A Review on Thiazolidinediones and Bladder Cancer in Human Studies

REFERENCES

• Tseng CH, Tseng FH. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists and bladder cancer: lessons from animal studies. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2012;30:368–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CH. Pioglitazone and bladder cancer in human studies: is it diabetes itself, diabetes drugs, flawed analyses or different ethnicities? J Formos Med Assoc. 2012;111:123–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ, Erdmann E, Massi-Benedetti M, Moules IK, et al. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1279–1289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omar HA, Salama SA, Arafa el-SA, Weng JR. Antitumor effects of energy restriction-mimetic agents: thiazolidinediones. Biol Chem. 2013;394:865–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grommes C, Karlo JC, Caprariello A, Blankenship D, Dechant A, Landreth GE. The PPARγ agonist pioglitazone crosses the blood-brain barrier and reduces tumor growth in a human xenograft model. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2013;71:929–936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han EJ, Im CN, Park SH, Moon EY, Hong SH. Combined treatment with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma ligands and gamma radiation induces apoptosis by PPARγ-independent up-regulation of reactive oxygen species-induced deoxyribonucleic acid damage signals in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013;85:e239–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Hu JF, Li GQ, Xiao X, Su Q. Rosiglitazone reverses mitomycin C resistance in human gastric cancer cells. Am J Med Sci. 2012;343:382–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung WK, Bai AH, Chan VY, Yu J, Chan MW, To KF, et al. Effect of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma ligands on growth and gene expression profiles of gastric cancer cells. Gut. 2004;53:331–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis JD, Ferrara A, Peng T, Hedderson M, Bilker WB, Quesenberry CP Jr, Vaughn DJ, Nessel L, Selby J, Strom BL. Risk of bladder cancer among diabetic patients treated with pioglitazone: interim report of a longitudinal cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:916–922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann A, Weill A, Ricordeau P, Fagot JP, Alla F, Allemand H. Pioglitazone and risk of bladder cancer among diabetic patients in France: a population-based cohort study. Diabetologia. 2012;55:1953–1962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosse Y, Loomis D, Lauby-Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, et al. Carcinogenicity of some drugs and herbal products. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:807–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu PP, Xia Q, Zhao Y, Wang S, Yu H, Chiang HM. Phototoxicity of herbal plants and herbal products. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2013;31:213–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svirčev Z, Drobac D, Tokodi N, Vidović M, Simeunović J, Miladinov-Mikov M, Baltić V. Epidemiology of primary liver cancer in Serbia and possible connection with cyanobacterial blooms. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2013;31:181–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zani C, Toninelli G, Filisetti B, Donato F. Polychlorinated biphenyls and cancer: an epidemiological assessment. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2013;31:99–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim M, Bae M, Na H, Yang M. Environmental toxicants–induced epigenetic alterations and their reversers. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2012;30:323–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paglietti F, Malinconico S, Di Molfetta V, Giangrasso M. Guidelines for asbestos remediation at Italian superfund sites. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2012;30:253–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aquino NB, Sevigny MB, Sabangan J, Louie MC. The role of cadmium and nickel in estrogen receptor signaling and breast cancer: metalloestrogens or not? J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2012;30:189–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messler M, Cremonezzi DC, Soria EA, Eynard AR. Nutritional chemoprevention of urinary tract tumors (UTT) induced by lithogenic agents: risk for UTT in children exposed to melamine-contaminated milk formulas. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2012;30:174–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andra SS, Makris KC. Thyroid disrupting chemicals in plastic additives and thyroid health. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2012;30:107–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diggs DL, Huderson AC, Harris KL, Myers JN, Banks LD, Rekhadevi PV, Niaz MS, Ramesh A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and digestive tract cancers: a perspective. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2011;29:324–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim KH, Jahan SA, Lee JT. Exposure to formaldehyde and its potential human health hazards. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2011;29:277–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang M. A current global view of environmental and occupational cancers. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2011;29:223–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CH. Diabetes and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: analyses of prevalence and annual incidence in 2005 using the National Health Insurance database in Taiwan. Ann Oncol. 2012;23:153–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CH. Diabetes, insulin use, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma mortality in Taiwan. Metabolism. 2012;61:1003–1009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CH. Diabetes but not insulin is associated with higher colon cancer mortality. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18:4182–4190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CH. Insulin use is not significantly predictive for prostate cancer mortality in diabetic patients: a 12-year follow-up study. BJU Int. 2012;110:668–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CH. Obesity paradox: differential effects on cancer and noncancer mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis. 2013;226:186–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CH. New-onset diabetes with a history of dyslipidemia predicts pancreatic cancer. Pancreas. 2013;42:42–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CH. Diabetes and thyroid cancer mortality: a 12-year prospective follow-up of Taiwanese. Eur J Clin Invest. 2013;43:595–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CH. Oral cancer in Taiwan: is diabetes a risk factor? Clin Oral Investig. 2013;17:1357–1364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CH. Diabetes, insulin use, and gastric cancer: a population-based analysis of the Taiwanese. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2013;47:e60–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CH. Type 2 diabetes, smoking, insulin use and mortality from hepatocellular carcinoma: a 12-year follow-up of a national cohort in Taiwan. Hepatol Int. 2013;7:693–702.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CH. Diabetes is not an independent risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2013;29:515–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CH. Insulin use and smoking jointly increase the risk of bladder cancer mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2013;11:508–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IDF Diabetes Atlas Update 2012 (5th ed.). http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas/5e/Update2012.
   Google Scholar
• Tseng CH, Tseng CP, Chong CK, Huang TP, Song YM, Chou CW, Lai SM, Tai TY, Cheng JC. Increasing incidence of diagnosed type 2 diabetes in Taiwan: analysis of data from a national cohort. Diabetologia. 2006;49:1755–1760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CH, Chong CK, Chan TT, Bai CH, You SL, Chiou HY, Su TC, Chen CJ. Optimal anthropometric factor cutoffs for hyperglycemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia for the Taiwanese population. Atherosclerosis. 2010;210:585–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colmers IN, Bowker SL, Majumdar SR, Johnson JA. Use of thiazolidinediones and the risk of bladder cancer among people with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2012;184:E675–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charbonnel B, Dormandy J, Erdmann E, Massi-Benedetti M, Skene A; PROactive Study Group. The prospective pioglitazone clinical trial in macrovascular events (PROactive): can pioglitazone reduce cardiovascular events in diabetes? Study design and baseline characteristics of 5238 patients. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1647–1653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox R, Bousser MG, Betteridge DJ, Schernthaner G, Pirags V, Kupfer S, Dormandy J; PROactive Investigators. Effects of pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without previous stroke: results from PROactive (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events 04). Stroke. 2007;38:865–873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krentz A. Thiazolidinediones: effects on the development and progression of type 2 diabetes and associated vascular complications. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2009;25:112–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dormandy J, Bhattacharya M, van Troostenburg de Bruyn AR; PROactive investigators. Safety and tolerability of pioglitazone in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes: an overview of data from PROactive. Drug Saf. 2009;32:187–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillaire-Buys D, Faillie JL, Montastruc JL. Pioglitazone and bladder cancer. Lancet. 2011;378:1543–1544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdmann E, Song E, Spanheimer R, van Troostenburg de Bruyn AR, Perez A. Observational follow-up of the PROactive study: a 6-year update. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014; 16: 63–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis JD, Strom BL, Bilker W, Nessel L, Vaughn DJ, Ferrara A, Quesenberry C, Peng T, Hedderson M, Habel L. Pioglitazone HCl (ACTOS) Clinical Study No. 01-03-TL-OPI-524. Cohort Study of Pioglitazone and Bladder Cancer in Patients with Diabetes Fourth Interim Analysis (8-Year) Report with Data from January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2010. 2012. http://general.takedapharm.com/Trial-Disclosure/01-03-TL-OPI-524-8-year-Interim-Report.pdf (accessed March 2, 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Oliveria SA, Koro CE, Yood MU, Sowell M. Cancer incidence among patients treated with antidiabetic pharmacotherapy. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2008;2:47–57.
   Google Scholar
• Mamtani R, Haynes K, Bilker WB, Vaughn DJ, Strom BL, Glanz K, Lewis JD. Association between longer therapy with thiazolidinediones and risk of bladder cancer: a cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104:1411–1421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei L, Macdonald TM, Mackenzie IS. Pioglitazone and bladder cancer: a propensity score matched cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;75:254–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azoulay L, Yin H, Filion KB, Assayag J, Majdan A, Pollak MN, Suissa S. The use of pioglitazone and the risk of bladder cancer in people with type 2 diabetes: nested case-control study. BMJ. 2012 May 30;344:e3645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CH. Pioglitazone and bladder cancer: a population-based study of Taiwanese. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:278–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CH. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a significant risk factor for bladder cancer in diabetic patients: a population-based cohort study using the National Health Insurance in Taiwan. BMC Cancer. 2013;13:7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CH. Rosiglitazone is not associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. 2013;37:385–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CH. Diabetes and risk of bladder cancer: a study using the National Health Insurance database in Taiwan. Diabetologia. 2011;54:2009–2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang CH, Lin JW, Wu LC, Lai MS, Chuang LM, Chan KA. Association of thiazolidinediones with liver cancer and colorectal cancer in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hepatology. 2012;55:1462–1472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsiao FY, Hsieh PH, Huang WF, Tsai YW, Gau CS. Risk of bladder cancer in diabetic patients treated with rosiglitazone or pioglitazone: a nested case-control study. Drug Saf. 2013;36:643–649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kao CH, Sun LM, Chen PC, Lin MC, Liang JA, Muo CH, Chang SN, Sung FC. A population-based cohort study in Taiwan–use of insulin sensitizers can decrease cancer risk in diabetic patients? Ann Oncol. 2013;24:523–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimoto K, Hamamoto Y, Honjo S, Kawasaki Y, Mori K, Tatsuoka H, et al. Possible link of pioglitazone with bladder cancer in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;99:e21–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song SO, Kim KJ, Lee BW, Kang ES, Cha BS, Lee HC. The risk of bladder cancer in Korean diabetic subjects treated with pioglitazone. Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36:371–378.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Piccinni C, Motola D, Marchesini G, Poluzzi E. Assessing the association of pioglitazone use and bladder cancer through drug adverse event reporting. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:1369–1371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unnikrishnan R, Sundramoorthy C, Deshpande N, Sarvothaman R, Sahay RK, Mehtalia S, Venkatraman JV, Mohan V. Eight cases of bladder cancer in pioglitazone users from India. J Assoc Physicians India. 2012 Dec;60:66.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dolin P. Pioglitazone, bladder cancer, and detection bias. J Diabetes. 2013 Sep 5. doi: 10.1111/1753-0407.12087. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petri H, Urquhart J. Channeling bias in the interpretation of drug effects. Stat Med. 1991;10:577–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez AT. Pioglitazone and risk of bladder cancer: clarification of the design of the French study. Diabetologia. 2013;56:227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann A, Weill A, Ricordeau P, Fagot JP, Alla F, Allemand H. Pioglitazone and risk of bladder cancer: clarification of the design of the French study. Reply to Perez AT [letter]. Diabetologia. 2013;56:228–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monami M, Dicembrini I, Mannucci E. Thiazolidinediones and cancer: results of a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Acta Diabetol. 2013 Jul 14. [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Zhu Z, Shen Z, Lu Y, Zhong S, Xu C. Increased risk of bladder cancer with pioglitazone therapy in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;98:159–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosetti C, Rosato V, Buniato D, Zambon A, La Vecchia C, Corrao G. Cancer risk for patients using thiazolidinediones for type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Oncologist. 2013;18:148–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferwana M, Firwana B, Hasan R, Al-Mallah MH, Kim S, Montori VM, Murad MH. Pioglitazone and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of controlled studies. Diabet Med. 2013;30:1026–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He S, Tang YH, Zhao G, Yang X, Wang D, Zhang Y. Pioglitazone prescription increases risk of bladder cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes: an updated meta-analysis. Tumour Biol. 2013 Oct 4. [Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Furukawa T. Meta-analyses and megatrials: neither is the infallible, universal standard. Evid Based Ment Health 2004;7:34–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ng TT, McGory ML, Ko CY, Maggard MA. Meta-analysis in surgery: methods and limitations. Arch Surg. 2006;141:1125–1130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleophas TJ, Zwinderman AH. Meta-Analysis. Circulation 2007;115:2870–2875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzone T, Meyer PM, Feinstein SB, Davidson MH, Kondos GT, D’Agostino RB Sr, Perez A, Provost JC, Haffner SM. Effect of pioglitazone compared with glimepiride on carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;296:2572–2581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Wolski K, Nesto R, Kupfer S, Perez A, et al. Comparison of pioglitazone vs glimepiride on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: the PERISCOPE randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299:1561–1573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolli G, Dotta F, Colin L, Minic B, Goodman M. Comparison of vildagliptin and pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2009;11:589–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scosyrev E, Trivedi D, Messing E. Female bladder cancer: incidence, treatment, and outcome. Curr Opin Urol. 2010;20:404–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Zhu C, Curado MP, Zheng T, Boyle P. Changing patterns of bladder cancer in the USA: evidence of heterogeneous disease. BJU Int. 2012;109:52–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 2011;61:69–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs BL, Lee CT, Montie JE. Bladder cancer in 2010: how far have we come? CA Cancer J Clin. 2010;60:244–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talaska G. Aromatic amines and human urinary bladder cancer: exposure sources and epidemiology. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2003;21:29–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y. Understanding the gender disparity in bladder cancer risk: the impact of sex hormones and liver on bladder susceptibility to carcinogens. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2013;31:287–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Z, Zhang X, Shen Z, Zhong S, Wang X, Lu Y, Xu C. Diabetes mellitus and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. PLoS One. 2013;8:e56662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Z, Wang X, Shen Z, Lu Y, Zhong S, Xu C. Risk of bladder cancer in patients with diabetes mellitus: an updated meta-analysis of 36 observational studies. BMC Cancer. 2013;13:310.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang XQ, Xu C, Sun Y, Han RF. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of bladder cancer: an updated meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14:2583–2589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang H, Yao B, Yan Y, Xu H, Liu Y, Tang H, et al. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of bladder cancer: an updated meta-analysis of observational studies. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2013;15:914–922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colao A, Vitale P, Faggiano A. Diabetes and cancer. Front Endocrin. 2011;2:22.
