131 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson , D B and Perdew , G H . 2002 . A dynamic role for the Ah receptor in cell signaling? Insights from a diverse group of Ah receptor interacting proteins . J Biochem Mol Toxicol , 16 ( 6 ) : 317 – 325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrulis , J R and Perdew , G H . 2002 . The role of chaperone proteins in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor core complex . Chem Biol Interact , 141 ( 1–2 ) : 25 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beischlag , T V , Taylor , R T , Rose , D W , Yoon , D , Chen , Y , Lee , W H , Rosenfeld , M G and Hankinson , O . 2004 . Recruitment of thyroid hormone receptor/retinoblastoma-interacting protein 230 by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator is required for the transcriptional response to both dioxin and hypoxia . J Biol Chem , 279 ( 52 ) : 54620 – 54628 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beischlag , T V and Perdew , G H . 2005 . ER-AHR-ARNT protein-protein interactions mediate estradiol-dependent transrepression of dioxin inducible gene transcription . J Biol Chem , 280 ( 22 ) : 21607 – 21611 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puga , A , Ma , C and Marlowe , J L . 2009 . The aryl hydrocarbon receptor cross-talks with multiple signal transduction pathways . Biochem Pharmacol , 77 ( 4 ) : 713 – 722 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlowe , J L and Puga , A . 2005 . Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, cell cycle regulation, toxicity, and tumorigenesis . J Cell Biochem , 96 ( 6 ) : 1174 – 1184 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , K P , Casado , F L , Opanashuk , L A and Gasiewicz , T A . 2008 . The aryl hydrocarbon receptor has a normal function in the regulation of hematopoietic and other stem/progenitor cell populations . Biochem Pharmacol , 77 ( 4 ) : 577 – 587 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perdew , G H . 2008 . Ah receptor binding to its cognate response element is required for dioxin-mediated toxicity . Toxicol Sci , 106 ( 2 ) : 301 – 303 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matsumura , F . 2009 . The significance of the nongenomic pathway in mediating inflammatory signaling of the dioxin-activated Ah receptor to cause toxic effects . Biochem Pharmacol , 77 ( 4 ) : 608 – 626 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lambert , G H , Needham , L L , Turner , W , Lai , T J , Patterson , D G Jr. and Guo , Y L . 2006 . Induced CYP1A2 activity as a phenotypic biomarker in humans highly exposed to certain PCBs/PCDFs . Environ Sci Technol , 40 ( 19 ) : 6176 – 6180 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McHale , C M , Zhang , L , Hubbard , A E , Zhao , X , Baccarelli , A , Pesatori , A C , Smith , M T and Landi , M T . 2007 . Microarray analysis of gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from dioxin-exposed human subjects . Toxicology , 229 ( 1–2 ) : 101 – 113 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Birnbaum , L S . 1994 . The mechanism of dioxin toxicity: relationship to risk assessment . Environ Health Perspect , 102 ( Suppl 9 ) : 157 – 167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Loveren , H , Ross , P S , Osterhaus , A D and Vos , J G . 2000 . Contaminant-induced immunosuppression and mass mortalities among harbor seals . Toxicol Lett , 112–113 : 319 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rylander , L , Strömberg , U , Dyremark , E , Ostman , C , Nilsson-Ehle , P and Hagmar , L . 1998 . Polychlorinated biphenyls in blood plasma among Swedish female fish consumers in relation to low birth weight . Am J Epidemiol , 147 ( 5 ) : 493 – 502 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz , G G . 1997 . Multiple myeloma: clusters, clues, and dioxins . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , 6 ( 1 ) : 49 – 56 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van , d en , Berg , M , Birnbaum , L , Bosveld , A TC , Brunström , B , Cook , P , Feeley , M , Giesy , J P , Hanberg , A , Hasegawa , R , Kennedy , S W , Kubiak , T , Larsen , J C , van Leeuwen , F XR , Liem , A KD , Nolt , C , Peterson , R E , Poellinger , L , Safe , S , Schrenk , D , Tilitt , D , Tysklind , M , Younes , M , Wærn , F and Zacharewski , T . 1998 . Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife . Environ Health Perspect , 106 : 775 – 792 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , K R and Wintermyer , M . 2009 . A Critical Review: 2,3,7,8–Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) Effects on Gonad Development in Bivalve Mollusks . J Environ Sci Health, Part C, Environ Carcino Ecotox Rev , 27 : 226 – 245 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brady , B . Dec 7 2008 . “ All Irish pork is recalled in dioxin poison alert ” . In The Independent Dec 7 , http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/all-irish-pork-is-recalled-in-dioxin-poison-alert-1055813.html Retrieved: Dec 16, 2008
   Google Scholar
• Birnbaum , L S and Tuomisto , J . 2000 . Non-carcinogenic effects of TCDD in animals . Food Addit Contam , 17 ( 4 ) : 275 – 288 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimura , N , Miyabara , Y , Suzuki , J S , Sato , M , Aoki , Y , Satoh , M , Yonemoto , J and Tohyama , C . 2001 . Induction of metallothionein in the livers of female Sprague-Dawley rats treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin . Life Sci , 69 ( 11 ) : 1291 – 1303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA . 2003 . Dioxin reassessment: draft exposure and human health reassessment of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds. Part II: health assessment of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds , Washington, DC : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Baccarelli , A , Giacomini , S M , Corbetta , C , Landi , M T , Bonzini , M , Consonni , D , Grillo , P , Patterson , D G , Pesatori , A C and Bertazzi , P A . 2008 . Neonatal thyroid function in Seveso 25 years after maternal exposure to dioxin . PLoS Med , 5 ( 7 ) : e161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mocarelli , P . 2008 . Dioxin exposure in Seveso: its effects on second generation of males . Presented at the Sixth Gordon Research Conference (GRC) on Environmental Endocrine Disruptors . June 8–13 2008 .
   Google Scholar
• DeVito , M J , Birnbaum , L S , Farland , W H and Gasiewicz , T A . 1995 . Comparisons of estimated human body burdens of dioxinlike chemicals and TCDD body burdens in experimentally exposed animals . Environ Health Perspect , 103 ( 9 ) : 820 – 831 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson , D G Jr. , Turner , W E , Caudill , S P and Needham , L L . 2008 . Total TEQ reference range (PCDDs, PCDFs, cPCBs, mono-PCBs) for the US population 2001–2002 . Chemosphere , 73 ( 1 Suppl ) : S261 – 277 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar