Publication Cover
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C
Environmental Carcinogenesis and Ecotoxicology Reviews
Volume 28, 2010 - Issue 3
2,785
Views
148
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Occurrence, Efficacy, Metabolism, and Toxicity of Triclosan

, , , , &
Pages 147-171 | Published online: 20 Sep 2010

REFERENCES

  • Jones , R D , Jampani , H B , Newman , J L and Lee , A S . 2000 . Triclosan: a review of effectiveness and safety in health care settings . Am J Infect Control. , 28 : 184 – 196 .
  • Environmental Protection Agency . 2003 . Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical Substances Inventory Washington, DC
  • Glaser , A . 2004 . The ubiquitous triclosan: a common antibacterial agent exposed . Pesticides and You. , 24 : 12 – 17 .
  • Brady , L M , Thomson , M , Palmer , M A and Harkness , J L . 1990 . Successful control of endemic MRSA in a cardiothoracic surgical unit . Med J Aust. , 152 : 240 – 245 .
  • Zafar , A B , Butler , R C , Reese , D J , Gaydos , L A and Mennonna , P A . 1995 . Use of 0.3% triclosan (Bacti-Stat) to eradicate an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal nursery . Am J Infect Control. , 23 : 200 – 208 .
  • Ming , X , Rothenburger , S and Nichols , M M . 2008 . In vivo and in vitro antibacterial efficacy of PDS plus (polidioxanone with triclosan) suture . Surg Infect. , 9 : 451 – 457 .
  • Loraine , G A and Pettigrove , M E . 2006 . Seasonal variations in concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in drinking water and reclaimed wastewater in southern California . Environ Sci Technol. , 40 : 687 – 695 .
  • Singer , H , Muller , S , Tixier , C and Pillonel , L . 2002 . Triclosan: occurrence and fate of a widely used biocide in the aquatic environment: field measurements in wastewater treatment plants, surface waters, and lake sediments . Environ Sci Technol. , 36 : 4998 – 5004 .
  • Lindstrom , A , Buerge , I J , Poiger , T , Bergqvist , P A , Muller , M D and Buser , H R . 2002 . Occurrence and environmental behavior of the bactericide triclosan and its methyl derivative in surface waters and in wastewater . Environ Sci Technol. , 36 : 2322 – 2329 .
  • Kolpin , D W , Furlong , E T , Meyer , M T , Thurman , E M , Zaugg , S D , Barber , L B and Buxton , H T . 2002 . Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999–2000: a national reconnaissance . Environ Sci Technol. , 36 : 1202 – 1211 .
  • Adolfsson-Erici , M , Pettersson , M , Parkkonen , J and Sturve , J . 2002 . Triclosan, a commonly used bactericide found in human milk and in the aquatic environment in Sweden . Chemosphere. , 46 : 1485 – 1489 .
  • Miyazaki , T , Yamagishi , T and Matsumoto , M . 1984 . Residues of 4-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-methoxybenzene(triclosan methyl) in aquatic biota . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. , 32 : 227 – 232 .
  • Farre , M , Asperger , D , Kantiani , L , Gonzalez , S , Petrovic , M and Barcelo , D . 2008 . Assessment of the acute toxicity of triclosan and methyl triclosan in wastewater based on the bioluminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri . Anal Bioanal Chem. , 390 : 1999 – 2007 .
  • Ye , X , Bishop , A M , Needham , L L and Calafat , A M . 2008 . Automated on-line column-switching HPLC-MS/MS method with peak focusing for measuring parabens, triclosan, and other environmental phenols in human milk . Anal Chim Acta. , 622 : 150 – 156 .
  • Dayan , A D . 2007 . Risk assessment of triclosan (Irgasan®) in human breast milk . Food Chem Toxicol. , 45 : 125 – 129 .
  • Hovander , L , Malmberg , T , Athanasiadou , M , Athanassiadis , I , Rahm , S , Bergman and Wehler , E K . 2002 . Identification of hydroxylated PCB metabolites and other phenolic halogenated pollutants in human blood plasma . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. , 42 : 105 – 117 .
  • Sandborgh-Englund , G , Adolfsson-Erici , M , Odham , G and Ekstrand , J . 2006 . Pharmacokinetics of triclosan following oral ingestion in humans . J Toxicol Environ Health. , 69 : 1861 – 1873 .
  • Allmyr , M , Adolfsson-Erici , M , McLachlan , M S and Sandborgh-Englund , G . 2006 . Triclosan in plasma and milk from Swedish nursing mothers and their exposure via personal care products . Sci Total Environ. , 372 : 87 – 93 .
  • Calafat , A M , Ye , X , Wong , L Y , Reidy , J A and Needham , L L . 2008 . Urinary concentrations of triclosan in the U.S. population: 2003–2004 . Environ Health Perspect. , 116 : 303 – 307 .
  • Kanetoshi , A , Ogawa , H , Katsura , E and Kaneshima , H . 1987 . Chlorination of Irgasan DP300 and formation of dioxins from its chlorinated derivatives . J Chromatogr. , 389 : 139 – 153 .
  • Onodera , S , Nishikawa , T and Suzuki , S . 1987 . Chemical changes of organic compounds in chlorinated water. XIV. Characterization and determination of halogenated organics formed during chlorination of water from the Tama River . J Chromatogr. , 409 : 259 – 270 .
  • Kanetoshi , A , Ogawa , H , Katsura , E , Kaneshima , H and Miura , T . 1988 . Formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins upon combustion of commercial textile products containing 2,4,4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether (Irgasan DP300) . J Chromatogr. , 442 : 289 – 299 .
  • Latch , D E , Packer , J L , Stender , B L , van Overbeke , J , Arnold , W A and McNeill , K . 2005 . Aqueous photochemistry of triclosan: formation of 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and oligomerization products . Environ Toxicol Chem. , 24 : 517 – 525 .
  • Sanchez-Prado , L , Llompart , M , Lores , M , García-Jares , C , Bayona , J M and Cela , R . 2006 . Monitoring the photochemical degradation of triclosan in wastewater by UV light and sunlight using solid-phase microextraction . Chemosphere. , 65 : 1338 – 1347 .
  • Kanetoshi , A , Ogawa , H , Katsura , E , Kaneshima , H and Miura , T . 1988 . Formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin from 2,4,4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether (Irgasan® DP300) and its chlorinated derivatives by exposure to sunlight . J Chromatogr. , 454 : 145 – 155 .
  • Son , H-S , Ko , G and Zoh , K-D . 2009 . Kinetics and mechanism of photolysis and TiO2 photocatalysis of triclosan . J Hazard Mater. , 166 : 954 – 960 .
  • Aranami , K and Readman , J W . 2007 . Photolytic degradation of triclosan in freshwater and seawater . Chemosphere. , 66 : 1052 – 1056 .
  • Yu , J C , Kwong , T Y , Luo , Q and Cai , Z . 2006 . Photocatalytic oxidation of triclosan . Chemosphere. , 65 : 390 – 399 .
  • Sanchez-Prado , L , Llompart , M , Lores , M , Fernandez-Alvarez , M , Garcia-Jares , C and Cela , R . 2006 . Further research on the photo-SPME of triclosan . Anal Bioanal Chem. , 384 : 1548 – 1557 .
  • Mezcua , M , Gómez , M J , Ferrer , I , Aguera , A , Hernando , M D and Fernández-Alba , A R . 2004 . Evidence of 2,7/2,8-dibenzodichloro-p-dioxin as a photodegradation product of triclosan in water and wastewater samples . Anal Chim Acta. , 524 : 241 – 247 .
  • Lores , M , Llompart , M , Sanchez-Prado , L , Garcia-Jares , C and Cela , R . 2005 . Confirmation of the formation of dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the photodegradation of triclosan by photo-SPME . Anal Bioanal Chem. , 381 : 1294 – 1298 .
  • Latch , D E , Packer , J L , Arnold , W A and McNeill , K . 2003 . Photochemical conversion of triclosan to 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in aqueous solution . J Photochem Photobiol A Chem. , 158 : 63 – 66 .
  • Villalaín , J , Mateo , C R , Aranda , F J , Shapiro , S and Micol , V . 2001 . Membranotropic effects of the antibacterial agent triclosan . Arch Biochem Biophy. , 390 : 128 – 136 .
  • Guillen , J , Bernabeu , A , Shapiro , S and Villalain , J . 2004 . Location and orientation of triclosan in phospholipid model membranes . Eur Biophys J. , 33 : 448 – 453 .
  • Heath , R J , Li , J , Roland , G E and Rock , C O . 2000 . Inhibition of the Staphylococcus aureus NADPH-dependent enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase by triclosan and hexachlorophene . J Biol Chem. , 275 : 4654 – 4659 .
  • Levy , C W , Roujeinikova , A , Sedelnikova , S , Baker , P J , Stuitje , A R , Slabas , A R , Rice , D W and Rafferty , J B . 1999 . Molecular basis of triclosan activity . Nature. , 398 : 383 – 384 .
  • Ward , W HJ , Holdgate , G A , Rowsell , S , McLean , E G , Pauptit , R A , Clayton , E , Nichols , W W , Colls , J G , Minshull , C A , Jude , D A , Mistry , A , Timms , D , Camble , R , Hales , N J , Britton , C J and Taylor , I WF . 1999 . Kinetic and structural characteristics of the inhibition of enoyl (acyl carrier protein) reductase by triclosan . Biochemistry. , 38 : 12514 – 12525 .
  • Stewart , M J , Parikh , S , Xiao , G , Tonge , P J and Kisker , C . 1999 . Structural basis and mechanism of enoyl reductase inhibition by triclosan . J Mol Biol. , 290 : 859 – 865 .
  • Kampf , G and Kramer , A . 2004 . Epidemiologic background of hand hygiene and evaluation of the most important agents for scrubs and rubs . Clin Microbiol Rev. , 17 : 863 – 893 .
  • Yazdankhah , S P , Scheie , A A , Hoiby , E A , Lunestad , B T , Heir , E , Fotland , T O , Naterstad , K and Kruse , H . 2006 . Triclosan and antimicrobial resistance in bacteria: an overview . Microb Drug Resist. , 12 : 83 – 90 .
  • Rao , S P , Surolia , A and Surolia , N . 2003 . Triclosan: a shot in the arm for antimalarial chemotherapy . Mol Cell Biochem. , 253 : 55 – 63 .
  • Bhargava , H N and Leonard , P A . 1996 . Triclosan: applications and safety . Am J Infect Control , 24 : 209 – 218 .
  • Bamber , A I and Neal , T J . 1999 . An assessment of triclosan susceptibility in methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus . J Hosp Infect. , 41 : 107 – 109 .
  • Fan , F , Yan , K , Wallis , N G , Reed , S , Moore , T D , Rittenhouse , S F , DeWolf , W E Jr. , Huang , J , McDevitt , D , Miller , W H , Seefeld , M A , Newlander , K A , Jakas , D R , Head , M S and Payne , D J . 2002 . Defining and combating the mechanisms of triclosan resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus . Antimicrob Agents Chemother. , 46 : 3343 – 3347 .
  • Chuanchuen , R , Beinlich , K , Hoang , T T , Becher , A , Karkhoff-Schweizer , R R and Schweizer , H P . 2001 . Cross-resistance between triclosan and antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is mediated by multidrug efflux pumps: exposure of a susceptible mutant strain to triclosan selects nfxB mutants overexpressing MexCD-OprJ . Antimicrob Agents Chemother. , 45 : 428 – 432 .
  • Chuanchuen , R , Karkhoff-Schweizer , R R and Schweizer , H P . 2003 . High-level triclosan resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is solely a result of efflux . Am J Infect Control. , 31 : 124 – 127 .
  • Zhu , L , Lin , J , Ma , J , Cronan , J E and Wang , H . 2010 . Triclosan resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 is due to FabV, a triclosan-resistant enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase . Antimicrob Agents Chemother. , 54 : 689 – 698 .
  • Tan , L , Nielsen , N H , Young , D C and Trizna , Z . 2002 . Use of antimicrobial agents in consumer products . Arch Dermatol. , 138 : 1082 – 1086 .
  • Aiello , A E , Larson , E L and Levy , S B . 2007 . Consumer antibacterial soaps: effective or just risky? . Clin Infect Dis. , 45 : S137 – S147 .
  • Larson , E L , Lin , S X , Gomez-Pichardo , C and Della-Latta , P . 2004 . Effect of antibacterial home cleaning and handwashing products on infectious disease symptoms: a randomized, double-blind trial . Ann Intern Med. , 140 : 321 – 329 .
  • Larson , E , Aiello , A , Lee , L V , Della-Latta , P , Gomez-Duarte , C and Lin , S . 2003 . Short- and long-term effects of handwashing with antimicrobial or plain soap in the community . J Community Health. , 28 : 139 – 150 .
  • Larson , E , Mayur , K and Laughon , B A . 1989 . Influence of two handwashing frequencies on reduction in colonizing flora with three handwashing products used by health care personnel . Am J Infect Control. , 17 : 83 – 88 .
  • Lilly , H A and Lowbury , E J . 1974 . Disinfection of the skin with detergent preparations of Irgasan DP 300 and other antiseptics . Br Med J. , 4 : 372 – 374 .
  • Faoagali , J , Fong , J , George , N , Mahoney , P and O’Rourke , V . 1995 . Comparison of the immediate, residual, and cumulative antibacterial effects of Novaderm R, Novascrub R, Betadine Surgical Scrub, Hibiclens, and liquid soap . Am J Infect Control. , 23 : 337 – 343 .
  • Leyden , J J , McGinley , K J , Kaminer , M S , Bakel , J , Nishijima , S , Grove , M J and Grove , G L . 1991 . Computerized image analysis of full-hand touch plates: a method for quantification of surface bacteria on hands and the effect of antimicrobial agents . J Hosp Infect. , 18 ( Suppl B ) : 13 – 22 .
  • Sickbert-Bennett , E E , Weber , D J , Gergen-Teague , M F , Sobsey , M D , Samsa , G P and Rutala , W A . 2005 . Comparative efficacy of hand hygiene agents in the reduction of bacteria and viruses . Am J Infect Control. , 33 : 67 – 77 .
  • Bartzokas , C A , Corkill , J E and Makin , T . 1987 . Evaluation of the skin disinfecting activity and cumulative effect of chlorhexidine and triclosan handwash preparations on hands artificially contaminated with Serratia marcescens . Infect Control. , 8 : 163 – 167 .
  • Ayliffe , G A , Babb , J R , Davies , J G and Lilly , H A . 1988 . Hand disinfection: a comparison of various agents in laboratory and ward studies . J Hosp Infect. , 11 : 226 – 243 .
  • Bartzokas , C A , Corkill , J E , Makin , T and Pinder , D C . 1983 . Assessment of the remanent antibacterial effect of a 2% triclosan-detergent preparation on the skin . J Hyg (Lond). , 91 : 521 – 528 .
  • Cox , A R . 1987 . Efficacy of the antimicrobial agent triclosan in topical deodorant products: recent developments in vivo . J Soc Cosmet Chem. , 38 : 223 – 231 .
  • Volpe , A R , Petrone , M E , De Vizio , W , Davies , R M and Proskin , H M . 1996 . A review of plaque, gingivitis, calculus and caries clinical efficacy studies with a fluoride dentifrice containing triclosan and PVM/MA copolymer . J Clin Dent. , 7 ( Suppl ) : S1 – S14 .
  • DeVizio , W and Davies , R . 2004 . Rationale for the daily use of a dentifrice containing triclosan in the maintenance of oral health . Compend Contin Educ Dent. , 25 : 54 – 57 .
  • Hu , D , Zhang , Y P , DeVizio , W and Proskin , H M . 2008 . A clinical investigation of the efficacy of two dentifrices for controlling oral malodor and plaque microflora overnight . J Clin Dent. , 19 : 106 – 110 .
  • Brading , M G , Cromwell , V J , Green , A K , DeBrabander , S , Beasley , T and Marsh , P D . 2004 . The role of triclosan in dentifrice formulations, with particular reference to a new 0.3% Triclosan calcium carbonate-based system . Int Dent J. , 54 : 291 – 298 .
  • Gunsolley , J C . 2006 . A meta-analysis of six-month studies of antiplaque and antigingivitis agents . J Am Dent Assoc. , 137 : 1649 – 1657 .
  • Ciancio , S G . 2007 . Improving our patients’ oral health: the role of a triclosan/copolymer/ fluoride dentifrice . Compend Contin Educ Dent. , 28 : 178 – 180 . 82 – 83 .
  • Gilbert , R J , Fraser , S B and Van Der Ouderaa , F J . 1987 . Oral disposition of triclosan (2,4,4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether) delivered from a dentifrice . Caries Res. , 21 : 29 – 36 .
  • Gilbert , R J and Williams , P E . 1987 . The oral retention and antiplaque efficacy of triclosan in human volunteers . Br J Clin Pharmacol. , 23 : 579 – 583 .
  • Storch , M L , Rothenburger , S J and Jacinto , G . 2004 . Experimental efficacy study of coated VICRYL plus antibacterial suture in guinea pigs challenged with Staphylococcus aureus . Surg Infect (Larchmt). , 5 : 281 – 288 .
  • Vermeiren , L , Devlieghere , F and Debevere , J . 2002 . Effectiveness of some recent antimicrobial packaging concepts . Food Addit Contam. , 19 ( Suppl ) : 163 – 171 .
  • Cutter , C N . 1999 . The effectiveness of triclosan-incorporated plastic against bacteria on beef surfaces . J Food Prot. , 62 : 474 – 479 .
  • Junker , L M and Hay , A G . 2004 . Effects of triclosan incorporation into ABS plastic on biofilm communities . J Antimicrob Chemother. , 53 : 989 – 996 .
  • Efstratiou , M , Papaioannou , W , Nakou , M , Ktenas , E , Vrotsos , I A and Panis , V . 2007 . Contamination of a toothbrush with antibacterial properties by oral microorganisms . J Dent. , 35 : 331 – 337 .
  • Lin , Y J . 2000 . Buccal absorption of triclosan following topical mouthrinse application . Am J Dent. , 13 : 215 – 217 .
  • Bagley , D M and Lin , Y J . 2000 . Clinical evidence for the lack of triclosan accumulation from daily use in dentifrices . Am J Dent. , 13 : 148 – 152 .
  • Chedgzoy , P , Winckle , G and Heard , C M . 2002 . Triclosan: release from transdermal adhesive formulations and in vitro permeation across human epidermal membranes . Int J Pharm. , 235 : 229 – 236 .
  • Moss , T , Howes , D and Williams , F M . 2000 . Percutaneous penetration and dermal metabolism of triclosan (2,4, 4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether) . Food Chem Toxicol. , 38 : 361 – 370 .
  • Siddiqui , W H and Buttar , H S . 1979 . Pharmacokinetics of triclosan in rat after intravenous and intravaginal administration . J Environ Pathol Toxicol. , 2 : 861 – 871 .
  • DeSalva , S J , Kong , B M and Lin , Y J . 1989 . Triclosan: a safety profile . Am J Dent. , 2 : 185 – 196 .
  • Black , J G , Howes , D and Rutherford , T . 1975 . Percutaneous absorption and metabolism of Irgasan DP300 . Toxicology. , 3 : 33 – 47 .
  • Kanetoshi , A , Katsura , E , Ogawa , H , Ohyama , T , Kaneshima , H and Miura , T . 1992 . Acute toxicity, percutaneous absorption and effects on hepatic mixed function oxidase activities of 2,4,4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether (Irgasan DP300) and its chlorinated derivatives . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. , 23 : 91 – 98 .
  • Kanetoshi , A , Ogawa , H , Katsura , E , Okui , T and Kaneshima , H . 1988 . Disposition and excretion of Irgasan DP300 and its chlorinated derivatives in mice . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. , 17 : 637 – 644 .
  • Black , J G and Howes , D . 1975 . Percutaneous absorption of triclosan from toilet preparations . J Soc Cosmet Chem. , 26 : 205 – 215 .
  • Wang , L-Q , Falany , C N and James , M O . 2004 . Triclosan as a substrateand inhibitor of 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfotransferase and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase in human liver fractions . Drug Metab Dispos. , 32 : 1162 – 1169 .
  • Tulp , M T , Sundstrom , G , Martron , L B and Hutzinger , O . 1979 . Metabolism of chlorodiphenyl ethers and Irgasan DP 300 . Xenobiotica. , 9 : 65 – 77 .
  • Hanioka , N , Jinno , H , Nishimura , T and Ando , M . 1997 . Effect of 2,4,4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether on cytochrome P450 enzymes in the rat liver . Chemosphere. , 34 : 719 – 730 .
  • Jinno , H , Hanioka , N , Onodera , S , Nishimura , T and Ando , M . 1997 . Irgasan DP 300 (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenol) induces cytochrome P450s and inhibits haem biosynthesis in rat hepatocytes cultured on Matrigel . Xenobiotica. , 27 : 681 – 692 .
  • Liu , B , Wang , Y , Fillgrove , K L and Anderson , V E . 2002 . Triclosan inhibits enoyl-reductase of type I fatty acid synthase in vitro and is cytotoxic to MCF-7 and SKBr-3 breast cancer cells . Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. , 49 : 187 – 193 .
  • Foran , C M , Bennett , E R and Benson , W H . 2000 . Developmental evaluation of a potential non-steroidal estrogen: triclosan . Mar Environ Res. , 50 : 153 – 156 .
  • Ishibashi , H , Matsumura , N , Hirano , M , Matsuoka , M , Shiratsuchi , H , Ishibashi , Y , Takao , Y and Arizono , K . 2004 . Effects of triclosan on the early life stages and reproduction of medaka Oryzias latipes and induction of hepatic vitellogenin . Aquat Toxicol. , 67 : 167 – 179 .
  • Matsumura , N , Ishibashi , H , Hirano , M , Nagao , Y , Watanabe , N , Shiratsuchi , H , Kai , T , Nishimura , T , Kashiwagi , A and Arizono , K . 2005 . Effects of nonylphenol and triclosan on production of plasma vitellogenin and testosterone in male South African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) . Biol Pharm Bull. , 28 : 1748 – 1751 .
  • Gee , R H , Charles , A , Taylor , N and Darbre , P D . 2008 . Oestrogenic and androgenic activity of triclosan in breast cancer cells . J Appl Toxicol. , 28 : 78 – 91 .
  • Zorrilla , L M , Gibson , E K , Jeffay , S C , Crofton , K M , Setzer , W R , Cooper , R L and Stoker , T E . 2009 . The effects of triclosan on puberty and thyroid hormones in male Wistar rats . Toxicol Sci. , 107 : 56 – 64 .
  • Veldhoen , N , Skirrow , R C , Osachoff , H , Wigmore , H , Clapson , D J , Gunderson , M P , Van Aggelen , G and Helbing , C C . 2006 . The bactericidal agent triclosan modulates thyroid hormone-associated gene expression and disrupts postembryonic anuran development . Aquat Toxicol. , 80 : 217 – 227 .
  • Crofton , K M , Paul , K B , DeVito , M J and Hedge , J M . 2007 . Short-term in vivo exposure to the water contaminant triclosan: evidence for disruption of thyroxine . Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. , 24 : 194 – 197 .
  • Paul , K B , Hedge , J M , DeVito , M J and Crofton , K M . 2010 . Short-term exposure to triclosan decreases thyroxine in vivo via upregulation of hepatic catabolism in young Long-Evans rats . Toxicol Sci. , 113 : 367 – 379 .
  • Lyman , F L and Furia , T . 1969 . Toxicology of 2, 4, 4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxy-diphenyl ether . IMS Ind Med Surg. , 38 : 64 – 71 .
  • Miller , T L , Lorusso , D J and Deinzer , M L . 1982 . The acute toxicity of nonachloropredioxin and 3- and 4-hydroxynonachlorodiphenyl ether in mice . J Toxicol Environ Health. , 10 : 699 – 707 .
  • Burns , J M , Moore , M R , Dehler , D , Arrington , J F Jr. , Ridgway , R , Thakur , A K , Smyth , M , Centanni , N M , Palmer , M F and Hassan , A . 2001 . “ 14-Day repeated dose dermal study of triclosan in mice (CHV6718–101). FDA Docket 1975N-0183H, OTC Volume Number 119 ” .
  • Burns , J M , Moore , M R , Dehler , D , Arrington , J F Jr. , Ridgway , R , Thakur , A K , Smyth , M , Centanni , N M , Palmer , M F and Hassan , A . 2001 . “ 14-Day repeated dose dermal study of triclosan in CD-1 mice (CHV2763-100). FDA Docket 1975N-0183H, OTC Volume Number 120 ” .
  • Burns , J M , Moore , M R , Dehler , D , Arrington , J F Jr. , Ridder , R , Thakur , A K , Smyth , M , Centanni , N M , Palmer , M F and Hassan , A . 2001 . “ 14-Day repeated dose dermal study of triclosan in rats (CHV6718-102). FDA Docket 1975N-0183H, OTC Volume Number 118 ” .
  • Trimmer , G W , Hostetler , K A , Phillips , R D , Forgash , R C , Frank , E R , Elliott , M A , Lonardo , E E , Letinski , D J , Stillman , J E , Jackson , J R , McGrath , J L , Harris , R L , Morris , C F and Clinton , J M . 1994 . “ 90-Day subchronic dermal toxicity study in the rat with satellite group with Irgasan DP300 (MRD-92-399). FDA Docket 1975N-0183H, OTC Volume Number 116 ” .
  • Draize , J H . 1959 . “ Dermal Toxicity ” . In The Appraisal of the Safety of Chemicals in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics , 46 – 59 . Austin, Texas : Association of Food and Drug Officials of the United States .
  • Maguire , H CJ . 1973 . The bioassay of contact allergens in the guinea pig . J Soc Cosmet Chem. , 24 : 151 – 162 .
  • Lachapelle , J M and Tennstedt , D . 1979 . Low allergenicity of triclosan. Predictive testing in guinea pigs and in humans . Dermatologica. , 158 : 379 – 783 .
  • Marzulli , F N and Maibach , H T . 1973 . Antimicrobials: experimental contact sensitization in man . J Soc Cosmet Chem. , 24 : 399 – 421 .
  • Kligman , A M and Epstein , W . 1975 . Updating the maximization test for identifying contact allergens . Contact Dermatitis. , 1 : 231 – 239 .
  • Roed-Petersen , J , Auken , G and Hjorth , N . 1975 . Contact sensitivity to Irgasan DP 300 . Contact Dermatitis. , 1 : 293 – 294 .
  • Hindson , T C . 1975 . Irgasan DP300 in a deodorant . Contact Dermatitis. , 1 : 328
  • Wahlberg , J E . 1976 . Routine patch testing with Irgasan DP 300 . Contact Dermatitis. , 2 : 292
  • Veronesi , S , de Padova , M P , Vanni , D and Melino , M . 1986 . Contact dermatitis to triclosan . Contact Dermatitis. , 15 : 257 – 258 .
  • Steinkjer , B and Braathen , L R . 1988 . Contact dermatitis from triclosan (Irgasan DP 300) . Contact Dermatitis. , 18 : 243 – 244 .
  • Russell , L B and Montgomery , C S . 1980 . Use of the mouse spot test to investigate the mutagenic potential of triclosan (Irgasan DP300) . Mutat Res. , 79 : 7 – 12 .
  • Ciniglia , C , Cascone , C , Giudice , R L , Pinto , G and Pollio , A . 2005 . Application of methods for assessing the geno- and cytotoxicity of triclosan to C. ehrenbergii . J Hazard Mater. , 122 : 227 – 232 .
  • Rodrigues , F , Lehmann , M , do Amaral , V S , Reguly , M L and de Andrade , H H . 2007 . Genotoxicity of three mouthwash products, Cepacol, Periogard, and Plax, in the Drosophila wing-spot test . Environ Mol Mutagen. , 48 : 644 – 649 .
  • Rodricks , J V , Swenberg , J A , Borzelleca , J F , Maronpot , R R and Shipp , A M . 2010 . Triclosan: a critical review of the experimental data and development of margins of safety for consumer products . Crit Rev Toxicol. , 40 : 422 – 484 .
  • 1972 . “ FR. Federal Register Notice 37 FR 6775 ” .
  • 1994 . “ FR. Federal Register Notice 59 FR 31402 ” .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.