   Google Scholar
• Simon D, Balkau B. Diabetes mellitus, hyperglycaemia and cancer. Diabetes Metab. 2010;36:182–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapp K, Schroeder J, Klenk J, Ulmer H, Concin H, Diem G, Oberaigner W, Weiland SK. Fasting blood glucose and cancer risk in a cohort of more than 140,000 adults in Austria. Diabetologia 2006;49:945–952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piątkiewicz P, Czech A. Glucose metabolism disorders and the risk of cancer. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2011;59:215–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFronzo RA, Tripathy D, Schwenke DC, Banerji M, Bray GA, Buchanan TA, et al. Pioglitazone for diabetes prevention in impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1104–1105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson JA, Carstensen B, Witte D, Bowker SL, Lipscombe L, Renehan AG; Diabetes and Cancer Research Consortium. Diabetes and cancer (1): evaluating the temporal relationship between type 2 diabetes and cancer incidence. Diabetologia. 2012;55:1607–1618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray WA. Evaluating medication effects outside of clinical trials: new-user designs. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158:915–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerhard T. Bias: considerations for research practice. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2008;65:2159–2168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang XL, Ma RC, So WY, Kong AP, Xu G, Chan JC. Addressing different biases in analysing drug use on cancer risk in diabetes in non-clinical trial settings—what, why and how? Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14:579–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lévesque LE, Hanley JA, Kezouh A, Suissa S. Problem of immortal time bias in cohort studies: example using statins for preventing progression of diabetes. BMJ. 2010;340:b5087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stricker BH, Stijnen T. Analysis of individual drug use as a time-varying determinant of exposure in prospective population-based cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2010;25:245–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CH, Shun CT, Huang KH, Huang CY, Yu HJ, Pu YS. Characteristics of female non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer in Taiwan: association with upper tract urothelial carcinoma and end-stage renal disease. Urology. 2008;71:1155–1160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CH. Thyroid cancer risk is not increased in diabetic patients. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e53096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie CJ, Poole CD, Gale EA. The influence of glucose-lowering therapies on cancer risk in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2009;52:1766–1777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CH. Diabetes, metformin use, and colon cancer: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;167:409–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallarino C, Perez A, Fusco G, Liang H, Bron M, Manne S, Joseph G, Yu S. Comparing pioglitazone to insulin with respect to cancer, cardiovascular and bone fracture endpoints, using propensity score weights. Clin Drug Investig. 2013;33:621–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CH. Insulin use and smoking jointly increase the risk of bladder cancer mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2013;11:508–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu WY, Shih SR, Tseng CH. A review on the association between glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and thyroid cancer. Exp Diabetes Res. 2012;2012:924168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elashoff M, Matveyenko AV, Gier B, Elashoff R, Butler PC. Pancreatitis, pancreatic, and thyroid cancer with glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies. Gastroenterology. 2011;141:150–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh S, Chang HY, Richards TM, Weiner JP, Clark JM, Segal JB. Glucagonlike peptide 1-based therapies and risk of hospitalization for acute pancreatitis in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based matched case-control study. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173:534–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebovitz HE. Incretin-based therapies: facing the realities of benefits versus side effects. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2013;15:909–913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim Y, Babu AR. Clinical potential of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in the management of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2012;5:313–327.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hemkens LG, Grouven U, Bender R, Günster C, Gutschmidt S, Selke GW, Sawicki PT. Risk of malignancies in patients with diabetes treated with human insulin or insulin analogues: a cohort study. Diabetologia. 2009;52:1732–1744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbalat Y, Dombrovskiy VY, Weiss RE. Association between pioglitazone and urothelial bladder cancer. Urology. 2012;80:1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan V, Bedi S, Unnikrishnan R, Sahay BK, Joshpi S, Misra A. Pioglitazone—where do we stand in India? J Assoc Physicians India. 2012;60:68–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kostapanos MS, Elisaf MS, Mikhailidis DP. Pioglitazone and cancer: angel or demon? Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19:4913–4929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schernthaner G, Currie CJ, Schernthaner GH. Do we still need pioglitazone for the treatment of type 2 diabetes? A risk-benefit critique in 2013. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(Suppl 2):S155–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha B, Ghosal S. Pioglitazone—do we really need it to manage type 2 diabetes? Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2013;7:52–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cagiltay E, Tuncel T, Yönem A, Ozdemir G. Pioglitazone causing urinary bladder cancer? While waiting for the result of the debate, suggestions for physicians. Eur J Intern Med. 2013;24:e21–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faillie JL, Petit P, Montastruc JL, Hillaire-Buys D. Scientific evidence and controversies about pioglitazone and bladder cancer: which lessons can be drawn? Drug Saf. 2013 Jul 20. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan CL, Poole CD, Evans M, Barnett AH, Jenkins-Jones S, Currie CJ. What next after metformin? A retrospective evaluation of the outcome of second-line, glucose-lowering therapies in people with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:4605–4612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar